DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES In English, as in Russian, ...
direction of psychology that studies the patterns of manifestation and development of the psyche, as well as group interactions in the conditions of sports competitive and training activities. Like many other areas of psychology, it began to develop intensively in the 60-70s. XX century, and at first the main research focused on the study of differences between individual athletes (-> differential psychology), abilities and opportunities to act in stressful conditions of competitions (-> stress), ways to increase the effectiveness of training.
Later, the range of issues being developed was significantly expanded. In relation to each sport, taking into account the achievements of general, pedagogical, age and social psychology, programs of special training complexes are developed aimed at increasing the physical and mental fitness of athletes, their emotional-volitional, ethical, moral and collectivist preparedness.
In the domestic psychology of sports, the regularities effective formation motor skills and abilities, ways to achieve high rates of strength, endurance, agility and coordination of movements, based on the concept of movement building levels. Ways and methods of forming specialized perceptions of athletes are being studied - a sense of time, a sense of distance, a change in the speed of an object, anticipation of an instantaneous development of events (-> anticipation; intuition), "sense of the ball", "sense of water", etc. Attention is paid to the development of methods for improving observation , imagination, strategic and tactical thinking, coordinated interaction in group games, etc. Deepening of research is also going on in the field of studying the abilities of athletes and their special psychological selection at different age stages, and in the field of education and formation of these abilities in the course of training activities.
A special problem is posed by such areas of sports psychology as mental self-regulation, managing one's condition in the pre-start period, during competitions and after leaving the competitive situation. These issues, as well as the attitude of athletes to their victories and defeats, are receiving more and more attention in recent studies.
The main tasks of sports psychology are as follows:
1) increasing the effectiveness of an athlete's training through the formation of motor skills and abilities, the creation of psychological conditions for achieving high rates of strength, endurance, dexterity of movements;
2) development of specialized types of perception (sense of time, distance);
3) preparation for competitions;
4) arbitrary mental regulation;
5) the formation of the athlete's personality in collective activities in teams, when communicating with a coach. The task of modern sports psychology is not only to promote the achievement of high sports results, but also in the comprehensive development of the athlete's personality, in improving his general and psychological culture.
In a separate direction, socio-psychological studies are distinguished, considering:
1) problems of team formation;
2) interpersonal relations in them;
3) techniques and ways to increase cohesion and value-oriented unity;
4) issues of relationship with the coach or coaching team;
5) questions of relations with fans, including with "fans";
6) problems of inter-team relationships (-> inter-group relationship), etc.
Good afternoon! Please comment on the result of the analysis of the child - 4 years 2 months.
At the end of August of this year, the child suffered from acute obstructive bronchitis - in the hospital they injected Cefatoxime (7 days, 3 times a day), aminofillin, diphenhydramine, noshpa, NaCL infusion therapy, etc. ... After a week - acetonymic syndrome. A month later, he was vaccinated with AKDP - revaccination with a killed vaccine. After that, sneezing began to be observed and the child rubbed his nose all the time (in February of the same year, an allergy to citrus fruits was observed, as the dermatologist told us - there were 6 eosinophils in the blood!). After that, a blood test was taken upon admission to the hospital on August 29 - eosinophils were 0, and after 4 days - already 15, and other indicators for bronchitis were not normal. At discharge - 06.09 - eosinophils became 10. Then the blood test was repeated only on 25.10 - eosinophils 18! At the same time, sneezing was observed (the allergist sent for allergy tests - a blood test from a vein, some types of allergens showed +, some ++, but most - -). We drank Fenkarol for 2 weeks. On November 20, she fell ill with a cold after visiting the garden for 2 days - again a cough on the verge of bronchitis - the pediatrician diagnosed tracheobronchitis. She was sick for a week, they drank Summamed for 3 days, then a week after recovery (while a slight cough remained after the illness), the child fell ill again, the cough lasted a week, then another week, a slight cough periodically. Passed 20.12 blood test in the clinic - eosinophils 14, segmented neutrophils - 24, everything else is normal. But, the analysis was detailed, so there were no platelets in it and erythrocytes. 21.12 repeated the analysis in Sinevo - the last analysis is as follows:
