The general socio-economic situation of Russia. Where in Russia it is better to live socially political and social economic environment

The main indicators of the socio-economic situation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2014

Some methodological explanations

Index of production - relative indicator characterizing changes in production in compared periods. There are individual and summary indices of production. Individual indexes reflect the change in the release of one product and are calculated as the ratio of the production of this type of product in natural and real terms in compared periods. The consolidated production index characterizes the cumulative changes in all types of products and reflects the change in the process being created during the production process as a result of the change of only the physical volume of products. To calculate the consolidated production index, individual indexes on specific types of products are phased into indexes by type of activity, subgroups, groups, subclasses, classes, subsections and sections of the OKVED. Industrial production index - aggregated manufacturing index by type of mineral production, manufacturing production, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. According to the Russian Federation, these data are given, taking into account the amendment for informal activities.

The amount of work performed by type of activity "Construction"- These are construction work performed by organizations on the basis of contracts and (or) contracts concluded with customers. The cost of these works includes work on the construction of new facilities, capital and current repairs, reconstruction, modernization of residential and non-residential buildings and engineering facilities.

Data is given taking into account the volumes performed by small business entities, organizations of ministries and departments with military units, and the volume of work not observed by direct statistical methods in construction.

ANDnDEKS of the physical volume of work carried out by type of activity "Construction"- relative indicator characterizing the change in the volume of work in compared periods in comparable prices.

Retail trafficking - It is a revenue from the sale of goods to the population for personal consumption or use in the household. The cost of goods sold (released) to individual categories of the population with a discount or fully paid by social protection authorities is included in the turnover of retail trade in full. The cost of retail trade does not include the cost of goods sold (released) from retail chain to legal entities (including social organizations, special consumables, etc.) and individual entrepreneurs, as well as public catering.

Retail trafficking includes data both by organizations for which this activity is the main and organization of other activities that sells goods of their own production to the population through trading establishments on their balance sheet, or with payment through their cashier. Retail turnover also includes selling goods by individual entrepreneurs, individuals in retail markets and fairs.

Retail trade turnover is formed according to the data of a continuous federal statistical monitoring of organizations that are not related to small businesses, a sample survey of small retailers (with the exception of microenterprises), which are held with monthly periodicity, as well as quarterly selective surveys of retail markets, annual sampling examinations of individual entrepreneurs and microenterprises with the dissemination of data obtained on the general set of observation objects. In addition, in accordance with the requirements of the National Accounts system, the trafficking turnover of trading organizations is subject to the volume of activities that are not observed by direct statistical methods.

The index of the physical volume of retail trade turnover is a relative indicator that characterizes the change in retail trade in compared periods in comparable prices.

Volume of paid services to the population It is the cash equivalent of the services provided by residents of the Russian economy (legal entities and citizens involved in entrepreneurial activities without the formation of a legal entity) Citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as citizens of other states (non-residents) that consumes certain services in the Russian Federation. This indicator is formed in accordance with the methodology for the formation of official statistical information on the volume of paid services to the population approved by order of Rosstat dated June 26, 2013 N 234 and the introduced on January 1, 2014 (hereinafter referred to as the new methodology) on the basis of these forms of federal statistical Observations and evaluations of non-observed activity in the market of services.

The dynamics of paid services characterizes the physical volume index calculated by comparing its value for the reporting and base periods in comparable prices. In order to ensure comparability in the dynamics, the calculation of the indices of the physical volume is carried out in relation to 2013 data, recalculated on a new methodology.

Investment in fixed capital - a set of costs aimed at construction, reconstruction (including expansion and modernization) of objects that lead to an increase in their initial cost, acquiring machinery, equipment, vehicles, industrial and economic equipment, on the formation of workers, productive and tribal herds, planting and growing Perennial cultures, investments in intellectual property objects: works of science, literature and art; Software and database for computer, inventions, useful models, industrial samples, selection achievements made by intangible search costs, research costs, exploit and technological work, etc.

Data on investment in fixed assets are given taking into account the investment activities of small business entities and the counts of investment that are not observed by direct statistical methods.

The cost of investments in fixed assets included the costs carried out at the expense of funds of citizens and legal entities involved in developers to developers for equity construction.

The costs of acquiring objects of unfinished construction and fixed assets in the secondary market in the amount of investment in fixed assets are not taken into account.

Investments in fixed capital are taken into account without value added tax.

Index of physical investment in fixed capital - relative indicator characterizing the change in the volume of investments in compared periods. Calculated in comparable prices. The average annual prices of the previous year are accepted as comparable prices.

Index of agricultural products- a relative indicator that characterizes the change in the production of agricultural products by all agricultural producers (agricultural organizations, peasant (farmer) farms, individual entrepreneurs, households of the population) in compared periods. The index of production of agricultural products is an aggregated index of production of crop production and animal husbandry. For calculating the production index of agricultural products, the indicator of its volume is used in the comparable prices of the previous year.

