Ym or im in which case. What questions does the adjective answer? Adjective questions. Questions of short adjectives. Superlative adjective

Adjective endings

It is most convenient to check the case endings of adjectives by asking which question? in the right case, since the endings of adjectives and the question are the same. An exception is the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the singular masculine.

In the nominative case of the singular in the masculine gender, it is written -oy (when stressed on the ending), -y or -y (when stressed on the base); in the feminine - -th or -th; in the middle gender - -th or -ee, for example: bright blue (green) color, bright blue paint, bright blue dress. In the plural of all three genders -s or -s are written, for example: yark blue (colors, paints, dresses).

In the instrumental case of the singular number of masculine and neuter adjectives, the ending is written -th or -im (what?), and in the prepositional - -th or -em (what?), for example: made their way through a gloomy, dense (what?) forest; talked about a gloomy dense (what?) Forest.

In the accusative case of the singular number of feminine adjectives, the ending is written -th or -th (what?), and in the instrumental - -oh or -her (-oh or -ey) (what? what?), for example: I see a beautiful morning(what?) dawn; I admire the beautiful (-oh) morning (-her-)(what? what?) dawn.

Possessive adjectives in -i, -ya, -e, -i in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the masculine singular, are written with ь: fisherman, fish him, fish him, fish him, oh fisherman.

Adjective suffixes

Different suffixes are used to form adjectives from different parts of speech. The most commonly used of these are -k-, -sk-, -ov-, -ev-, -chiv-, -liv-, -iv-, -chat-, -onk-, -enk-. Let's consider them in more detail.

The suffix -k- is written in adjectives:

1) with short form on -ok ( close - close, narrow - narrow);

2) in adjectives formed from nouns with stem in c (German c - german) and k - h, which alternate with c (poor k - poor man, weaver - weaver).

In other cases, the suffix -sk- is written (Kirgi z - Kyrgyz, French - French).

Exception: Uzbek sky.

To develop the skill in doubtful cases to quickly choose between -k- and -sk-, it is necessary to understand that the application of this rule requires two consecutive actions:

1) you need to determine whether this adjective has a short form on -ok. If yes, then -k- is written, and if not, then we proceed to the second action;

2) you need to determine from which stem the given adjective is formed, and what letter this stem ends with.

Remember!

Before the suffix -sk- it is written b:

a) after l (learn lsky, rural);

b) in all names of months, except for January rsk y(Jun sky, december).

In other cases, b before -sk- is not written: secret rsk y, heroic y.

If the generating stem of a foreign word ends in sk, then before the suffix -sk- the first k is omitted, for example: San Francisco sk o - San Francis cue, Etruscan - Etruscan cue(exceptions: Basque - Basque, Osci - Oscan).

If the generating base ends in ss, then the suffix -sk- loses with, since in Russian three identical consonants are not written in a row (Cherka ss - Cherkasy).

Russian geographical names in -sk- form adjectives without the help of the suffix -sk-: Tom sk - Tomsk.

In the suffixes -chiv-, -liv-, -ist- is always written and: conceived chiv y, caring, sweeping.

In suffixes -ev-, -ive-e it is written without stress (stro ev oh, tulle), and - under stress (games willow, beautiful).

Exception: merciful ivy, holy fool.

In the suffixes -evat-, -ovat-, after soft consonants and hissing, e is written (nostril evat, reddish), in other cases it is written about (bitter oval, dirty).

In suffixes -onk-, -enk- after g, k, x is written o (soft small, wide, inferior), in other cases - e (fresh little black, little black).

In the suffix -chat-, regardless of pronunciation, the letter h is written (brus chatty, smoky, log, iridescent). Memorize the spelling of the word sh ary. If in the generating base before the suffix -k- there are letters h, c, d, w, then they are preserved, and k alternates with h, for example: spring sh ka - freckled, furrow ka - furrow(cf. sharp - sharper, biting - biting).

Before the suffix -chat-, the final c of the stem is replaced by t, for example: krupi tsa - croup chat.

In the suffixes -esk-, -ichesk- without stress, e is written (hostile esc), under stress - and (biologist ical).

36. Instead of a suffix -or after hissing under stress, a suffix is ​​\u200b\u200bwritten -yor (-er ): trainee, retoucher.