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, ESR) - 2
Leukocytes (WBC) 7.27
Erythrocytes (RBC) 4.95
Hemoglobin (HGB) 138 g/l
Hematocrit (HCT) 39.6%
Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) 80
The average content of hemoglobin in
erythrocyte (MSN) 27.9
Average hemoglobin concentration
in erythrocyte (MCHC) 34.8
Platelets (PLT) 320
RBC Distribution Width (RDW-SD) 37
RBC distribution width (RDW-CV) 12.8%
Platelet Distribution Width by Volume (PDW) 10.6
Mean platelet volume (MPV) 9.5
Thrombocrit (PCT) 0.3
Neutrophils (per 100 leukocytes) 24.1
Neutrophils (abs.) 1.76
Lymphocytes (per 100 leukocytes) 51.2
Lymphocytes (abs.) 3.72
Monocytes (per 100 leukocytes) 11
Monocytes (abs.) 0.8
Eosinophils (per 100 leukocytes) 13.1
Eosinophils (abs.) 0.95
Basophils (per 100 leukocytes) 0.6
Basophils (abs.) 0.04
Is there any cause for concern, what can be said from the analysis and what to do next? Can eosinophils remain elevated after such a period of time? A blood test for antibodies to giardia, ascaris and toxocara is negative. The pediatrician prescribed after last analysis drink blood for a week Eden syrup and retake the test!
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Sports Psychology
Sports psychology is a field of psychological science that studies the patterns of manifestation and formation of psychological mechanisms in sports activities. The main tasks of sports psychology are the following: 1. Increasing the efficiency of an athlete's training by developing motor skills and abilities, creating psychological conditions for achieving high rates of strength, endurance, dexterity of movements, developing specialized types of perception (sense of time, distance); 2. Preparation for competitions; 3. Arbitrary mental regulation; 4. Formation of the athlete's personality in collective activities in teams, when communicating with a coach.
List of random tags:
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Homophobia - Homophobia is an unreflexive, irrational dislike of homosexuals, often driven by fear of one's own sexual fantasies and urges.
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Value - VALUE - the significance for people of certain material, spiritual or natural objects, phenomena. Subjective reflection in the consciousness of the values of the surrounding reality is necessary for the formation of a person's value orientations. The specificity of understanding objects, phenomena of reality as values also implies the presence of special psychological mechanisms for their development. So, as the subject of psychological research in this case, such a type of mental activity as the evaluative activity of an individual is brought to the fore, aimed not only at the perception and development of the objectively meaningful side of the object, phenomena, but also at assessing their properties from the point of view of necessity, usefulness. , pleasantness, etc. As a result, a person realizes the value of an object, a phenomenon of the surrounding world, and thus a special kind of attitude towards it is formed - a value attitude.
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Holotropic therapy - Holotropic therapy (from the Greek holos - whole and tropos - direction, turn) is a psychotherapeutic technique developed by S. and K. Grof, based on the results of psychedelic studies, in which certain levels of the human psyche were identified. Such levels included sensory experience, which is formed by strong experiences that do not have personal significance; psychodynamic, or biographical, experience represented by personally significant events; perinatal, or prebiographical, experience, the content of which corresponds to the experiences of dying, death and biological rebirth; and, finally, transpersonal or superbiographical experience, which is associated with the expansion of consciousness and the experience of phylogenetic experience. The procedure of holotropic therapy aimed at activating the unconscious content of the psyche involves the use of intense breathing, listening to specially selected music and working with one's own body.