Total area of \u200b\u200bresidential buildings Determined as the sum of the areas of all parts of the residential premises, including the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises of the auxiliary use intended to meet citizens of household and other needs, related to their living in the residential premises, the areas of loggias, balconies, the veranda, the terraces calculated with the corresponding downward coefficients, as well as residential and utility rooms in the people built by the population of individual residential buildings. The premises of auxiliary use include kitchens, front, halls, intra-quarter corridors, bathtubs or shower, toilets, storerooms or economic built-in wardrobes. In boarding houses for the elderly and disabled, veterans, special homes for lonely elderly, orphanages to the utility rooms include canteens, buffets, clubs, reading rooms, sports halls, reception points of domestic service and medical care.

Cost of a fixed set of consumer goods and services For interregional comparisons of the purchasing power of the population, it is calculated on the basis of single consumption volumes, as well as average prices in Russia and its subjects. The set includes 83 items of goods and services, including 30 types of food products, 41 views of non-food products and 12 types of services. Data on the cost of the set is given per month.

The cost of the minimum set of food, calculated by Rosstat, reflects the interregional differentiation of consumer price levels and is not a constituent element of the subsistence minimum. When calculating it, unlike the size of the subsistence minimum, united, established as a whole in the Russian Federation, conditional volumes of food consumption and the average consumer prices for them on the subjects of the Russian Federation are used.

Consumer price index - characterizes the change in the time of the total level of prices and tariffs for goods and services purchased by the population for non-productive consumption. Measures the ratio of the cost of a fixed set of goods and services in the prices of the current period to its value in the prices of the previous period.

Consumer price index in 2014 was calculated on the database of price registration for 506 types of goods (services) -Presenters, which is carried out on 21-25 days of each month in more than 66 thousand organizations of trade and services in 272 cities in all subjects of the Russian Federation.

Price index in the primary and secondary housing markets Calculated on the basis of registered prices for newly built apartments and apartments of the functioning residential foundation owned if they are objects of market transactions.

Observation is conducted on a selective circle of organizations engaged in real estate operations in the territorial centers and individual cities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. When checking prices for apartments, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics are taken into account. The average prices of the Russian Federation are calculated from the average prices formed in its subjects. The scope uses data on the number of apartments sold separately on the primary and secondary housing markets accumulated over the previous year.

Average monthly nominal wage accrued For the period, the division of the fund accrued wages of workers on the average number of employees and the number of months in the period is calculated. The wage fund includes accrued to workers in the amount of remuneration in monetary and non-monetary forms for spent and indisputable time, compensatory payments associated with the mode of work and working conditions, surveillance and allowances, premiums and one-time incentive payments, as well as payment and accommodation having Systematic character.

The data on the average monthly accrued wage is preliminary.

Real accrued salary It characterizes the purchasing powerfulness of wages in the reporting period due to a change in prices for consumer goods and services compared to the base period. This calculates the index of the real accrued wage by dividing the index of the nominal accrued wage on the consumer price index in the same time period.

Real monetary incomes of the population - characterize the change in cash incomes of the population in compared periods in comparable prices (with adjustment to the consumer price index). Money incomes of the population include income of entrepreneurial activities, paid wages (accrued wages, adjusted for a change in debt) employees, pensions, benefits, scholarships and other social benefits, revenues from property in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends And other income.

Overdue wage debt Actually accrued wage amounts are considered, but not paid on time set by a collective agreement or a cash and cash service agreement concluded with the Bank. The number of delay days is considered from the next day after the expiration of this term.

Unemployed (In accordance with the standards of the International Labor Organization - ILO) - Persons under the age of the ages established to measure the economic activity of the population, which in the period under review satisfied simultaneously the following criteria:

did not have work (income class);

we were looking for work, i.e. Approached the state or commercial employment services, they used or placed ads in the media, the Internet directly appealed to the administration of the organization or the employer, used personal connections or took steps to the organization of their own business (the search for land, buildings, machinery and equipment, raw materials, financial resources, Appeal for permits, licenses, etc.);

were ready to start work during the surveyed week.

Students in educational institutions, pensioners and people with disabilities were taken into account as unemployed if they did not work, they were looking for work and were ready to proceed to it.

Information about The total number of unemployed It is provided according to the selection survey of the population on employment issues. The ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of economically active population (occupied and unemployed), calculated in percent, characterizes unemployment rate.

Unemployed, registered in government employment institutions - able-bodied citizens who have no work and earnings (labor income) living in the territory of the Russian Federation registered in government agencies of the employment service at the place of residence in order to find suitable work, seeking work and ready to start it. Information on the number of unemployed, which received official status in government agencies of the employment service, is being developed by the Federal Service for Labor and Employment.

The need of employers in employees declared in public employment institutions - the number of vacancies (required employees) reported by employers to government agencies of the employment service.

Birth information, death It is obtained on the basis of statistical data development contained in the notions of birth, death, the deaths of civil status acts. Only born alive are included in the birth.

