Temple in honor of Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia in...
Gives you the opportunity to get acquainted and learn one of the ancient and most widely spoken languages of the world - Arabic language.
Arabic is considered official in the following countries of the world: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Western Sahara, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, United United Arab Emirates, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Eritrea. Arabic is spoken by about 290 million people (240 as their mother tongue and 50 as a second language).
The Arabic language played a big role in the history of world culture: in the Middle Ages, an extensive artistic and scientific literature was created on it. A huge number of Arabic words entered the languages of many Asian and African peoples. Even in European languages, including Russian, there are words borrowed from Arabic (algebra, azimuth, zenith, alcohol, genie, shop, treasury, coffee, safari, tariff, etc.).
At present, the Arabic language exists in two significantly different forms, on the one hand, there is the Arabic literary language - a common language for all Arab countries of education, press, radio, science, literature, oratory, on the other hand, there are Arabic colloquial languages or dialects spoken by the population in everyday communication. The spoken language of each Arab country differs both from the common Arabic literary language and from the spoken languages of other Arab countries.
Like all language learners from scratch, we will talk about literary Arabic. For the basis online lessons the site took the tutorial by V. S. Segal (). Its peculiarity is that it allows you to get acquainted with the language gradually, without immediately showering you with a stream of incomprehensible and complex Arabic letters. Errors were also fixed, animation of letters was added, answers were added, which can be viewed by moving the mouse over the key: . Also added audio! You will not only learn how to read and write Arabic, but also begin to understand the language by ear. Lessons free.
Go to → list of lessons ← (Click)
If the opportunity to communicate with 290 million people is not a great motivation for you to learn Arabic, then it may be, for example, the desire to stand out from the crowd. Few know Arabic. And if now you just seem very smart, then in the future you can build a successful career. The Middle East has a very large economic potential, so knowledge of the language and culture is beneficial and promising.
AT modern conditions growing hostility between the Arab world and the West, an understanding of the Islamic religion is key information to overcome the crisis. People who know Arabic can overcome cultural and linguistic barriers between countries, help resolve or avoid international conflict, and help businesses successfully trade internationally. In addition, knowledge of Arabic opens the door to other languages. For example, 50% of Farsi words are made up of Arabic words. The situation is similar with Urdu and Turkish. Hebrew is also linguistically related to Arabic, making it easier to understand grammatical and semantic concepts in languages.
Arabs are hospitable. As soon as you say a few words in Arabic in the presence of a native speaker, they will be delighted and will want to help you in any way they can. And try to do the same, for example, in German in front of the Germans - this is unlikely to surprise them much. Arabs are proud of their language and will be glad to see that someone makes an attempt to learn it.
Arabic is the 5th most spoken language in the world, and the migration processes of recent years have only increased its spread. More recently, Arabic has become the second most common language in Sweden, and Finnish has always been one. In the meantime, Arabic has not taken over the whole world, you still have time to study it!
You must have found something interesting on this page. Recommend her to a friend! Better yet, place a link to this page on the Internet, VKontakte, blog, forum, etc. For example:
Learning Arabic
Arabic is currently the most widespread of the Semitic languages and belongs to its southern branch. The Arabic language reached its peak of perfection with the sending down of the final Divine Scripture, the Holy Quran, before the beauty and grandeur of which many connoisseurs of the word of that time bowed. The Almighty Lord declares:
“We revealed him with the Qur'an in Arabic, in which there is not the slightest flaw. Perhaps piety before God will awaken in the hearts of people ”(see:).
The modern literary Arabic language, which has become the result of the gradual development of the classical Arabic language, is widespread in many countries of the world, the total population of which exceeds 100 million people.
Along with literary Arabic, which is a single and common state language in all Arab countries, there are also local Arabic dialects. In contrast to the literary language, which unites not only all Arabs, but also educated Muslims of the world, dialects and dialects have a narrow, territorial meaning.
Phonetically, literary Arabic is characterized by an extensive system of consonant phonemes, especially guttural, emphatic and interdental. It has six vowel phonemes: three short and three long.