We cannot get a complete picture of an athlete based only on the level of oxygen consumption, glycogen stores and biomechanical measurements ... The main thing to take into account is psychology, an understanding of those personal qualities that determine the highest achievements in sports. If an athlete is able to manage stress, is resistant to interference and is able to adapt to changing conditions, then we have a complete set ... Research and applied development should be carried out comprehensively, taking into account various aspects, but especially psychological ones.
Peter Snell, three-time Olympic champion, PhD
Having traveled the path of big-time sports, we did not seriously think about the role of psychology in the preparation of high-class athletes, did not pay due attention to the individual approach, the relationship between the coach and the athlete, in which we lost a lot. It is not uncommon for a vanity-obsessed coach to think of himself as a psychologist. Later, looking back, you notice with bitterness that for some reason many young talented athletes did not reach their goal.<…>The role of a psychologist in our team is diminished, but in practice I had to resort to his help. I believe that, using the recommendations and advice of a psychologist, I managed not only to keep many athletes in the team, but also to achieve significant results.<…>Even indirect contact with psychological science - through communication with a psychologist - gave a reason to overestimate a lot, to see its enormous possibilities.
Khmelev A. A., Honored Trainer of the USSR
I used to be very jealous of the appearance of a stranger in the national team. Thought I was on my own the best psychologist. Gayich also thought before me. But I can't seem to cope... I can tell you about the importance of the match. It is impossible to remove the sense of responsibility for the result, which kills the sparks in the eyes ... My assistant and I will go to special courses. Maybe after them it will be easier to understand the psychologist. And then sometimes some people turn, but you don’t understand what they are doing and why. So it was in Dynamo, when the guys were offered to put the cubes together, disassemble the parachute in order to feel like a team. But it's obvious to me: the team needs a psychologist.
V. Olekno, head coach of the Russian men's volleyball team
The subject of sports psychology. Sports psychology is a field of psychological science that studies the patterns of human mental manifestations in the process of training and competitive activities. Briefly, we can say that the psychology of sports is the science of a person in the field of sports. The need for the emergence of this science is due to the specific conditions of sports activity, primarily the desire for maximum achievements, competitiveness (the desire to win), large, and sometimes extreme, physical and mental stress.
Sports psychology as a scientific and academic discipline includes a number of general and special sections this is:
1) motives for sports activities;
2) the psychological foundations of orientation and selection in different kinds sports and psychodiagnostics of inclinations and abilities;
3) psychomotor;
4) psychology of training and education in sports;
5) psychological features of the physical, technical and tactical training of athletes;
6) psychological characteristics of the personality of athletes;
7) psychology of a sports team;
8) conditions of an athlete and their psychoregulation;
9) styles of sports activities;
10) psychological characteristics of the personality and activities of coaches;
11) psychological characteristics of the personality and activities of sports referees;
12) psychological characteristics of various sports;
13) psychological characteristics of fans.
Unfortunately, not all of these aspects have been studied equally fully. For example, psychologists have begun to study the psychological characteristics of fans only recently, and the psychology of sports refereeing still remains a practically untouched topic.
methods, used in sports psychology to study the psychological characteristics of athletes, coaches, sports teams, are the same as in general psychology. They are divided into four groups: organizational, empirical, quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Organizational Methods determine the research strategy and include comparative (including age-comparative or cross-sectional method) and longitudinal.
Comparative method is used to study the psychological differences between athletes of various sports, game roles, gender, qualifications, the specifics of the training process and other factors.
Longitudinal method is used for the purpose of long-term (for several months and years) tracking the mental and psychomotor development of the same athlete or group of athletes. It makes it possible to visually and in dynamics trace the influence of sports training on the change in the psychological characteristics of athletes.
empirical methods are very diverse and include objective observation, self-observation, experimental method and psychodiagnostics.
Objective observation aims to study various behavioral, emotional manifestations of athletes in vivo their activities (in training, competitions, training camps). It can be continuous or selective, using verbal (tape recorder), shorthand or protocol recording, technical means (video equipment). Observation should be carried out according to a predetermined plan and scheme. It should be systematic, which will ensure a relatively complete collection of material on the issue of interest.