37. Instead of -enka , -enok , -echek after hissing are written under stress -onka , -onok , -points: girls about nka, shirt about nka, nag about nka, bear about nok, wolch about nok, mouse about nok, hook about check, mesh about check, circle about check.

38. In female patronymics: Ilyinichna, Lukinichna, Fominichna, Kuzminichna etc. - before n spelled h .

Spelling of adjectives

39. In order not to mix the endings of the plural. h. th , -s with neuter singular endings th , -her , which words should be substituted? and what? For example: kind oh , syn her , former her (which?); kind s , syn ie , former ie (what kind?).

40. In order not to make mistakes in the endings th , -them — -ohm , -eat , you should substitute the words with what? and about what? For example: kind th , syn them , former them (what? - instrumental case); oh good ohm , oh xing eat , about the former eat (about what? - prepositional case).

41. In order not to make mistakes in the endings th , -yuyu — -oy , -her , which words should be substituted? and what? For example: kind wow , syn yuyu , former wow (what? - accusative case); kind oyu , syn her , former her (what? - instrumental case).

42. Unstressed endings in adjectives are generally written in the same way as stressed endings, except for endings after hissing (compare with nouns - item 21); under stress: alien about go, big about go, alien about mu, big about mu; without accent: red e th, more e th, red e mu, more e mu.

43. In adjectives, after the sizzling under stress, the suffix is ​​\u200b\u200bwritten -ov- (penny about new, hedgehog about new, brocade about new, canvas about new), and without stress - the suffix -ev- (plush e out, key e vaya water).

Note. You should remember the spelling of the word cheap (cf .: cheaper).

44. In short adjectives under stress after sibilants, it is written about: the food is hot about́ (the ending), funny about n (about fluent in suffix).

45. In adjectives on -th , -ya , -e (fox, fox, fox) in all forms except imit. and blames. singular masculine cases ( fox), before the end is written b: fox, fox, fox etc.

46. Diminutive adjectives are formed by suffixes -enk-: little blue, plump; after G , to , X possible and -onk- , and -enk-: light and easy, broad and broad, quiet and quiet.

47. In suffix -en- , -yan- , forming adjectives from nouns, one is written n: leather n th, sandy n th, silver n th except for three words: tree nn th, tin nn th, glass nn th.

48. In adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from nouns with stem on n , written two n : kame nn th, co nn th, length nn th.

Note. From such adjectives it is necessary to distinguish adjectives with one n: young, rosy, pork etc.

What questions does the adjective answer? This information is often of interest to those people who undertook to write a letter, read an article or do their homework. To answer it, one should only remember the simple rules of the Russian language.

General information about adjectives

• In the nominative case, the endings will be -oh, th or -th. For example, the table (what?) is large (oh), the chair (what?) is blue (th).
• In the genitive case, the endings will be -oh or -his. For example, table (what?) big (th), chair (what?) blue (his).
• In the dative case, the endings will be -to or -him. For example, table (what?) big (th), chair (what?) blue (him).
• In the accusative case - if an animate noun, then it declines, as in the genitive case, if inanimate, then as in the nominative.
• In the instrumental case, the endings will be -th or -im. For example, a table (what?) big (them), a chair (what?) blue (them).
• In the prepositional case, the endings will be -om or -em. For example, about the table (what?) big (th), chair (what?) blue (eat).

Cases of neuter singular adjectives

neuter singular:

Having studied the questions of the adjective, you can easily determine their case. If you find it difficult, then this is done with the help of the noun to which this part of speech refers. By the way, people often confuse accusative, nominative and genitive adjectives by endings. To properly decline these parts of speech, you should also rely on nouns.

in plural

What questions does the adjective answer? These include the following: what?, what? and whose? Let's look at the cases in more detail:

Now you know what questions the adjective answers the middle, feminine and masculine, as well as plural and singular. In order not to forget about them, it is recommended to independently make a large table on a piece of paper or cardboard. You can enter all existing questions of the adjective into it, as well as their possible endings. This will help you in the competent and correct writing of any letter.

What are the degrees of adjectives?

It should be especially noted that adjectives can be not only full and short, but also change in degrees. This feature of the Russian language allows us to make our speech and writing more expressive and emotional.

So, there are the following degrees of adjectives:

• comparative;
• excellent.

