Presentation water resources of the world. Water resources of Russia. Water management balance of the world

Water suitable for use.

In a broader sense, in about waters in liquid, solid and gaseous states and their distribution on Earth.

Inland waters of Russia

Straibulova A. N.

4. What applies to inland waters?

Inland waters

Rivers

lakes

swamps

Glaciers

artificial reservoirs

The groundwater

• Our country is rich in significant river systems. All rivers are of great importance for National economy. Rivers are used for navigation, generating electricity, irrigating fields, water supply settlements, fishing.

The rivers of Russia receive water from rains, melting snows, glaciers and underground drains. Almost all Russian rivers freeze in winter.

• In Russia, there are more than two million small rivers, or 99.9% of the total number of watercourses. Only 0.1% falls on medium and large watercourses. Small rivers feed the main arteries, determine their flow, purity and life. Therefore, if large rivers become shallow, then the reasons should be sought in their tributaries, since a significant part of the river flow occurs through them.

• Each river system represents unity in economic, social and ecological terms. Small streams are important local resources. These rivers are widely used in various areas of the national economy: small hydropower plants, water mills are built on them, they are used for water supply, agricultural production, irrigation and recreation.

Rivers of Russia

• Arctic Ocean basin - 2/3 S of the country

• Ob (Irtysh, Ishim, Tobol), Lena (Vilyui, Aldan),

Northern Dvina, Olenyok, Khatanga, Yenisei (Angara, Lower Tungusska, Podkamennaya Tungusska), Pechora, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma.

• Pacific Ocean Basin - about 20% S of the country

• Shilka, Argun, Amur (Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri), Anadyr.

• Internal runoff basin - about 10% S of the country

• Volga (Oka, Kama), Ural, Terek.

• Atlantic Ocean basin - about 3% S of the country

• Western Dvina, Volkhov, Don, Kuban, Dnieper.

The influence of relief on rivers

• The fall- excess of the source of the river over the mouth (in meters). Source Height - Mouth Height = Dip.
• bias= Drop (in cm)/Length (in km).

Climate impact on rivers

• annual runoff- the amount of water that the river

endures per year (in km).

• Water consumption- the amount of water that flows

through the cross section of the river per unit of time

• River mode– intra-annual distribution of runoff.

Food

• rainy
• glacial
• snowy
• ground (underground)
• mixed

high water

• solid stock- small particles (silt, clay, sand) that the river carries.

Delta of the Lena River

Natural disasters associated with the river

• What is a flood?
• What does it lead to?
• What is their reason?
• Where in our country do floods occur most often?
• How is flood damage estimated?
• What flood protection methods do you know?

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slide 2

The water shell of the globe - oceans, seas, rivers, lakes - is called the hydrosphere. It covers 71% of the earth's surface. The earth has a colossal volume of water of about 1.5 billion km³. However, 98% of this volume is salt water, and only 28 million km³ is fresh water.

slide 3

Water resources These are fresh waters suitable for consumption, enclosed in rivers, lakes, glaciers, underground horizons.

slide 4

Importance of water in the world economy Habitat for aquatic organisms, source of valuable proteins (in the form of fish and other organisms) Used in almost all sectors of the economy: in the energy sector, for irrigation of agricultural land, for industrial, communal and domestic water supply.

slide 5

Water reserves The volume of water on Earth reaches almost 1.5 billion km³. But the main volume of fresh water (almost 80%) is the water of glaciers, snow covers, ground ice permafrost. Currently, they are not used and are considered as potential water resources. The one-time volume of land river waters is small - only 2000 km³.

slide 6

Water management balance of the world Municipal water supply. Industrial water supply. Water supply for agriculture.

Slide 7

Domestic water supply Water consumption rates for 1 person average 120-150 liters per day. But in the cities of industrialized countries, water consumption is especially high. For example, in European countries it rises to 300-400 l / day

Slide 8

Industrial water supply Plants and factories require a lot of water. Only 320 km³ of water is taken from water sources for the needs of energy, while 20 km³ is lost. With the development of industry, water consumption is increasing, and at the same time, water pollution by industrial waste is increasing.

Slide 9

Agricultural water supply The largest water consumer -Agriculture. Effluent from livestock farms is a particular problem. They are extremely loaded with organic compounds and cause especially rapid pollution of water bodies.

slide 10

The availability of water resources is measured by the volume of river flow per capita per year. Among the regions of the world, Australia and Oceania are the most provided with water - 83 thousand m³ per person per year. This is due not so much to the abundance of water as to the sparsely populated part of the planet.

slide 11

The most water-rich countries in the world include Suriname, Gabon, Canada, New Zealand, and Norway. Countries experiencing a shortage of fresh water: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt. Many of these countries use seawater desalination plants.

slide 12

Reasons for the shortage of fresh water growth of cities creation of powerful industrial centers pollution of water bodies by domestic and industrial wastewater; Reducing the flow of rivers; (consequences of deforestation, plowing of floodplains and drainage of swamps); Reducing the ability of water bodies to self-purify (they cannot cope with such a volume of waste); Excessive consumption and pollution of groundwater (shallowing of rivers and lakes) Measures for the protection of water resources savings in production and at home cleaning Wastewater; development of new technologies that ensure maximum utilization of industrial waste; termination of the discharge of untreated wastewater; creation of water protection zones adjacent to water areas; planting in the coastal strip of rivers of tree and shrub vegetation.