Introspection is a way of self-knowledge and is used by athletes in the analysis of their states, actions, technique of performed movements in order to improve. Self-observation should also be systematic, become a habit for an athlete. The results should be recorded in a diary so that a qualitative self-analysis can be carried out.
experimental method has two varieties - laboratory and natural experiments:
The laboratory experiment is carried out in special rooms equipped with signaling and registration devices and devices (reflectometer, kinematometer, tremometer, etc.);
A natural (field) experiment is organized in natural conditions (during training, competitions) and has two varieties - ascertaining and forming. These types of experiments also use equipment (portable or remote).
Psychodiagnostic methods aimed at identifying the inclinations, individual abilities and giftedness of an athlete as a whole, his typological features of the properties of the nervous system and temperament, personality traits, diagnosing conditions (pre-competitive, competitive and post-competitive), changes in psychological parameters after exercise. These methods can be used for: selection of candidates for teams, selection of an adequate type of activity and game role for a given athlete, as well as an activity style.
Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis are used for mathematical and statistical processing of the data obtained in the study and their meaningful analysis.
A brief excursion into the history of the emergence and development of sports psychology
The term “sport psychology” was introduced into scientific use by the Russian psychologist V. F. Chizh (see: Psychology of Sport. St. Petersburg, 1910), although even earlier, at the very beginning of the 20th century, this concept was used in his articles by the founder of the modern Olympic movement Pierre de Coubertin. In 1913, at the initiative of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne (Switzerland), a congress on the psychology of sports was organized, and from that moment the science in question received official status. However, the weak development of sports did not contribute to the rapid development of science, which was only carried out by individual scientists, mainly in the USA, Germany, and the USSR. In our country, the pioneers of the psychology of sports were A. P. Nechaev, who published the monograph "Psychology of Physical Culture" in 1927, A. Ts. Puni, Z. I. Chuchmarev, P. A. Rudik. In the pre-war years, programs for the special course "Psychology of Sports" were developed for institutes of physical culture.
The intensive development of sports psychology began in many countries after the Second World War. This was due to the growing prestige of sports, as well as the struggle of two political systems- socialist and capitalist, striving to prove their superiority, including through sports achievements.
A little later, International Congresses on Sports Psychology began to be held regularly, in 1970 the International Journal of Sports Psychology was established, in the 1960s the European and North American Associations of Sports Psychologists arose.
In our country, in 1952, A. Ts. Puni defended the first doctoral dissertation on the psychology of sports, and then monographs appeared devoted to research in this branch of psychology, the authors of which were G. M. Gagaeva, S. Ch. Gellershtein, A. A Lalayan, V. G. Norakidze, A. Ts. Puni, O. A. Chernikova. In subsequent years, many scientists made a great contribution to the development of sports psychology: O. V. Dashkevich, E. A. Kalinin, R. A. Piloyan, V. M. Pisarenko, A. V. Rodionov, O. A. Sirotin, V A. Tolochek, I. P. Volkov, G. D. Gorbunov, T. T. Dzhamgarov, R. M. Zagainov, Yu. Ya. Kiselev, V. L. Marishchuk, A. N. Nikolaev, V. K Safonov, B. N. Smirnov, N. B. Stambulova, E. N. Surkov, Yu. L. Khanin, B. A. Vyatkin, A. D. Ganyushkin, A. A. Lalayan, Yu. a lot others. For ten years now, the psychology faculty of St. Petersburg State University has been training psychologists in the specialty "Sports Psychology".
At present, sports psychology has become not only a theoretical, but also a practical discipline that provides significant assistance to athletes and coaches in their desire to achieve high sports results.
Glossary of sports psychology terms
ABASIA (from Greek a - negative particle + basis - walking) - a violation of the ability to walk while maintaining other leg movements; occurs more frequently in hysteria.
