Half-age pyramids. Invertible pyramid: types, types, groups. Analysis of the age-age pyramid of Russia types of age pyramids

The age structure in 1897 showed a typical picture of the Company, almost not affected by the demographic transition, with a high proportion of children and adolescents (about half of the population), and the small proportion of living up to senior ages. In the future, the tragic history of the twentieth century significantly changed the appearance of a half-age pyramid, which is a bright characteristic of the situation and at the same time "captured demographic history" of the country.

The population of 68-69 years (i.e. born in 1933-1934 during a decrease in fertility and high child mortality due to) much less than in the neighboring age groups. In the second half of the 30s of the last century, demographic processes were somewhat stabilized: this is evidenced by a large number of those living at the age of 63-65 in early 1998 (i.e. born in 1937-1939)

The next "oblivion" decline in fertility falls at 1942-1945, as a result of which the sexual Pyramid of 2002 has the stronger "scar" at the age of 57-59 years. Generations of the military years of birth began to form families in the second half of the 60s of the twentieth century, which caused another (with a minimum of those born in 1968). In turn, in the early 1960s, born in the late 1960s, in the early 1990s, which causes a new decline in fertility, besides enhanced by an economic crisis and a decrease in living standards.

The age-related pyramids of the city and rural population of Russia are in many ways, which is not surprising, given their common socio-demographic history. Nevertheless, there are also differences in which the peculiarities of the urbanization process in Russia and the differences in the reproductive behavior of urban and rural residents are reflected. Rural fertility has always been higher than the urban, in connection with which the proportion of children in rural population is higher than in urban. At the same time, migration from the village in the city affects, first of all, working age, and their flushing leads to the fact that the proportion of persons in the working ages in the village below, and the share of the elderly higher than in the city.

The last decade made some changes to the ratio of age-related citizens and rural residents. In particular, in 1989, the average age was higher in the rural population, in 2002 _ u city. This is due to some rejuvenation of the able-bodied part of the rural population, which, in turn, is explained not entirely common to Russia of the twentieth century by the trends of migration: the influx of migrants in the countryside in the 1990s from the countries of the neighboring countries.

Regional differences in the age-age structure are determined by differences in the natural and mechanical movement of the population.

Graphically age structure of the population is depicted as half-age pyramid. It is a bilateral directional chart, on which the number of people of each age and gender or their share in the population is shown by a horizontal strip of the same scale. Strips are located one above the other in the order of increasing the values \u200b\u200bof age, usually from 0 to 100 years. Since due to mortality, the number of people in older ages is usually less than in the younger, the image has the shape of the pyramid.
The pyramid is usually built according to the data of the censuses or surveys of the population in the one-year or 5-year age groups so that the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramid's steps corresponds to the number of people in this age or gender or their share in the population.
In the early 1930s. German demographer F. Burgdirfer proposed the typology of age pyramids: in the young population (primitive type of reproduction), it has the form of the right pyramid, in the aged (stationary type) - the form of the bell, in a very old (regressive type) - the form of the urn and determines with other things being equal Fast growth, slow growth or loss of the population.
If the reproduction mode of the population, i.e., the levels of birth and mortality, have not experienced any external influences, the pyramid has relatively smooth faces. If a high birth rate is still preserved and relatively high mortality - a wide base and a narrow vertex, and at low birth rates and mortality - a narrow base and a wide vertex.
Under the influence of disorders in the population and the age structure of the population, in the intensity of its reproduction caused by, for example, the war (leading to a fall in the birth rate and to decreased men in draft ages) or permanent immigration (usually increasing the number of men in working ages), the verge of half-age pyramid become uneven. Such violations for a long time leave a trail (failures) on the pyramid. For example, in our country, large losses due to the First World and Civil War suffered generations of 1915-1923. birth. These and generation adjacent to them suffered the greatest damage also during World War II, they are especially noticeable with the advantage of the number of women's population over male. Reducing fertility and a high mortality rate of children during the years of collectivization and hunger led to a decrease in generations born in our country not only in 1931-1933, but also in 1934-1936. Low fertility and high mortality of the population were in the years of World War II. As a "demographic echo" of the small number of generation 1942-1948. A decrease in fertility in the 60s (see Fig. 1). The age-sex structure of the Russian population in 1897, as of January 1, 2006, and the estimated population structure in 2025 is presented in Fig. 2.
The transfer of the number of men in junior ages is explained by the predominance of male children among newborns. In older ages there is a reverse picture.
In this way, analysis of sexual pyramid Allows you to clearly characterize the sources of deformations in the age structure of the population. When applied to each other, sexual pyramid on two censuses of the population are visible shifts in the age of age. Thus, the pyramid facilitates demographic prediction. For analysis, the pyramids of individual groups of the population are being built: urban and rural population, migrants, people who have occupations, individual ethnic groups, the population of individual regions.