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Slides captions:

Water resources Completed by: Nevolina Daria 10 "D"

Stocks of water resources and the volume of their use. The total volume of water in the hydrosphere is 1.4 billion km3. This huge amount of water resources seems inexhaustible. However, about 96.5% of this amount of water falls on the waters of the World Ocean, that is, on waters that cannot be used directly due to their salinity.

Another 1.7% is permanent snow and ice, mainly in Antarctica. Access to these water supplies is difficult due to the remoteness of the polar regions. And the same goes for groundwater. But these waters must be sought, as minerals are sought. Which means you can't find them everywhere.

Humanity uses about 41.7% thousand km3 for its own needs. This significantly exceeds the global water consumption, which is about 4000 km3 per year. It is safe to say that river water will never run out because it is impossible to stop the water cycle. However, this does not mean that there are no problems.

Problems of using water resources. Uneven distribution of water resources. The amount of water on the surface of the Earth in any area depends on the climate. About a third of the land surface is occupied by dry belts: - northern (Sahara, deserts of Asia); - southern (Namib, Kalahari, Atacama deserts, Australian deserts).

But resource availability depends not only on the available volume of water, but also on the population to which this volume is distributed. The problem of providing the population and the economy with water can be solved through the use of groundwater, which can be found even in the center of a waterless desert, desalination of sea water, towing icebergs from the polar regions of the planet to the coasts of tropical countries.

Low water quality. A person uses river water for various purposes, and in increasing quantities. Used water does not disappear without a trace. Sooner or later, it returns to the rivers, but in a greatly altered form. This is the so-called waste water. They are industrial, agricultural and household.

The water involved in the technological cycles of industrial enterprises supplies a large amount of a wide variety of toxic substances to the rivers. Truth, industrial enterprise can control the process of water consumption. Modern treatment facilities are capable of removing more than 90% of pollutants from water.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of water. About 2/3 of all water consumption is water used for irrigation of fields. Unlike industrial waters, agricultural waters are almost impossible to catch for treatment.

What can be done to prevent water pollution? With regard to industrial wastewater, everything is clear. The main means is the creation and operation of treatment facilities. Using this method will reduce the pollution of many rivers. An even more reliable way to protect water bodies from pollution is to create closed cycles of water use.

As for agricultural waters, firstly, it is necessary to rationally use mineral substances, and secondly, to improve the systems of watering plants. Both problems are solved by drip irrigation technology, when water is supplied to each plant. Also, a huge number of bacteria and microorganisms, including pathogens, live in the water. That is, we need to further develop bacterial purification of drinking water.

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slide 2

• The water shell of the globe - oceans, seas, rivers, lakes - is called the hydrosphere.
• It covers 71% of the earth's surface. The earth has a colossal volume of water of about 1.5 billion km³. However, 98% of this volume is salt water, and only 28 million km³ is fresh water.

slide 4

Importance of water in the world economy

• Habitat for aquatic organisms, source of valuable proteins (in the form of fish and other organisms)
• It is used in almost all sectors of the economy: in the energy sector, for irrigation of agricultural land, for industrial, municipal and domestic water supply.

slide 5

Water reserves

• The volume of water on Earth reaches almost 1.5 billion km³. But the main volume of fresh water (almost 80%) is the water of glaciers, snow covers, ground ice permafrost. Currently, they are not used and are considered as potential water resources. The one-time volume of land river waters is small - only 2000 km³.

slide 6

Water management balance of the world

• Municipal water supply.
• Industrial water supply.
• Water supply for agriculture.

Slide 7

Municipal water supply

• Water consumption rates per person average 120-150 liters per day. But in the cities of industrialized countries, water consumption is especially high. For example, in European countries it rises to 300-400 l / day

Slide 8

• Plants and factories require a lot of water. Only 320 km³ of water is taken from water sources for the needs of energy, while 20 km³ is lost. With the development of industry, water consumption is increasing, and at the same time, water pollution by industrial waste is increasing.

Slide 9

Agricultural water supply

• The largest water consumer is agriculture. Effluent from livestock farms is a particular problem. They are extremely loaded with organic compounds and cause especially rapid pollution of water bodies.

Slide 10

• Provision of water resources is measured by the volume of river flow per capita
• population per year. Among the regions of the world, Australia and
• Oceania - 83 thousand m³ per person per year. This is not so much due to the abundance of water,
• How much with the sparsely populated part of the planet.

slide 11

• The most water-rich countries in the world include Suriname, Gabon, Canada, New Zealand, and Norway.
• Countries experiencing a shortage of fresh water: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt.

Many of these countries use seawater desalination plants.

slide 12

Reasons for the scarcity of fresh water

• urban growth
• creation of powerful industrial centers
• pollution of water bodies by domestic and industrial effluents;
• Reducing the flow of rivers; (consequences of deforestation, plowing of floodplains and drainage of swamps);
• Reducing the ability of water bodies to self-purify (they cannot cope with such a volume of waste);
• Excessive consumption and pollution of groundwater (shallowing of rivers and lakes)

slide 13

Problems related to the use of water resources

• fresh water reserves are by no means unlimited, and practically uncontrolled industrial discharges threaten to destroy the ecosystem of many water bodies.
• The pulp and paper and chemical industries are destroying all life in rivers and lakes.
• ill-conceived construction of reservoirs and dams (especially on the Volga) lead to the almost complete disappearance of many species of fish.
• groundwater pollution.

Slide 14

Measures to protect water resources

• savings at work and at home
• wastewater treatment;
• development of new technologies that ensure maximum utilization of industrial waste;
• stopping the discharge of raw sewage
• creation of water protection zones adjacent to water areas;
• planting in the coastal strip of rivers of tree and shrub vegetation.

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