ABSOLUTE SCALE (eng. absolute scale) - a variant of the scale designed to measure the continuous properties of an object, for which all 4 types of relationships are performed.
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD (English absolute threshold) - a type of sensory threshold.
ABULIA (from the Greek abulia - indecision) - a psychopathological syndrome characterized by lethargy, lack of initiative and motivation for activity.
AVERSIVE THERAPY (from Latin aversatio - disgust) is the general name of a group of therapeutic methods based on the use of unpleasant (aversive) stimuli.
AUTOIDENTIFICATION, AUTOIDENTIFICATION (English Self-identification) - self-determination, identification (identification) of oneself with another or others (group).
AUTOMATION OF MOVEMENTS (eng. Movement automatization) is one of the ways to form the operator's response, characteristic of the last stage of training.
AUTOMATISM (English automatism) - background coordination in the lower levels of building movements, created and activated by the overlying level.
ADAPTABILITY (maladaptiveness) - tendencies of the functioning of a purposeful system, determined by the compliance or inconsistency of its goals and the results achieved in the course of activity.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVATION - continuation of physiological activation. Associated with the decoding of external signals, depending on the level of wakefulness and on the state of consciousness, as well as on the needs, tastes, interests and plans of a person.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATION - associated with the function of the centers located at the base of the brain. These centers contain the mechanisms of awakening; it is at this level that the signals coming from the outside world and from the organism itself are collected and classified before they - if they are important enough - are sent to the cerebral cortex. The resulting activation of higher centers allows the body to stay awake and closely monitor the signals from the environment, which ensures that it maintains physiological and mental balance.
MENTAL ACTIVITY: BIORHYTHM (biorhythms of a person's mental activity) is a periodic alternation of a state of tension and relaxation in a person's mental activity.
ALEXITHYMIA - the inability of the patient to name the emotions experienced by himself or other people, i.e. translate them into verbal terms.
ASKEZA - antique concept, meaning the preparation of athletes for sports competitions. Later it received an expanded interpretation and began to mean the fight against vices and the desire for a virtuous life. So, for the Pythagoreans, asceticism was a set of rules necessary to achieve the truth.
VALIDITY is one of the most important characteristics of psychodiagnostic methods and tests, one of the main criteria for their quality. This concept is close to the concept of reliability, but not quite identical.
VEGETOTHERAPY is a type of body-oriented therapy founded by W. Reich. According to him, any containment of energy leads to the formation of "muscle shells"; since the soul and the body are one, "dissolving" these shells, you can help the client release restrained, stagnant energy and thereby alleviate mental suffering. The main methods of vegetotherapy are associated with massage and breathing, as well as with motor and voice exercises of various types.
VERBAL - in psychology - a term for the forms of sign material, as well as the processes of operating with this material.
VERIFICATION - when checking scientific concepts- proof or other convincing demonstration that the phenomena included in the scope and content of this concept really exist and correspond to the definition of the concept. This also presupposes the existence of a method of experimental verification of the phenomenon described by the concept. The verification is carried out by means of an appropriate psychodiagnostic procedure.
INTERACTION OF ANALYZERS is one of the manifestations of the unity of the sensory sphere. Changes in the functional state of one analyzer as a result of stimulation of another have been studied especially fully. The revealed regularities of disturbances in the interaction of analyzers are used in the diagnosis of diseases.
GROUP INTERACTION - the process of direct or indirect influence of multiple objects (subjects) on each other, generating their mutual conditioning and connection; occurs both between parts of groups and between whole groups. Acts as an integrating factor that promotes the formation of structures.
FUNCTIONAL-ROLE INFLUENCE - the type of influence, the nature, intensity and direction of which are determined not by the personal characteristics of the interaction partners, but by their role positions. In contrast to the individual-specific influence, it occurs due to the transmission of activity patterns regulated by the role balance of forces, and due to the demonstration of a certain set of modes of action that do not go beyond the role prescriptions.