Grammatically, the Arabic language, like other Semitic languages, is characterized by a significant development of inflection and belongs to the group of inflectional languages. Each grammatical form is based on a three-consonant (rarely four-consonant) root. The shaping of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural change of the word.
Arabic script
The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters, displaying only consonants in writing. There are no special letters for writing vowels in Arabic writing. But due to the fact that in Arabic there are short and long vowels, some letters that serve to outline consonants are used to convey long vowels in writing. Short vowels are transmitted in writing with the help of vowels.
Thus, the Arabic writing system is based on the written representation of only consonant sounds, and the vowels that make up the word are filled in by the reader in the process of reading, depending on the meaning of the word and its role in the sentence.
The letters of the Arabic alphabet are characterized by the fact that each of them has, depending on its position in the word, several styles: independent, initial, middle and final. The character of writing a letter depends on whether it is connected on both sides with parts of a given word or only on the right.
Of the 28 letters of the alphabet, 22 are connected on both sides and have four forms of writing, and the remaining 6 - only on the right, while having only two forms of writing.
By the nature of the writing of the main elements, most of the letters of the Arabic alphabet can be combined into several groups. The letters of the same group have the same descriptive "skeleton" and differ from each other only in the presence and location of the so-called diacritical points. Letters either have no dots at all, or have one, two, or three dots that can appear above or below the letter. The letters are connected to each other with the help of connecting dashes.
The printed and written styles of the letters of the Arabic alphabet do not fundamentally differ. There are no capital letters in the Arabic alphabet.
Vocalizations
The Arabic writing system provides for the transmission of only consonants and long vowels. Short vowels are not shown in writing. However, to clarify the nature of short vowels in certain cases, for example, in the Holy Quran, prophetic traditions, teaching aids, they are indicated by special subscript or superscript characters called vowels.
Vocalization is placed above or below the letter denoting a consonant sound. There are three vowels in Arabic:
− Fatah
The vowel "fatha" is placed above the letter in the form of a slash َ_ and conveys a short vowel sound [a]. For example: بَ [ba], شَ [sha].
− "Kyasra"
Vocalization "kasra" is placed under the letter in the form of a slash ـِ and conveys the short vowel [and]. For example: بِ [bi], شِ [shi].
− "Damma"
The vowel "damma" is placed above the letter in the form of a comma ـُ and conveys a short vowel [y]. For example: بُ [bu], شُ [shu].
− "Sukun"
The absence of a vowel after a consonant is indicated by an icon called "sukun". "Sukun" is written as ـْ and is placed above the letter. For example: بَتْ [bat], بِتْ [bit], بُتْ [but].
Additional icons in Arabic include the Shadda sign, which indicates the doubling of a consonant sound. "Shadda" is written in the form of Russian capital letter"sh". For example: بَبَّ [babba], بَتِّ [batty]
Transcription
In view of the fact that in the Arabic language there is a significant difference between the system of depicting words in writing and their sound composition, for practical purposes they resort to the so-called transcription. Transcription is the transfer of the sounds of a language using accepted conventional signs or letters of the same or another language, provided, if necessary, with additional icons.
In this textbook, the Russian language is adopted as signs of transcription of Arabic sounds. To depict those sounds that are not in the Russian language, some Russian letters are equipped with additional icons: a dash and a dot under the letter. A dash indicates an interdental consonant, and a dot indicates a solid sound.
The Arabic language historically began to flourish in the world thanks to the development and spread of Islam as one of the largest world religions. Arabic is known to be the language of the Quran, the Holy Book of Islam. It is the main language of Muslims.
What is interesting to know for everyone who is going to learn Arabic for beginners
1. Where Arabic is spoken
Arabic is the official language of 22 countries and is the mother tongue of over 200 million people geographically from southeast Asia to northwest Africa, better known as the Arab world.
"Classical" Arabic, known as the language of the Qur'an, is the language in which the Qur'an is written and is the base language for the syntactic and grammatical norms of modern Arabic. It is this classical Arabic that is taught in religious schools and in all Arabic schools around the world.