For the analysis of age, more precisely invert, the structure of the population is widely used by one of the graphical methods, called the sexual pyramid. The sexual pyramid is a two-sided bandage diagram built in a conventional coordinate system. On the axis, the ordinate on random scale shows the scale of age groups, along the abscissa axis - the population number of a certain age. The number of male population is postponed to the left of the ordinate axis, the number of female is on the right. Each age group is displayed in the form of a horizontal strip, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is proportional to the number of population of the appropriate age.

The age pyramids are built either in annual age groups or in five-year-old. Preferably, of course, annual pyramids, they are much more expressive and informative than five-year-olds (but taking into account age accumulation).

The age pyramids are built either by absolute or by relative data on the number of age groups. The absolute data is simply an arithmetic number of people as part of each age group. The age-related pyramids, built in absolute data, have the serious disadvantage that they are incompatible, if the number of populations, which are reflected by these pyramids, differ significantly among themselves. Therefore, it is preferable to build age-related pyramids on relative data. In this case, any population is assumed for one unchanged value, say 100, 1000 or 10,000 (the latter most preferably), and the number of each sexual group is divided into the total population and is multiplied by the above multiplier in the form of a single zeros. Then we get pyramids comparable to any populations, regardless of their magnitude.

The diagram thus obtained was once called a pyramid for the simple reason that due to the effect of mortality, the number of persons in older ages are usually less than in the younger. At present, in low birthback countries, the form of the distribution of the population by sex and age reminds not a pyramid, but rather, some inverted urn.

A sharp fall in fertility forms an appropriate cavity on the age structure, which will be the deeper than the more significantness of the birth number. And this Wpadina is never leveling, it will be for a hundred years old, until all those born in the years to which this vadina appeared, will not die. On the contrary, a sharp increase in fertility forms a protrusion on the pyramid, which is the greater the greater the raising of the birth rate (the number of born). The alternation of lifts and fertility falls as a result of any social cataclysms causes the so-called "demographic waves" on the age structure (pyramid), repeated with Lagoma in 20-30 years (when those born in the period of one wave - recession or lifting - become parents and their Children create new waves, which gradually fade for almost 100 years).

The age-floor pyramid also allows you to judge the impact on the reproduction of the population of various historical events: wars, epidemics, revolutions, certain legislative acts and other actions that may otherwise influence the fertility and mortality processes.

At the end of the XIX century. Swedish demographer A.-G. Sundberg (A.-G. Sundberg) introduced into the scientific circulation the concept of progressive, stationary and regressive types of age-related structure. They were named so because, with a progressive age structure, the population increases, and more precisely quickly, with stationary - does not change its number, and with regressive - decreases.

They differ from each other shares of children aged 0-15 years and "old men" aged 50 and older. In the progressive age structure, the proportion of children is, in Sundberg, 40%, and "old people" - 10%, in stationary, respectively - 27 and 23, and in regressive - 20 and 30%.

These types of age structure correspond to the types of age pyramids proposed in the 1930s. German statistics F. Burgdurfer (F. Burgdorfer). The progressive age structure (the younger population) corresponds to the right pyramid. A diagram depicting a stationary age structure resembles a bell. The regressive age structure corresponds to the figure called the urn.

The above can be illustrated by the example of age-genital pyramids of the population of Russia.

1. The type of population reproduction characterized by high birth rate and mortality. The age-related pyramid of such a population has a wide foundation (which forms a high proportion of children in the population) and a narrow spike-shaped top (a small share of living up to old age). The sides of such a pyramid have the form of a concave parabola. This type of population reproduction can be called "primitive" (in many respects, and not only demographic, this name is quite suitable for him). In our country, the primitive type of reproduction remained up to World War II.

2. The industrial and social development of society has among its results as well as a reduction in mortality and fertility levels (the reasons for such changes are stated in the respective chapters). The population growth slows down and eventually stops. The age structure takes the shape of the bell. This type can be called fixed, or stationary. Scientists argue about whether this type of reproduction can exist for a long time, or this state is possible only for a short time, followed by the inevitable transition to the third type of reproduction.

3. Further development under certain conditions leads to a state when a decrease in mortality slows down or stops (mortality, alas, cannot decline infinitely), while the birth rate continues. Begins depopulation, extinction of the population. The age structure takes the form of funeral urn. The population is aging, i.e. It increases the proportion of older people and the share of young people is reduced. This type of population reproduction can be called regressive, or depopulation, or degradation.