Natural population movement- The generalized name of the collection of births and deaths, changing the population of the so-called natural way. The natural movement of the population also includes marriages and divorces, although they do not change the population, but are taken into account in the same order as the birth and death.

In order to statistical comparability, the data on the Russian Federation for 2013 is recalculated taking into account the information on the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol.

Preliminary indicators, according to month-old registration for January-December of the relevant year.

Data O. migration of the population Received as a result of developing from the territorial bodies of the federal migration service of documents of statistical accounting of arrivals and disposal. Migrant statistical accounting sheets are compiled when registering and deregistration of the population at the place of residence, as well as (from 2011) during registration at the place of stay for a period of 9 months or more. Removing from registration is carried out automatically during the electronic processing of data on the migration of the population during displacements within the Russian Federation, as well as after the expiration of the duration of migrants, regardless of the place of previous residence.

In order to ensure statistical comparability, the migration increase in the Russian Federation for 2013 is calculated taking into account data on the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. In January-December 2014, these preliminary data.

The size of the subsistence minimum In accordance with Federal Law of October 24, 1997, N 134-FZ "On the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation" is a valuation of the consumer basket, as well as mandatory payments and fees. The consumer basket includes a minimum set of food, as well as non-food products and services, the cost of which is determined in the ratio of the cost of a minimum set of food products necessary to preserve human health and ensure its livelihoods. The consumer basket as a whole in the Russian Federation is established by the Federal Law of December 3, 2012 N 227-FZ "On the consumer basket in general in the Russian Federation", in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it is established by legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The amount of the subsistence minimum is determined quarterly and establishes: in Russia as a whole, the Government of the Russian Federation, in the subjects of Russia - in the manner prescribed by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

On the basis of the Federal Law of December 3, 2012 N 233-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation "since 2013 changed the procedure for calculating the amount of the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation and in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, In addition to the Samara region.

Data on the Arkhangelsk and Tyumen regions (taking into account autonomous districts) the executive authorities are not established.

Consolidated budget of the subject of the Russian Federation - The budget of the subject of the Russian Federation and the draft budgets of municipalities that are part of the subject of the Russian Federation (excluding intergovernmental transfers between these budgets).

Statistical indicators in the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal value of Sevastopol. To form official statistical information on the Russian Federation, taking into account the new constituent entities of the Russian Federation, statistical observation in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol must be integrated into the system of Russian state statistics so that the indicators and data on them are formed on the basis of the Russian statistical methodology.

During the transition period - by the end of 2014 - the formation of official statistical information on the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol was carried out on the basis of temporary methodological instructions approved by Rosstat on the organization of statistical observations, the calculation of indicators and the procedure for providing data on certain directions of statistical accounting.

More information on the socio-economic situation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can be obtained in open access on the official website of Rosstat www.gks.ru. .

federal Service state statistics

Currently, the Russian Federation has a tendency to reduce economic activity. So, from January to November 2015, the country's GDP decreased by 3.8%. The real disposable monetary incomes of the population, compared to 2014, decreased by 3.5%, and the real wages of employees of organizations by 9.2%. Real incomes of the population, salaries and pensions decreased in 73 regions of the country.

In industrial production, stagnation is observed, the exception is only mining (reduction of only 0.1%, g / g). As of November 2015, sales of industrial products remain "in the minus". However, demand continues to decline not so intensively as in previous months (Bozhechkova, Burdyak, Grishin, 2015). Industrial production is reduced due to the growth of costs, lack of investment and low demand caused by a reduction in real incomes of the population.

Analysis of the socio-economic situation of the population shows that about half of half notes the deterioration of the economic situation in the country, and the third of the respondents believe that this situation will continue once or more. In connection with the increase in prices, the population of the country reduces its consumption. The consumer price index for 2015 increased by 12.1%, which indicates the increase in the cost of the basic basket of goods and services and, as a result, the transportation of households on the selective and savings model of consumption.

As of November 2015, the number of unemployed in Russia is 4.4 million people (5.8% of the economically active population). At the same time, the number of part-time labor day, which is simply at the initiative of the administration and on holidays, is 258.5 thousand people. The factor in the increase in unemployment is to reduce the needs of employers in employees, for example, for November 2015. The number of vacancies decreased by 81 thousand. The number of employees in organizations is also reduced by an average of 1% per year across the country. In recent months, 2015, there was an increase in wage arrears, which as of December 1 amounted to 3.9 billion rubles. Wage debt increased significantly at the production and distribution of electricity, in construction and transport.

According to the results of January-November 2015, the turnover of retail trade decreased by 9.3%. Moreover, the share of retail trade in food products is steadily growing. At the same time, the level of inventories in retail remains stable and in November is 38 days.

The volume of paid services to the population retains a negative dynamics. The impact on the decline in this area has a reduction in the consumption of the "mandatory" services to the population, such as communication services, transport and housing and communal services, which occupy 60% in the structure of paid services of the population. In such segments as the services of physical culture and sports, cultural institutions, hotels and similar places, as well as sanitary and health services, there is an increase in volume. Consequently, due to the situation in the foreign exchange market and the weakening of the ruble course, a part of the country's population cannot afford rest abroad, preferring inland tourism.