"Modern Standard" Arabic is similar to classical, but easier and simpler. It is understood by most Arabs and is broadcast on TV, it is spoken by politicians, it is studied by foreigners. Most Arabic newspapers and modern literature use Modern Standard Arabic.
Arab colloquial
has many different dialects. For example, a native Iraqi would have difficulty understanding local resident Algeria and vice versa, as they speak completely different dialects. But both of them will be able to communicate with each other if they use modern standard Arabic.
2. What any of us already know about the Arabic language
- A lot of words came to us from Arabic, and we all know them, for example:
قطن, coton
سكر, sugar
غزال, gazelle
قيثارة, guitar
الكحول , alcohol
صحراء , Sahara
قيراط , carat
ليمون , lemon
- Arabic uses the same punctuation as any other foreign language, such as English language, but Arabic has slightly different punctuation marks, such as a reversed comma (،) or a mirrored question mark (؟).
3. How difficult is it to learn Arabic
- Difficulties in pronunciation
Many sounds in Arabic are pronounced in a throaty way, as if they are formed deep inside the throat - therefore, practice is required to learn how to pronounce them correctly.
- Order of words in a sentence
Any sentence in Arabic begins with a verb, so to say "the boy eats an apple" you need to say "the boy eats an apple":
اكل الولد التفاحة .
- Adjectives are placed after the noun:
السيارة الحمراء - red car
- Sentences are written from right to left, so the first page of the book, for us Europeans, will be considered the last.
4. How Arabic for beginners can help in the future
- Arabic belongs to the Semitic group of languages, therefore it has much in common with languages such as Amharic, Hebrew. Therefore, for those who can learn Arabic, other languages of the Semitic group will be more understandable.
- Languages such as Persian/Farsi, Urdu, Kurdish and others use the Arabic alphabet which is used in the writing of their own languages. Therefore, those who comprehend Arabic from scratch will be able to read the written words and sentences of any of these languages, but not understand the meaning.
1. Determine exactly what your goals are for learning Arabic for beginners.
As we wrote above, there are several types of Arabic: Modern Standard, Classical and Colloquial Arabic. Each type is responsible for its own goals.
2. Master the Arabic alphabet
At first glance, the alphabet seems to be the most difficult and incomprehensible moment for those who decide to take up the Arabic language. Some even try to avoid studying it and memorize only the pronunciation or transliteration of Arabic words. This method will bring many problems in the future. It would be much more useful, on the contrary, to ignore the transcription, and to learn the spelling of words. Therefore, to learn Arabic for beginners quickly, learn the alphabet.
3. Learn to use Arabic vocabulary.
Using an Arabic dictionary is very difficult at first, but after clarifying the main points and some practice, it will not be difficult.
First, it must be taken into account that all words in the dictionary are used in their original forms, while in texts they occur in derived forms.
Secondly, the dictionary structure itself has a root system, that is, the root of the word is considered as the search word. The roots in the dictionary are located in alphabetical order. That is, to find the word istiqbaal (registrar), you need to know the three-letter root of this word - q-b-l, that is, this word will be in the dictionary under the letter q.
4. We study Arabic constantly.
In order to quickly learn Arabic, you need to study it constantly. If you have internet, then you can learn Arabic online. There are many resources online for self-study Arabic. You can buy textbooks with audio recordings, listening to which you will be imbued with the language and absorb the pronunciation. Many tutorials like learning Arabic from scratch offer interesting mnemonics for memorizing Arabic words.
5. Ask a tutor for help.
After graduating from 10th grade summer vacation I went to Dagestan. Usually there you are constantly surrounded by relatives. But one day I stayed in Makhachkala, left to my own devices. And went for a walk around the city. This was probably my first independent walk in a foreign city. I walked along Hamidov Avenue towards the mountains. And, suddenly, I saw a sign "Islamic shop". No matter how strange it may seem, but my first acquisition in Dagestan was the Arabic script.