To understand how they differ and what their features are, we will consider them in more detail.

Comparative adjective

Such a degree means that a certain feature is manifested in the subject to a lesser or, conversely, greater degree than in another.

Here's an example: Masha is better than me; Anton is prettier than me; your bag is heavier than mine.

It should also be noted that the comparative degree can be:

1. Simple. This degree is formed with the help of suffixes:

• -e- (last consonant may alternate): sweet - sweeter, short - shorter;
• -her- or -her- (for example, hot - hotter, bold - bolder, beautiful - more beautiful);
• -she- (for example, young - younger).

2. Complicated. Such a degree is formed due to the full form of the positive degree of the adjective using particles less and more (for example, beautiful - more or less beautiful).

Adjectives in this degree, but only in a complex form, can easily change in numbers, gender and cases

Superlative adjective

Such a degree means that any particular feature is manifested in the subject to the least or, conversely, to the greatest extent.

Here's an example: He is my best friend. She is the most beautiful girl in the yard.

As well as the comparative degree, the superlative can also be:

1. Simple. Such a degree is formed using the suffixes -aysh- or -eysh- (for example, kind - the kindest, soft - the softest, beautiful - the most beautiful). It should be noted that sometimes a completely different root is used to form the superlative degree of an adjective (for example, bad - worst; good - the best).

2. Complicated. Such a degree is formed due to the full form of the positive degree of the adjective with the help of additional words least, most or most(for example, beautiful - the most, least or most beautiful).

Adjectives in this degree can easily change in numbers, gender and cases.

What should be paid special attention to?

When forming a superlative or comparative degree, you cannot use a complex and simple form at the same time. For example, the following expressions will sound incorrect: the most calm, heavier or more beautiful. By remembering this rule, you can avoid possible mistakes when writing any letter or text.

Spelling of case endings of adjectives can be checked raising the question which?, since the endings of the interrogative word and the endings of adjectives are the same. The exception is the nominative singular masculine, where under stress the ending is written -oh(young oh man, field oh flower) and without accent spelled th or -th(old th warrior, son uy handkerchief).

In the feminine, in the nominative singular, it is written -and I or -ya: new and I syn ya sweater (which jacket?), but in the middle gender it is written th or -her: new oh syn her coat (which coat?).

In the plural of all three genders, the ending is written th or -s: new s syn ie scarves, dresses, sweaters (which?).

In the masculine and neuter gender, in the instrumental singular, the ending is written th or -them(answers a question what?), and in the prepositional - -ohm or -eat(answers a question what?): admired the new th syn them suit (dress), talked about new ohm syn eat suit (dress).

In the feminine, in the accusative singular, the ending is written th or -yuyu(answers a question what?), and in the creative - -oh or -her (-oy or -her) (answers the question which? what?): bought new wow syn yuyu jacket, admiring new oh (-oy) syn her (-her) jacket.

After the sizzling in the endings of adjectives under stress spelled oh no accent spelled e, for example: alien about ho, big about go, alien about mu, big about mu; red e ho, more e go, red e mu, more eat at(cf. with nouns).

After adjectives hissing in names under stress suffix is ​​written -ov-(grosz ov oh, hedgehog ov oh, brocade ov th, canvas ov th), and without accent- suffix -ev-(plush ev ouch, key h ev ah water).

Note. Should be remembered spelling the word dash yov th(cf. cheaper).

In short adjectives under stress after hissing spelled about: the food is hot about (about the ending), funny about n (about fluent in suffix).

In adjectives on -th, -ya, -e(fox, fox, fox) in all forms, Besides nominative and accusative singular masculine (fox), before the end spelled b: fox b him, fox b him, fox b and etc.

Diminutive adjectives are formed with the suffix -enk-: syn enk uh, thick enk uy; after g, k, x possible and -onk-, and -enk-: lay down onc uy and lay down enk uh, wide onc uy and wide enk uh, be quiet onc uy and quiet enk uy.

In suffix -en-, -yan-, forming adjectives from nouns, one is written n: leather en oh, sand en th, silver yang th, except for three words: trees yann th, tin yann oh, glass yann th.

In adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from nouns with a base on n, written two n: kame nn oh, with nn th, length nn th.