The issuance of loans to the population in 2015 decreased due to tightening their issuance rules, raising loans rates, changes in the foreign exchange market and a decrease in activity in the housing market. Paying a loan, borrowers do not take new ones, which reduces the debt of the population to banks as a whole, but the share of overdue loans is growing.

In Russia, the imbalances of regional development remain in the Soviet times and still manifest themselves at all levels, from federal districts to municipalities. Regions of the Russian Federation can be divided into five groups (Belkina, 2015):

• 1. Large cities with developed modern sectors of the economy, including post-industrial. For these cities, a high degree of development of services and human capital, as well as developed infrastructure, is characterized. The cities of this group are the political and financial centers of the country. Examples of such cities are Moscow and St. Petersburg.
• 2. Regions with developed industrial production. These regions are characterized by the presence of engineering industries, the chemical industry, high-tech instrument making, and so on. In this group, the same as in the first, there is a high degree of infrastructure development and human capital. Examples of regions from this group are Moscow and Leningrad region, as well as some cities of the Urals
• 3. Special economic zones in which favorable conditions have been created for economic activity. These regions are characterized by a favorable geographical position, which is manifested in their ports, intersections of transport messages, border position with developed countries and a favorable climate. There are four types of special economic zones: industrial-production, tourist and recreational, technical and innovative and port. Examples of these regions are the Murmansk region, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Stavropol Territory.
• 4. Regions specializing in the extraction, processing and export of raw materials. This group includes regions that produce products with low value-added, in demand in the global market. Examples of regions from this group are Tyumen and Sakhalin regions, the areas of the Urals and Siberia.
• 5. Regions deleted from the center (periphery). These regions are characterized by a low level of human capital and / or population density. The infrastructure in them is quite poorly developed. They prevail weakly mechanized and agricultural production. Mono industry regions exist. Examples are the regions of the northern part of the country, Eastern Siberia, the Far East, the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus and others.

The first four groups of the regions are taken to be regions of advanced development, all of them are characterized by a high quality human capital and developed infrastructure, which makes it possible to maintain a relatively high standard of living of the population. Regions of the fifth group are considered to be the regions of the lagging development. In the Soviet period, large production and scientific centers were created in a number of them, but in the future they were ruined and closed. Currently, these regions are subsidized, characterized by a low standard of living compared to other regions of the Russian Federation and high population mobility, which prefers to move to more attractive regions.

In the first half of the 2000s, inequality between the regions was gradually declined in Russia. The explicit leaders, Moscow and St. Petersburg, who remained the centers of the economic and political life of the country, were still standing out, but the gap between all regions of Russia was reduced from year to year.

This process slowed down and almost stopped in 2008 due to the financial crisis, many large projects in the regions were canceled and frozen, which contributed to the worsening of the economic climate both in them and in the country as a whole. For this period, it is characterized by the refusal of investments in projects with a large payback period, the conclusion of investments from the country and an increase in the mobility of the population. Subsequently, as the economic situation improves, the disproportions between the regions began to decrease, but the new wave of the economic crisis and the sanctions applied to Russia can again stop this process (Kuznetsov, 2015).

Such a situation of situation could not affect the state and development opportunities in regional school education systems. It should be considered more consideration of changes in school education in the country as a whole.

Education financing in 2015 in the country sharply up to 405.54 billion rubles. For comparison in 2014, 3,037.29 billion rubles were spent on education. Thus, for the year, even without recalculation in comparable prices, public funding has decreased by more than 7 times.

Reduction of funding, in particular, is associated with the law on regulatory procurement financing of educational institutions. The budget of educational institutions has become directly dependent on the number of students. However, the amount of payments per student differs significantly in different regions of the country, as it depends on the regional calculation per capita standard, which is determined according to the budget of the region. This situation leads to a rupture between the regions in terms of such an important indicator in terms of motivation, as the ratio of the effort spent and wage gained by the teacher. This favors the crossing of teachers to more attractive regions.

The essential difference in the perception by the parents of students in different regions, despite significant objective differences in the standard of living, was not detected (Klyachko, Abrahamov, Loginov, 2014). Regardless of the Russian region, parents impose the same requirements for teachers and are waiting for similar results. The difference in wages of teachers from different regions weakly stimulates the reduction in the differentiation of schools in the quality of education.

There is a tendency to reduce the number of secondary educational institutions in the country. So for the period from 2012 to 2015, their number decreased from 46.2 thousand average educational institutions to 42.6 thousand. At the same time, the number of students in the same period increased from 13,713 thousand people to 14,666 thousand students (according to Rosstat). Consequently, given this trend, we can say that the number of students studying in one educational institution will increase. And in connection with the per capita financing of educational institutions, the amount of financing of a separate average educational institution will increase directly proportionate to the increase in the number of students.