Arriving at my uncle's house, I opened it. There were all types of writing letters and their pronunciation was explained in relation to the Dagestan alphabet “The letter ع approximately corresponds to the Arabic gI”, “The letter ح is similar to the Avar xI”. Together with ظ, these were the most difficult letters for me, because it was hard to imagine how to pronounce them, and the others were mostly in my language. So I started learning to read Arabic on my own. An ordinary Russian teenager, far from religion. Then I went to the mountain village of my grandfather. It was a time filled with events of transitional age, when you try a lot for the first time. Along with all this, I tried and learn Arabic. What motivated me when I bought this recipe then is still mystical for me.
Recently I found my first attempts to write in Arabic, which I started just that summer in my grandfather's village.
Over the summer I learned to read. But then he abandoned this business for many years and stalled on this knowledge. The Arabic language seemed to be something extraordinarily distant and incomprehensible. Yes, and my lifestyle was far from learning this language.
Then, already in the 4th year of university, I began to pray, began to go to the mosque, and met Muslims. One Friday in the mosque, I said hello to one of my friends:
- Assalamu alaikum! How are you? What are you doing?
- Wa alaikum ssalam! Alhamdulillah. Here, I study Arabic.
— How do you study? Are there any courses?
- No, on your own, according to the textbook "Learn to read the Quran in Arabic."
Then this brother went to Kazan to study and there he got new textbooks, and he sold Lebedev's books "Learn to read the Koran in Arabic" to me for 500 rubles when he returned from Kazan for his first vacation.
I worked part-time as a night security guard in a store and took this book with me on duty. I started reading it in my free moments between the fights of the local drunkards and until I was cut down by sleep. It was worth starting to get acquainted with the book, as I thought - "Subhanallah, this Arabic language is so easy to learn."
For so many years I stupidly knew how to read and memorized the verses of the Koran with difficulty - and now I began to understand the logic of the entire language!
My delight knew no bounds. I finished the first book in a month. I didn’t even memorize the words there - I just carefully studied the new rules and read the exercises for them.
Then the textbook came into my hands First Arabic lessons ". I began to trite to teach a lesson a day (they are very small there). I just memorized new words in the morning - and then repeated them all day (on the bus, when walking, etc.). After a couple of months, I already knew almost 60 lessons by heart - all the words and turns of speech that were found in them.
After 2 months of classes, I was visiting an Arab and was surprised to find that I can communicate in Arabic without speaking a word in Russian!!! It started out as a joke. I said hello in Arabic and my friend answered. Then I asked something else and he answered again in Arabic. And when the dialogue began, as if there was no turning back. As if we did not know Russian. My knees were trembling with happiness.
Previously, I needed to learn the Koran “photographically” - stupidly remembering the order of all the letters in words. For example, it took me several days to memorize Surah An-Nas. And after I have mastered the basics of grammar, you can read the translation of Krachkovsky and the Arabic text of the verse once (comparing the translation to each Arabic word), repeat a couple of times - and the verse is remembered. If so, walk through a small sura (like An-Naba "News"). After half an hour of study, I can look at the translation of Krachkovsky and read the sura in Arabic (essentially from memory). The most difficult thing is usually to remember the order of the verses.
My tragedy is that having learned to read (it took about two months on my own and unsystematic), I simply did not imagine that it was possible to spend the same amount of time to learn the basics of grammar and, if you make an effort and develop an active vocabulary You can speak Arabic very soon.
The biggest problem for many people is that they imagine the language as an impregnable fortress, which will take many years to assault and siege. And only after that you will master it. In fact, learning a language is better thought of as a small cottage that you build piece by piece. Having studied the basic grammar (changing verbs by person and tense, changing cases, etc. - in terms of volume this is a 40-page brochure) - consider that you have poured the foundation. Further, an opportunity arose - they built a room where you can already live and moved there. Then the kitchen. Then they built a living room, a nursery, and all the other rooms. I saw how they build houses in Dagestan in this way. Instead of renting an apartment, they buy an inexpensive plot, pour the foundation and build at least one room, where they move. And then, as far as possible, they continue to build a house on an already filled foundation.
If suddenly someone wants to repeat my path, which I consider optimal for those who do it mostly on their own, for example, in their free time from their main studies or work, I have prepared a selection of materials (now they have become more accessible, and better).