Note. From such adjectives must be distinguished adjectives with one n: Yu n oh, swi n oh etc. (they Dont Have suffix -n-).

In suffix -in-, which forms adjectives from nouns with the meaning of belonging or property, one is written n: goose in ouch, sparrow in oh, donkey in th.

Note. One n spelled in a noun gost in and I, which used to be an adjective: living room.

In suffix -he N- forming adjectives from foreign words, written two n: division he N oh, revolutionary he N th, constitution he N th.

In suffix -enn-, forming adjectives from nouns, two n: productions enn th, celebrations enn oh, kindred enn oh, straw enn ouch, cranberry enn th.

Note 1 . Adjective wind en th spelled with one n. Adjectives with prefixes formed from the word wind , are written with two n: without wind enn th, per wind enn th, under wind enn th etc. should be distinguished adjectives wind en th(with suffix -en-) and wind yang oh(with suffix -yan-). Suffix -en- written in adjectives with the meaning "with the wind": wind en and I weather (weather with wind), wind en oh summer (summer with wind), as well as used in a figurative sense: wind en and I young woman, wind en oh behavior. These adjectives have a short form: the weather is windy, the girl is windy. Suffix -yan- used in adjectives with the meaning "driven by the wind": wind yang and I mill, wind yang oh engine. These adjectives do not have a short form. With suffix -yan- The name of the disease is also written: wind yang oh smallpox(chickenpox).

Note 2 . In the first stem of complex adjectives, two are written n, if it is formed from an adjective with two n: wave nn o-tractor station(car station nn th and tractor), vago nn o-locomotive park(vago park nn th and locomotive). But if the first stem is formed from a noun on n, then one is written in it n: wave n construction plant(factory for the construction of machines), vago n repair plant(wagon repair plant).

Note 3 . Nouns in -Nick--nitsa and -awn formed from adjectives with two n, are also written with two n: morning nn uh-morning nn ik; society nn th-society nn ir society nn itz-society nn awn; revolutionary nn th-revolutionary nn awn; production nn st-production nn ik; tse nn yy-tse nn awn, and educated from adjectives with one n are also written with one n: hemp n th - hemp n ik, sand n th - sandy n ik, yu n y - y n awn.

Note 4 . With two n nouns are also written with suffixes -Nick – -nitsa from nouns with stem on n: be friends n a - be friends nn ik-friend nn itza, mosh n a - moshe nn ik-moshe nn itza.

Full adjectives with two n, save them in short form: tse nn th thing - thing nn a.

Before suffix -sk- letter b spelled after l(village - village b sk ii) and in adjectives formed from the names of the months on n, r: december b sk uy, november b sk oy, jun b sk oy, july b sk uy(exception: word January sk uy).

In other cases, after n and R before suffix -sk- letter b not written: horse - ko n sk oy, hero - rich R sk uy.

To distinguish between suffixes -to- and -sk-, must be remembered that with suffix -to- qualitative adjectives are formed, which have a short form(bottom to iy - low, knots to ij - narrow), but with a suffix -sk-- relative adjectives without a short form(Frenchman sk y, kyrgyz sk y, Circassian sk ii).

Note. From nouns with stem to k, h and c relative adjectives are formed with a suffix -to- , and sounds to and h are replaced by sound c: kaza to- kaza c to uy, tka h-tka c to oh no c-neme c to uy. But in some, mostly bookish, formations, sounds to and h do not change and use the suffix -sk-: uzbe to-Uzbe to sk oy, coals h- coals h sk yy, also pfal c-pfal c sk uy.

Adjectives in -yny short form ending in -en: calmly nyy-quietly en, no nyy-no en , Besides worthy nyy- worthy in .

Note. short form communion honored from the verb honor written as a general rule: honored en .

are written capitalized adjectives, formed from proper names with suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -un-(Dal ev dictionary, Ivan ov about childhood, Liz in a doll, bug in puppies, etc.) with the exception of phraseological combinations used in a figurative sense, in which Lost connection with own name(Adam ov oh apple, bazed ov a disease, sissy f ov labor, prokr u bed, etc.).

are written lowercase adjectives, formed from people's own names if the adjective contains a suffix -sk- (t urgenev sk ie "Notes of a hunter", P ushkin sk iy style, l ermontov sk th prose, etc.).