Pyramids for 1939 (population census 1939), for 2000 (data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation) and for 2050 (UN forecast 1998, low option). The first of these pyramids is a pyramid of a typical young growing population with a high birth rate and relatively high, but declining mortality. The length of the strip decreases relatively evenly, however, the deformation caused by acute events of the Russian history of the early XX century on this pyramid. First of all, the attention of "Yama", located in the area of \u200b\u200bages from 15 to 25 years old. This "pit" is the result of a decline in fertility during the First World War, the revolution of 1917 and the civil war that followed it. These events left their trail and in the population, which in 1939 it became over the rank of age of 35 (especially in the age group of 35-39 years). A rather sharp narrowing of the pyramid in these segments is a consequence of the loss of the population from hostilities, epidemics and other adverse events of the pore. The diagram also reflected a compensatory increase in fertility in the 1920s. (The protrusion at the level of the age is 10-15 years old), some of its growth in connection with the prohibition of abortions in 1936, as well as its sharp drop in the early 1930s. In general, the age-sex pyramid of 1939 is a portrait of a young population with a high birth rate and high, but declining mortality.

A completely different picture is evaporated with a look at the age-sex pyramid of 2000. Traces of fertility fall in the early 1930s. And during the Great Patriotic War, they moved to the upper segments of the pyramid and was smoothed to some extent. But the pyramid clearly reflects the process of fertility evolution in Russia in the post-war period. This is the time of the modern demographic history of Russia, when the country lived in relatively "calm" conditions, without wars, mass repression of epidemics and other catastrophic phenomena. Demographic changes in these years were evolutionary in nature and were determined exclusively by restructuring demographic behavior.

It was during this period "without interference" the effect of global factors, which in their totality caused the inevitable offensive already in the 1990s. Demographic Collapse experienced by our country. The four stages of the demographic evolution of Russia in the post-war years are clearly visible. The first one is the time before the early 1960s, when the birth rate was practically stable, and the fluctuations in the numbers of the born were determined mainly by the influence of changes in the age structure of women of reproductive age. The need for children and reproductive installations of most people were even relatively high in these years. Then the pyramid is clearly visible to the "pit", which comes on the period of a sharp drop in the numbers of born and fertility in the 1960s. The reason for this fall was a radical decrease in the needs of most families in children, which occurred against the background of relative improvement in the standard of living of the population. The third stage is the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s. The numbers of those born during this period grew mainly under the influence of shifts in the age structure of the population and, partly, more complete satisfaction of the need for two children (in the first half of the 1980s), which was reflected in the elongation of the chart bands corresponding to these years.

And finally, the lower part of the pyramid shows a sharp, oblivion drop in the numbers of born and fertility, which began in 1987 and adopted in the 1990s. Catastrophic forms. The base of the pyramid is continuously narrowed. Its form more and more becomes similar to the type of pyramid corresponding to the regressive type of population reproduction. The age-sex pyramid of 2000, pronounced by the accession of our country in the period of deep and long-term depopulation, the way out of which is becoming more and more problematic.

We see the old and dying population in front of them, the form of the age-sex pyramid of which is really reminiscent of the funeral urn. At the same time, the authors of the forecast in reality are very optimistic in their predictions. They proceed from overpriced estimates of future birth trends in Russia. According to the bottom embodiment, the birth rate from 2000-2005. Fixed at 1.25 children per 1 woman reproductive age and will remain so right until the end of the forecast period, i.e. until 2050

For a visual and joint representation of age and sexual structures of the population are building so-called. benefit-sex pyramids.The age-sex pyramid is a bilateral chart of the population distribution by age, and on one side of the schedule (right) the female population is depicted, and on the other hand (left) - male. The vertical axis of the histogram is an age scale, expressed in one or five-year intervals, ranging from 0 years and ending with a maximum age or an open age interval. And the total population of this sex and age, or its share in the entire population or in the population of this sex, is depicted in the form of horizontal strips, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich (or length in the case of equal intervals) is proportional to these indicators. For the purposes of comparing different populations and obtain comparable information on their age structure, the pyramid is built using the shares of the number of this increasing sexual group throughout the population and taking the total population of 100, 1000 or 10,000.

The diagram thus obtained was once called a pyramid for the simple reason that due to the effect of mortality, the number of persons in older ages are usually less than in the younger. At the very least, it was in those years when this tool was proposed for a visual representation of age-sex population. At present, in countries with a low birth rate, the shape of the distribution chart on the floor and age does not remind a pyramid, but rather, some inverted urn.