1. Learn to read and write
→ Talking Tutorial (self-study on reading and writing with the voice acting of each word and many tips)
2. Fundamentals of grammar.To study grammar, it is better to arm yourself with many books and choose the one that suits you best. The same rule can be given different words in different books - so that incomprehensible moments can be considered from different angles. Start with one book, and download the rest as needed.
→ Lebedev. Learn to read the Quran in Arabic - an unobtrusive explanation of the basics of grammar using the example of verses from the Koran (I personally went through the first volume. I hated studying foreign language all my life, but I read this book as fiction, and realized that Arabic is mine).
→ Yashukov. Arabic grammar manual - a compressed volume of 40 pages gives all the basics (a short summary of any textbook).
→ Khaibullin. Arabic grammar . A new solid textbook, contains the basics of grammar with numerous examples, as well as the basics of morphology. Very accessible language and sparing volume.
→ Rules of the Arabic language in a light and simplified form . (I didn’t pass it myself, but I heard reviews from friends).
→ Kovalev, Sharbatov. Arabic textbook . (A classic of the genre. Usually it is used as a reference where you can find any question on grammar).
I think these books should be enough with a margin. If you don’t like it, google Kuzmin, Ibragimov, Frolova and others.
3. Build an active vocabulary
→ First Arabic lessons . Read the preface to this book carefully and you will understand everything. I really lived with this book for several months until I learned 100 lessons. If you repeat "my feat", feel your closeness to the Arab world - no kidding.
4. Practice the language
→ Get to know the Arabs, try to communicate with them. For example, you can search the mosque for students who have just arrived in Russia and do not speak Russian well. If you are hospitable and not intrusive, then you can establish very warm friendly relations. You will be able to learn the language directly from the native speaker. ). So you can google materials that are interesting to you, your favorite nasheeds on YouTube, etc. You will be able to immerse yourself in the Arabic Internet, participate in their forums, discussions, make friends on FaceBook, etc.
After graduating from the 10th grade, I went to Dagestan for the summer holidays. Usually there you are constantly surrounded by relatives. But one day I stayed in Makhachkala, left to my own devices. And went for a walk around the city. This was probably my first independent walk in a foreign city. I walked along Hamidov Avenue towards the mountains. And suddenly, I saw a sign "Islamic shop". No matter how strange it may seem, but my first acquisition in Dagestan was the Arabic script.
Arriving at my uncle's house, I opened it. There were all kinds of writing letters and their pronunciation was explained in relation to the Dagestan alphabet "The letter ع approximately corresponds to the Arabic gI", "The letter ح is similar to the Avar xI". Together with ظ, these were the most difficult letters for me, because it was hard to imagine how to pronounce them, and the others were mostly in my language. So I started learning to read Arabic on my own. An ordinary Russian teenager, far from religion. Then I went to the mountain village of my grandfather. It was a time filled with events of transitional age, when you try a lot for the first time. Along with all this, I tried and learn Arabic. What motivated me when I then bought this prescription is still mystical for me.
Recently I found my first attempts to write in Arabic, which I started just that summer in my grandfather's village. (If you click on the screenshots, they should enlarge. Not for the faint of heart, I warn you).
Then, already in the 4th year of university, I began to pray, began to go to the mosque, and met Muslims. One Friday in the mosque, I said hello to one of my friends:
Assalamu alaikum! How are you? What are you doing?
- Wa alaikum ssalam! Alhamdulillah. Here, I study Arabic.
- How do you study? Are there any courses?
- No, on your own, according to the textbook "Learn to read the Quran in Arabic."
Then this brother went to Kazan to study and there he got new textbooks, and he sold Lebedev's books "Learn to read the Koran in Arabic" to me for 500 rubles when he returned from Kazan for his first vacation.
I worked part-time as a night security guard in a store and took this book with me on duty. I started reading it in my free moments between the fights of the local drunkards and until I was cut down by sleep. It was worth starting to get acquainted with the book, as I thought - "Subhanallah, this Arabic language is so easy to learn."
My delight knew no bounds. I finished the first book in a month. I didn’t even memorize the words there - I just carefully studied the new rules and read the exercises for them.