With the introduction of a mandatory USE in the Russian Federation, a universal criterion for assessing the activities of teachers and schools in general was formed. As the country develops, the attitude to the activities of teachers from the leadership and parents of students (Abrahamova, Belyakov, Klyachko, 2015) is gradually changing.

As a result, the study of educational institutions in four regions of Russia showed that competition between schools intensified, and not only for attracting new students, but also teachers. Thanks to the results of the USE and the availability of information in open sources, most parents are trying to give their children to those schools that have better indicators. Accordingly, schools are interested in attracting teachers who are more oriented to prepare for the USE.

At the same time, only 25% of parents believes that school preparation will be enough for school training. Most prefers to apply for additional education for tutoring for all objects of interest. Teachers in many ways agree with the opinion of parents. So, only 33% of the interviewed teachers believe that most schools can give students knowledge and skills to give GIA and EGE to high points without additional training.

As a result, the demands of parents to school are reduced to three main areas: to give children the knowledge necessary for future life and work; provide socialization; Create a tendency to the sport and productive leisure classes. Moreover, specialized schools are better coping with this task (Klyachko, Abrahamov, Loginov, 2014). However, estimates for the implementation of these tasks remain at a low level. Only 45% of their respondents believe that these tasks are implemented at least to some extent.

Thus, there is a change in the perception of school goals and schools by the parents of students, which are one of the most important categories of stakeholders, largely decisive and their own goals of secondary education organizations. Accordingly, the motivation system will gradually change, and inevitably begins to press the view that the most important function of the school is the socialization of children, while knowledge for admission to higher educational institutions "purchased" from tutors or they themselves In this capacity, but on a private basis.

In 2013, in Russian schools, they switched to pay for teachers, depending on the success of their students. The wage gain occurs in the form of an increase in the bonus part when students achieved certain successes. The success criteria are expressed in prizes at various conferences and competitions, as well as the results of the EGE, GIA and various monitoring.

This payment system has been in European countries over the course of several years. According to the results of research, the performance of students after the implementation of remuneration, depending on the success of students, improves the performance of the latter by 25% in mathematics and literature, and by 15.4% for the remaining subjects (Woessmann, 2011). At the same time, there were no direct link between the size of the dependent part of the teacher's wages and the student's performance was found. That is, the size of the teacher's remuneration In the event of the success of his students does not have a significant impact on student performance, it is only the fact that the salary is directly related to the assessments of students.

The country's population in 2015 amounted to 146.3 million people (increased by 2.6 million people compared to 2014), which indicates that the demographic rise in the country continues. To ensure the population of secondary education, 42.6 thousand general education organizations operate, in which 14666 thousand people were studied at the beginning of 2015 and 1054 thousand teachers worked (according to Rosstat).

It should be noted that the number of students in general educational institutions from 2008 was on average at the level of 137 thousand people, while the number of teachers in 2009 decreased by 304 thousand and continued to decline until 2014. Consequently, the average The number of students per teacher has increased. So, in 2008, it was 9.77 students, and in the present it amounts to 13.91 people (according to Rosstat).

The education reform in Russia combines general education and pre-school institutions into uniform centers, which contributes to the reduction in the financing of education as a whole. The investigation is that part of the teachers in connection with the emerging changes is forced to look for a new job.

The Russian economy is a multicomponent complex of economic and other activities, developing from a relatively developed agrarian-industrial sector and services. Despite the development of private entrepreneurship and privatization of a number of business facilities, the state and state-owned companies control about 70 percent of the country's GDP. At the same time, the current socio-economic situation of Russia can be considered unsatisfactory.

Russia's place in the global economy

In the global economy, Russia ranks sixth on GDP. In 2017, the cumulative gross domestic product of the country amounted to about 4 trillion dollars. In terms of nominal GDP, our country is located in the 11th place in the world, and its volume is 1527 billion dollars. At the same time, in terms of the indicator of GDP per person of the Russian Federation, it is only 48th place.

The total contribution of Russia and the world economy is also small and amount to 3.2%, and in the global assets sector - 1 percent.

Changes in the country's economy in the historical past

In the 19th century, the socio-economic situation of Russia was at a very low level. In the Soviet period, the country's economy was distinguished by stability and had a planned character. Economic industry has played a decisive role: mining, processing, agricultural. GDP per capita was small, but social inequality was practically not observed. But in the late 80s, something went wrong, as a result of which the previous system collapsed, and a poorly organized market was replaced. A sharp decline in production has begun, price increases, a fall in investment, an increase in external loans, a decrease in the income of residents and other negative phenomena.

At the same time, the economy reoriented with a planned market. Despite strict tax legislation, systematic evasion of taxes were observed. Also characteristic of the 90s was an increase in the gap in the standard of living of different Russian regions.