ATTENTION - the concentration of the subject's activity in this moment time on some real or ideal object - an object, event, image, reasoning, etc. Attention is also characterized by the consistency of various links in the functional structure of an action, which determines the success of its implementation (for example, the speed and accuracy of solving a problem). Attention occupies a special place among mental phenomena.
Suggestibility - increased compliance in relation to impulses.
POST-HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION (post-hypnotic suggestion) is a phenomenon of behavior when a task given in a hypnotic state is then unquestioningly performed in a normal state, and the very fact of the presence of a task is not realized.
EXCITABILITY - the property of living beings to come into a state of excitement under the influence of stimuli or stimuli - with the preservation of its traces for some time.
WILL - the ability of a person to achieve his goals.
REPLACEMENT is a form of psychological defense.
IDENTIFICATION is a form of psychological defense.
ISOLATION IN PERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY is a form of psychological defense.
IMPULSE - a character trait, expressed in a tendency to act without hesitation.
INDIVIDUALITY (from lat. indiduum - indivisible, individual) - a concept denoting the individual pace and rhythm of mental processes, the degree of stability of feelings.
INSIGHT - a moment of insight, grasping certain relationships and the structure of the situation as a whole, not derived from the past experience of the subject.
INTELLECTUALIZATION - a form of psychological defense, manifested in abstraction from psycho-traumatic experiences.
INTERNALIZATION - a form of psychological defense in which insurmountable obstacles are rejected as "undesirable".
INTROJECTION - the opposite of projection, the replacement of external objects with their internal images, which play an important role in the formation of the "super-I", conscience, etc.
INTROSPECTION - a method of psychological analysis, observation of one's own mental processes without the use of any tools or standards.
INTUITION - informal knowledge based on experience.
HYSTERIA is a pathocharacterological disorder associated with an excessive tendency to suggestion and self-hypnosis, as well as a weakness in conscious control over behavior.
CATARSIS (abreaction) - emotional response to previously suppressed painful experiences.
CATEXIS - the focus of psychic energy (libido) on an object and fixation on it. An object can be a real object, an idea, a form of behavior
COMPLEX - a set of ideas (conscious and unconscious) that influence human behavior. (Oedipus complex, etc.).
THE INCOMPLETE COMPLEX is a theoretical concept in individual psychology.
CONVERSION - a form of psychological defense, manifested in the somatization of psychopathological manifestations.
COUNTERTRANSFERENCE - "transference" in the process of therapy of the relationship of the doctor to the patient (and vice versa).
LIBIDO - a set of "life-affirming" instincts (in the narrow sense of the word, sexual desire).
MASOCHISM is a phenomenon that covers a wide range of ways to derive pleasure from suffering: normal or pathological, physical or moral.
MELANCHOLIC - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates.
OBSESSIONS - states when thoughts, memories, fears, inclinations, actions, feelings are uncontrollably irresistibly reproduced, leading to a violation of activity.
NEUROSIS is a psychogenic affect or symptom of a personality disorder, which is a symbolic manifestation of a conflict rooted in the child's psyche of the subject and representing a compromise between desire and protection from it.
OBJECT - an object used to relieve emotional stress in the process of psychotherapy.
RESPONDING - adequate awareness of a previously "repressed" psychotraumatic situation in order to relieve emotional stress. In the psychoanalytic situation, safe conditions are created for this.
NEGATION - a form of psychological defense, which consists in the complete or partial denial of awareness of a traumatic situation; unconscious ignoring of events in the external and internal world.
TRANSFER/TRANSFER is an empirical phenomenon recorded in psychoanalysis. The transfer by the patient to the therapist of his feelings that he experienced in early childhood in relation to significant others, for example, parents
PERCEPTIVE PROTECTION - a form of psychological defense, manifested in the unconscious "difficulty" in the perception of traumatic information.
SUBCONSCIOUS is a term that combines the preconscious (facts that can be realized) and the unconscious.