Then another textbook fell into my hands (I already wrote about it in the post "Pencil writing to the brain). I began to learn a lesson every day (they are very small there). I just memorized new words in the morning - and then repeated them all day (on the bus, while walking, etc.) After a couple of months, I already knew almost 60 lessons by heart - all the words and turns of speech that met in them.
After 2 months of classes, I was visiting an Arab and was surprised to find that I can communicate in Arabic without speaking a word in Russian!!! It started out as a joke. I said hello in Arabic and my friend answered. Then I asked something else and he answered again in Arabic. And when the dialogue began, as if there was no turning back. As if we did not know Russian. My knees were trembling with happiness.
Previously, I had to learn the Koran "photographically" - stupidly remembering the order of all the letters in words. For example, it took me several days to memorize Surah An-Nas. And after I have mastered the basics of grammar, you can read the translation of Krachkovsky and the Arabic text of the verse once (comparing the translation to each Arabic word), repeat a couple of times - and the verse is remembered. If so, walk through a small sura (like An-Naba "News"). After half an hour of study, I can look at the translation of Krachkovsky and read the sura in Arabic (essentially from memory). The most difficult thing is usually to remember the order of the verses.
My tragedy is that having learned to read (it took about two months on my own and unsystematic), I simply did not imagine that it was possible to study the basics of grammar by spending the same amount of time and, if you make an effort and develop an active vocabulary, you can speak Arabic very soon.
The biggest problem for many people is that they imagine the language as an impregnable fortress, which will take many years to assault and siege. And only after that you will master it. In fact, learning a language is better thought of as a small cottage that you build piece by piece. Having studied the basic grammar (changing verbs by person and tense, changing cases, etc. - in terms of volume this is a brochure of 40 pages) - consider that you have poured the foundation. Further, an opportunity arose - they built a room where you can already live and moved there. Then - the kitchen. Then they built a living room, a nursery, and all the other rooms. I saw how they build houses in Dagestan in this way. Instead of renting an apartment, they buy an inexpensive plot, pour the foundation and build at least one room, where they move. And then, as far as possible, they continue to build a house on an already filled foundation.
If suddenly someone wants to repeat my path, which I consider optimal for those who do it mostly on their own, for example, in their free time from their main studies or work, I have prepared a selection of materials (now they have become more accessible, and better).
→ (reading and writing tutorial with voice acting for each word and lots of hints)
2. Fundamentals of grammar. To study grammar, it is better to arm yourself with many books and choose the one that suits you best. The same rule can be given in different words in different books - so that incomprehensible moments can be considered from different angles. Start with one book, and download the rest as needed.
→ Lebedev. Learn to read the Quran in Arabic - an unobtrusive explanation of the basics of grammar using the example of verses from the Quran (I personally went through the first volume. I hated studying foreign language all my life, but I read this book as fiction, and realized that Arabic is mine).
→ - a compressed volume of 40 pages gives all the basics (a short summary of any textbook).
→ . A new solid textbook, contains the basics of grammar with numerous examples, as well as the basics of morphology. Very accessible language and sparing volume.
→ (I didn’t pass it myself, but I heard reviews from friends).
→ (A classic of the genre. Usually it is used as a reference where you can find any grammar question).
I think these books should be enough with a margin. If you don’t like it, google Kuzmin, Ibragimov, Frolova and others.
3. Build an active vocabulary.
→ . - read carefully the preface to this book and you will understand everything. I really lived with this book for several months, until I learned 100 lessons (I just wrote about this in the article "Pencil Writing to the Brain"). If you repeat "my feat", feel your closeness to the Arab world - no kidding.
4. Practice the language.
→ Get to know the Arabs, try to communicate with them. For example, you can search the mosque for students who have just arrived in Russia and do not speak Russian well. If you are hospitable and not intrusive, then you can establish very warm friendly relations. You will be able to learn the language directly from the native speaker.
→ Learn how to type in Arabic (). So you can google materials that are interesting to you, your favorite nasheeds on YouTube, etc. You will be able to immerse yourself in the Arabic Internet, participate in their forums, discussions, make friends on FaceBook, etc.
You can bookmark the second part of the article, here is the link