Note. Capitalized adjectives are written with a suffix -sk-, if they are part of the names that have meanings "name, memory", for example: L homonos sk ie reading, L enin sk and I premium.

I. 1. It is most convenient to check the case endings of adjectives by posing a question which? in the right case, since the endings of adjectives and the question are the same. The exception is the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the singular masculine.

2. In the nominative case of the singular in the masculine gender, it is written -oh(with emphasis on the ending), th or -th(when stressed on the basis); in the feminine -and I or -ya; in the middle kind th or -her, for example: bright blue (green) color; bright blue paint; bright blue dress. In the plural of all three genders, it is written th or -s, for example: bright blue (colors, paints, dresses).

3. In the instrumental case of the singular number of masculine and neuter adjectives, the ending is written th or -them(answers the question how?), and in the prepositional - -ohm or -eat(answers a question what?), for example: they made their way through a gloomy, dense (what?) Forest; they talked about a gloomy, dense (about what?) forest.

4. In the accusative case of the singular feminine adjectives, the ending is written th or -yuyu(answers a question what?), and in the creative - -oh or -her (-oy or -her) (answers the question which? what?), for example: I see a beautiful morning (what?) Dawn; I admire the beautiful (-th) morning (-her) (what? what?) dawn.

II. In possessive adjectives -y, -ya, -ye(hunting, hunting, hunting) b written in all forms, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) singular masculine case (hunting), for example: a hunting dog, a hunting rifle, hunting adventures, etc.

III. In the short form of masculine singular adjectives after sibilants b not spelled: burning, brilliant.

236. Write off. For adjectives, put in brackets the question to which they answer. Underline the endings.

Sample. In the blue eat(in what?) the sky the stars are shining.

I. 1) Summer .. day that winter .. week. 2) Good .. business has been living for two centuries. 3) Yesterday .. you can’t turn back the day. 4) According to the herd, the wolf is not terrible. 5) Thin .. you can’t catch fish with a net. 6) Bottomless .. you can’t fill a barrel with water. 7) On the island, there is a lot of mowing. 8) In the summer .. night, the dawn converges with the dawn. 9) You can’t hide in thorny bushes.

(Proverbs)

II. 1) The fog was driven away by the morning breeze. (Ch.) 2) Through last year's .. bore .. foliage, tall grasses grow here and there. (T.) 3) The company of hunters spent the night in fresh .. hay. (Ch.) 4) It smelled of rain and fresh .. hay. (Ch.) 5) The chaise screeched at the slightest .. movement. (Ch.) 6) In the late .. night over the tired., The village is unawakening. (N.) 7) A rumble from the pr..morning .. wind stretched along the tops of the forest. (Kor.) 8) With enormous .. force, Nagulnov pushed the lion .. shoulders ..m the door. (Shol.) 9) Davydov sat at the table for a long time in a gloomy .. think about it .. . (Shol.)

237. Write off, matching the adjectives in brackets with the nouns they refer to.

1) The Dnieper was silvery, like (wolf) wool in the middle of the night. (G.) 2) We saw amazing things at the (bird) market. (Ars.) 3) The Sitsa River is considered a (good, hunting) place. (Ars.) 4) He [Sobakevich] knocked over half of the (lamb) side to his plate, ate everything, gnawed, sucked to the (last) bone. The (mutton) side was followed by cheesecakes. (G.) 5) To complete the resemblance, the tailcoat on him was completely (bearish) in color. (G.) 6) The next day, at 8 o'clock in the morning, Anna got out of one of the (driver's) carriages and called at the large entrance of her (former) house. (JI. T.) 7) The hunter inspects the (wolf and fox) trails in advance. (Ax.) 8) (Wolf) howling gears sang. (Paust.) 9) Already behind the mountain (dense) the evening beam went out, the hot spring barely sparkles with a jet (rattling). (JI.) 10) A mustachioed (landlord) huntsman, waving across the ditch on a (nimble) horse, beats off the road from the dogs. (N.)

238. Write off, replacing the full forms of adjectives with short ones. When (before or after the replacement) is the statement more categorical?

1) Frost is bitter. - Frost burning. 2) The wind is sharp and fresh. 3) Borscht is hot. 4) The chintz is rather sticky. 5) The motive of the song is sluggish and viscous. 6) The answer is witty, brilliant.