GENDER IDENTITY - an individual's awareness of his gender.
REPRESENTATION - a form of "mental image" (conscious or subconscious).
ATTACHMENT - a complex of positive feelings, excluding sexuality.
PROJECTION - a form of psychological defense, an unconscious endowment of another with one's own traits and properties.
Projection (from Latin projectio - throwing forward) is a psychological mechanism.
PSYCHOANALYSIS - founded by Z. Freud at the end of the 19th century at the beginning as a method for studying and treating hysterical neuroses; later turned into a theory, in the center of attention of which are the driving forces of mental life, motives, inclinations, meanings. The structural scheme of the psyche is defined as 3-level: conscious, subconscious, unconscious. The study and understanding of the relationship between levels in the process of psychoanalytic therapy leads to the elimination of painful symptoms.
PSYCHODYNAMICS is one of psychoanalytic theories describing human behavior and motivation.
PSYCHOSIS is a general mental disorder characterized by the disintegration of the personality and the inability to relate to others.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION - a system of mechanisms aimed at minimizing negative experiences associated with conflicts that threaten the integrity of the individual. Such conflicts can be provoked as contradictory
mi installations in the personality itself, and the mismatch of external information and the image of the world formed in the personality and the image of I.
PSYCHOLOGY - the science of the patterns, mechanism and facts of the mental life of humans and animals.
RATIONALIZATION - a form of psychological defense, manifested by the desire for a "reasonable" explanation of one's own wrong or unconscious actions.
RATIONALIZATION is a form of psychological defense.
REVERSION - "conversion" of instinct to the opposite in sign.
REGRESSION - "return" to a more infantile response.
REPRESSION - a form of psychological protection, suppression, expulsion from the memory of unpleasant memories, images, thoughts that cause pain and displeasure.
REFLEXION - analysis of one's own mental state; the principle of human thinking, directing it to comprehend and realize its own forms and prerequisites.
RIGIDITY - unwillingness to change the program of action in accordance with new situational requirements.
Rigidity (from lat. rigidus - hard, hard) - unwillingness to change.
SADISM - sexual satisfaction by causing suffering or humiliation to a sexual partner.
SELF-AFFIRMATION - the desire of the individual to achieve and maintain a certain self-assertion.
SANGUINE - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates.
Condensation is one of the unconscious mental processes that determines the occurrence of sleep.
SYMBOLIZATION is one of the unconscious mental processes that determine the "distortion of dreams."
SOCIALIZATION - the process of appropriation by a person of socially developed experience, primarily of a system social roles. This process is carried out in the family, preschool institutions, school, labor and other collectives.
SUBLIMATION - a form of psychological defense, in which instinctive drives that are unacceptable to consciousness are directed to socially and personally acceptable goals.
TRANSFER / TRANSFER is an empirical phenomenon recorded in psychoanalysis. The transfer by the patient to the therapist of his feelings that he experienced in early childhood in relation to significant others, such as parents. There are positive and negative.
ANXIETY - negative emotional experiences caused by the expectation of something dangerous, unrelated to specific events.
ANXIETY - a personality trait that manifests itself in the mild and frequent occurrence of anxiety states.
SATISFACTION - a thought (action) that relieves emotional stress. PHLEGMATIC - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates. PHOBIAS are obsessive states of fear.
FRUSTRATION is a negative mental state caused by the impossibility of satisfying certain needs.
CHOLERIC - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates.
FEELINGS - emotional experiences of a person, which reflect the stable attitude of the individual to certain objects or processes of the surrounding world.
EGO (Id) - a concept that characterizes "reasonable" ("instinctive") activity.
EXTERNALIZATION - a form of psychological defense (opposite to internalization), in which insurmountable obstacles are recognized as "forced", due to external factors (according to K. Horney).
Empathy - the ability of a person to parallel experience those emotions that arise in another person in the process of communicating with him.