The economy of zero anniversary

Zero years have become the most successful in terms of restoration of the Russian economy. The annual GDP growth during this period was from 5.1-5.2% in 2001 and 2008 to 1% in 2000 and 8.5% in 2007. Announced growth in the industrial and agricultural sector, as well as construction. The incomes of the population grew. Poverty reduction amounted to 16% (from 29 to 2000 to 13 in 2007).

Taxation has become more liberal, and tax collection has grown. For income tax, a flat scale was installed. In general, the number of taxes decreased by 3 times (from 54 to 15). In particular, income tax was reduced.

In 2001, land ownership was introduced. Other reforms were also conducted: banking, retirement, preferential, labor and other species. Since 2006, the ruble has become freely convertible currency.

Country economy after 2010

Until 2014, the state of the economy remained favorable. After leaving the local crisis, 2008-2009 there was a rapid recovery and further growth of the country's GDP. In 2012, Russia entered the World Trade Organization, which could have been affected by the further fate of the country. From the same year, the progressive trend in the economy began to shift. If in 2010 and 2011, the annual GDP growth was about 4,%, then in 2012 - 3.3, and in 2013 - only 1.3 percent. An increase in industrial production has declined even more. The export of capital from the country has increased.

A more sharp deterioration in the economy began in 2014, which is largely due to the fall in oil prices, and at the end of this year and with the introduction of economic sanctions. A decrease in income of the population began, a sharp increase was noted. The officially economic crisis started in December 2014.

Socio Economic situation of modern Russia

The sharpest decline in the socio-economic well-being of the country occurred in 2015-2016. Oil prices collapsed almost 4 times, reaching the bottom at the beginning of 2016, after which they began to gradually recover. This led to a sharp weakening of the ruble exchange rate towards the dollar and the euro. Revenue from exports declined sharply.

During this period, the incomes of the population decreased significantly, and the prices, on the contrary, rose. The rise in prices has hit the most significant consumption goods: products and medicines. The cost of transport services increased. Unemployment has grown sharply (first of all, at the expense of unofficial unemployed). The peak of reducing income of the population fell for 2016, and GDP for 2015. This is evidenced by the data of Rosstat on the socio-economic situation of Russia.

A significant number of employees began to receive a salary below the subsistence minimum set at that time.

In 2017, the situation began to be gradually straightened. The country's GDP growth was noted and a sharp decline in inflation. Salary in some industries increased, but in general, the level of income continued to decline. Increased debt burden on the population and the number of hopeless debtors.

In 2018, despite the sharp (up to 75 dollars per barrel) the rise in oil prices, the socio-economic situation in the country remained tense.

Features of the economy at the end of 2017 - the first quarter of 2018

In 2017, significant shifts affect our country took place in the global economy. An already historical transaction of OPEC + Russia has stimulated the rise in hydrocarbon prices. After the failure of oil prices in early 2016 to 25-30 dollars per barrel, they began to gradually recover, but until mid-2017 held in the area of \u200b\u200b$ 50 / bar .. From the second half of this year, for several months they rose to 70 - 75 Dollars per barrel, after which they gained at this level. At the same time, the rise of prices for other export Russian goods: metals, coal, wood.

These values \u200b\u200bare much higher than the basic indicators laid down in the budget (40 dollars per barrel). Thus, it should be an incentive to restore the country's economy. However, expert opinions are not so optimistic. Many celebrate the urgent need for transformations that could be the basis for future growth. As long as the income of the population continues to gradually fall, and the economy grows too slowly or even stagnates. At the end of 2017, a decrease in industrial production was noted, and the incomes of the population decreased this year, contrary to the forecasts of the Ministry of Economic Development, which gave small growth.

Now there is no consensus regarding the future development of the situation. Among the experts there are both optimists and pessimists. Optimists, like officials, are counting on the resumption of economic growth in 2018.

Forecasts for 2018

Information on the socio-economic situation of Russia is provided by official structures. According to economists forecasts, in 2018, inflation will be 4%, and GDP growth is 1.44%. At the same time, the growth of income of the population is expected to 2 percent. The cumulative investment will increase by 2.2 - 3.9%. However, according to Oreshkina, due to the lack of required reforms, the growth of the economy will be lower than it is necessary for the progressive development of the country.

Among negative factors, experts indicate the following:

• The high dependence of the domestic economy from the prices for hydrocarbon raw materials. In this regard, they do not observe any positive shifts.
• Insufficient level of government.
• An unfavorable demographic situation and an increase in the number of pensioners.
• The sanction policy of the West, which limits the possibilities for the development of the country.

Among other factors analysts note the renewal of capital outflow.

Situation in the regions

In Russia, the difference between the level of economic development in various administrative entities is pronounced. The social status of the regions of Russia is often not equally and may vary by different indicators. In the first place according to these parameters is the city of Moscow. This is followed by the Republic of Tatarstan, then the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District. In fifth place, the Moscow region, on the sixth - Tyumen. The seventh line is occupied by the Krasnodar region, and the eighth - the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. On the ninth and tenth places - Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk region, respectively.

In the last places there are: Kurgan region, Karachay-Cherkessia, Pskov region, Kalmykia, Ingushetia, Ivanovo region, Kostroma region and some other regions of the country.

Conclusion

Thus, socially economic analysis of the provisions of Russia shows the vulnerability of the Russian economy before external challenges. He also talks about the need to change the economic course. Our country has every chance to achieve high indicators, since Russia is located in the first place in the world in the first place and the number of natural resources. Competent and thoughtful economic policy could bring it among the leaders in terms of the development of the economy and the social sphere.

Expert opinions on the development of the economic situation in Russia in 2018 are fundamentally different. Optimists share the point of view of officials and are calculated on the resumption of growth. Pessimists emphasize the vulnerability of the domestic economic model before external challenges, which can lead to a new period of turbulence.

The Russian economy is restored after the crisis, which is reflected in the improvement of macroeconomic indicators. According to the forecasts of the IMF experts, the economic situation in Russia in 2018 will retain positive trends. The growth of domestic GDP will accelerate to 1.44%, and inflation approaches 4%. In addition, unemployment rates will be maintained at 5.5%. Such estimates coincide with the forecasts of the Ministry of Economic Development, where they expect the resumption of sustainable growth of the economy.

The head of the department Maxim Oreshkin expects GDP growth at 1.5-1.7%. At the same time, real incomes of the population will increase to 2%, and investment growth will reach 2.2-3.9%. Despite the resumption of growth, Oreshkin notes the lag of the growth rate of the Russian economy, which is associated with the lack of necessary reforms.

Experts also celebrate other factors that will restrain the development of the domestic economy.

Bargains of the domestic economy

The head of the Strategic Development Center Alexey Kudrin notes the factors that may worsen the economic situation in Russia in 2018:

1. The Russian economy retains dependence on oil quotes, which remains the main factor in instability. In fact, the old economic model continues to operate, which demonstrated its ineffectiveness during the crisis.
2. Low efficiency of public administration institutions, which is negatively affected by economic incentives.
3. Demographic factors create imbalances for the pension system. The number of pensioners per working continues to increase, which leads to an increase in the deficit of the Pension Fund.
4. Existing sanctions limit access to foreign financial markets. As a result, the Russian economy is deprived of resources for development.

In addition, experts note capital outflow, which will worsen the dynamics of the domestic economy in the medium term. In the first 4 months of 2017, this indicator reached $ 21 billion, which is twice the dynamics of last year.

In such conditions, the deterioration of the external situation is fraught with new shocks for the domestic economic model. Without structural reforms, the Russian economy will not reach a steady growth trajectory.

Structural reforms

Representatives of the Ministry of Finance celebrate a number of reforms that will help improve the economic situation in 2018. Experts of the Office intend to reduce the dependence of the Russian economy from the oscillations of the oil market. In addition, the Ministry of Finance intends to improve the financial system and revise the administrative burden on business representatives.

The main goal of the Ministry of Finance is to provide a steady annual growth of the economy at the level of 3.0-3.5%. For this, the Office plans to change the current budget rules, which will help to save the economy from oil addiction. Previously, the lion's share of energy export proceeds was sent to financing the expenditure part, which created prerequisites for economic crises. Representatives of the Ministry of Finance propose to concentrate these resources to accelerate economic growth.

In addition, for sustainable growth of the Russian economy, modernize business administration and tax policy. At the same time, the Ministry of Finance is planning to reduce the burden on conscientious market participants and increase tax collection. The main priority of the Ministry of Finance remains a decrease in the volume of the shadow economy, which will significantly increase budget revenues.

Officials expect to significantly improve the investment climate, which will ensure the economy with the necessary resources for development. Also in the agency are concerned about the insufficient effectiveness of the public administration, which leads to additional financial losses.

Despite the restoration of positive dynamics, experts do not exclude the resumption of crisis phenomena. A pessimistic forecast for 2018 suggests a significant deterioration in the economic situation.

New drop

The main factor that can lead to the implementation of a pessimistic scenario remains a sharp decline in oil prices. Experts allow the collapse of quotations to $ 40 / Barr., What will become a new shock for the domestic economy.

Despite the improvement of macroeconomic indicators, the economic situation remains extremely vulnerable. The authorities did not create a foundation for a new economic model, which can lead to repetition of crisis phenomena. Moreover, for 2015-2016. Officials used most of the financial reserves, which will significantly limit the possibilities of the government at the next reduction in prices for "black gold".

Future economic growth depends on the extension of the conditions for the reduction of oil production, the analysts emphasize. In addition, the intention of China and India is more active than electric vehicle leads to a decrease in oil demand, which will prevent the restoration of the balance on the market. In such conditions, the price of barrel can collapse up to $ 40 and maintain at the given level during 2018.

The economic situation in 2018 will maintain a positive trend. GDP growth will reach 1.5%, confident in the government, and inflation will slow up to 4%. To accelerate economic growth, the implementation of structural reforms is necessary, which will reduce the dependence of the Russian economy from external factors.

The new collapse of oil prices can provoke the implementation of a pessimistic scenario, which involves a new period of crisis.

Socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation at the present stage.

The difficult economic heritage, which was given from the Union of the SSR, made it difficult to conduct reforms in Russia. Yet since January 1992. The Russian government, headed by E. T. Gaidar, has begun economic reforms designed to ensure the transition to the market to a legitimate private property. By this time, the country was in an extremely difficult situation. Over the past year, prices rose 8-11 times, the gross national product decreased by 15-20%. In store shelves, there are practically no industrial goods, no foods .. In the economy of Russia, the extractive industries and the military-industrial complex prevailed, the gigantomania flourished, many enterprises produced nobody necessary, outdated products. The program of economic reform on the conclusion of the country from the crisis included a number of measures: the liberalization of prices for most of the goods, i.e., the refusal of their administrative regulation, freedom of trade and privatization - the sale of most state ownership to individuals. The elected path of "shock therapy", according to supporters of the so-called monetary model of the economy, was to lead to equilibrium between effective demand (enterprises and the public) and the commodity offer. It was believed that in the end it would be possible to achieve the stabilization of the economy and create the necessary conditions for its lifting. At the same time, optimistic predictions were not confirmed. Liberalization of prices led to their growth not 5 times, as planned, and 100 or more times. Most of the country's population turned out to be beyond poverty. The release of unsecured market weight not only did not stop, but constantly grew. In general, for 1992 ᴦ. The release of cash detected compared to 1990. 54 times. Hope to achieve market equilibrium, the containment of inflation was dispelled. The government was forced to establish a high level of taxation, to minimize the cost of the budget for social needs and the content of the army, resort to other unpopular economic measures. As a result, social tensions in society increased. The opposition was activated by the government course. The exclusion of people's deputies and its Supreme Council became the exclusion. Disagreements arose in the Russian leadership. A number of statesmen, in particular, Vice-President A. V. Rutsk, criticized the policy of reforms conducted by the Gaidar government. Under pressure from the VII Congress of People's Deputies, Yeltsin agreed to the resignation of Gaidar, who performed at that time (December 1992 ᴦ.) Responsibilities of the Prime Minister. V. S. Chernomyrdin became the new prime minister.

The collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the restructuring failed under attempts to socialist reformity. The crisis in the Society of Society, which accompanied the occurrence of sovereign states on the wreckage of the Soviet Union was extremely difficult.

In Russia, by OSRI 1991 ᴦ. The situation in the economic sphere was catastrophic, especially in the country's food collateral. Talonons were introduced in Suroch cities. Often these coupons just have nothing to refuse. More than 60 of the 89 Russian regions of food grain reserves were not at all, and the production of flour was carried out at the expense of the immediate (from the wheels) of the processing of the received grain of imports.

The currency reserves were almost completely exhausted, and the gold reserve for the first time in the entire existence of the state was less than 300 tons on January 1, 1992. The ruble as a monetary unit was on the verge of death. This meant that there was no point in doing production activities, because there was nothing to buy on rubles earned from the sale. The country fell into Collapse, the threat of hunger and cold became real. What to do in this situation? Theoretically there were two ways:

The first is to introduce emergency measures and with the help of power to supply the cities of food, but this path in the XX century. The country has already passed several times;

The second is to liberalize the economy through radical reforms.

In recent months, 1991. President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin was formed by a government consisting of young reformers in which the leading role was played by a scientist-economist E.T. Gaidar.
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He was a supporter of liberal market transformations and took responsibility for difficult and painful decisions on the implementation of reform.

Reforms proposed by E.T. Gaidar, aggravated the majority of social problems:

Chronic delays of wage payments began;

Unemployment appeared, the growth of which was constantly increasing;

The criminogenic situation in society aggravated;

Began to fall the life level of a significant part of the population;

The property stratification has become unprecedented in recent years;

The demographic situation has deteriorated (the fall in fertility, an increase in mortality); Mass character accepted the mind of the mind'''''' 'abroad, where they are created by decent conditions for work and life.

The transformation of the socio-economic system was very hard and had a negative dynamics in terms of the growth of the internal gross product (GDP) until 1996. The first signs of economic growth appeared in 1997, when the volume of industrial products increased compared to the previous year.

The financial crisis is August 17, 1998 ᴦ., With its severity and tragidity, for a part of the country's population, it turned out to be a positive fact for the domestic industry. Financial pyramids collapsed from the real sector of the economy collapsed, redundant imports decreased. Production (including in the military-industrial complex) began to come to life. Favorable for Russia in 1999-2007. It turned out to be a conjuncture for oil in world markets, which made it possible to significantly increase the revenues of the state. Since 2000. GDP has a steady, an average of 6%, an annual increase. In this period, Russia managed to settle with external debts. At the same time, much to be done before the Russian economy becomes a strong, competitive and prosperous.

Socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation at the present stage. - Concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation at the present stage." 2017, 2018.