Age-sex pyramid depicts the state of the population at some point in time (at the time of the census or on January 1), i.e. In fact, it is a stop in the continuous process of reproduction of the population. Therefore, according to the comparative length, the bands can be judged on the effect of fertility and mortality processes on the age structure of the population (and for many decades), as well as future trends in population reproduction and on possible prospects for changing its number in the future. If, for example, in some year and the period of time, the number of born is noticeably different in one way or another from the neighboring, then on the age-sex pyramid, this will affect or protrusion (if the number of more born than in neighboring years), or failure (if this number is respectively less). And this deformation, passing through more and more older age, will continue throughout the whole century, until the given set of born. And it will influence both demographic phenomena and the phenomena of a completely different plan, wave-like changing, for example, the number of births, mortality, demand for certain goods and services, etc. etc. The age-sex pyramid also allows you to judge the impact on the reproduction of the population of various historical events: wars, epidemics, revolutions, certain legislative acts and other actions that may somehow affect the fertility and mortality processes.

The sexual pyramid is similar to the real pyramids, since with increasing age, the number of people in the age groups decreases and the strips are made shorter. The age structure of the perfect population, in which the birth rate and mortality would remain unchanged for a long time, would have the form of an almost-equated triangle with straight sides (but still with some distortion to the right, i.e. towards the "female half"). However, this does not happen, because the number of born, and the number of dead fluctuates in time, sometimes very sharply.

Borisov V.A, Dellegrafy: Textbook for universities. M., 1999. P. 88.

With the help of age-genital pyramids, other demographic and socio-economic phenomena can be explored. So, demographers build pyramids by sex, age and marriage. Economic and demographic age and sexual pyramids used to analyze economic activity by age and measuring the balance of production and consumption for generations 28 are widely known.

An important aspect of using age-genital pyramids is the analysis of the relationship between the age structure and reproduction of the population. The relationship of the age structure and reproduction of the population was seen relatively long ago. At the end of the XIX century. Swedish demograph A.G. Sundberg entered the scientific circulation progressive, stationary and regressive types of age structure.They were named so because, with a progressive age structure, the population increases and, moreover, rather quickly, with stationary - does not change its number, and with regressive - decreases.

They differ from each other shares of children aged 0-5 years and "old men" aged 50 and older. In the progressive age structure, the proportion of children is, in Sundberg, 40%, and "old people" - 10%; In stationary, respectively, 27 and 23%, and in regressive - 20 and 30%).

These types of age structure correspond to the types of age-related pyramids proposed in the 30s. XX century German statistician F. Burgdurfer. The progressive age structure (the younger population) corresponds to the right pyramid; The diagram depicting a stationary age structure resembles a bell; The regressive age structure corresponds to the figure, named (possibly not without some irony) urn. These figures are depicted in fig. 3.1.

The above can be illustrated by the example of age-genital pyramids of the population of Russia. Below (Graphs 3.8 - 3.10) show the pyramids for 1939 (census of the population of 1939), for 1998 (settlement data) and for 2050 (UN forecast 1998, lower option). The first of these pyramids is a pyramid of a typical young growing population with a high birth rate and relatively high, but declining mortality. The length of the strip decreases relatively evenly, however, the deformation caused by acute events of the Russian history of the early XX century on this pyramid. First of all, the attention of "Yama", located in the area of \u200b\u200bages from 15 to 25 years old. This "pit" is the result of a decline in fertility during the First World War, the revolution of 1917 and the civil war that followed her. These events left their trail and in the population, which in 1939 it became over the ranks of the age of 35 (especially in the age group of 35-39 years).

Fig. 3.1. Types of age structure according to F. Burgender 29

Chart 3.8.

Age-Lolovaya Pyramid of the population of Russia, 1939

A rather sharp narrowing of the pyramid in these segments is a consequence of the loss of the population from hostilities, epidemics and other adverse events of the pore. The diagram also reflected compensatory raising of fertility in the 20s. (Program at the level of age is 10-15 years old), some of its growth in connection with the prohibition of abortions in 1936, as well as its sharp drop in the early 1930s, caused, is out of doubt, those socio-economic and political events which occurred in the country at the time.

At the pyramid of 1959, deep failures of the numbers born in 1916-1918 were visible. (First World and Civil War), a small increase in 1919 (so far it is difficult to find an explanation), then growth until 1929 and a sharp failure in 1930-1935. ... Then the deepest failure in 1940-1944, i.e. In the years of the hardest war. It is important to pay attention to the still relatively wide and expanding base of the pyramid, which indicates a relatively high birth rate in the country. ... You can easily notice the numerical advantage of women, especially in the ages older than 30 years. In contrast to the fertility, the drop in which manifests itself in the age structure in the form of a depression, mortality leaves a trace on the pyramid only in the form of the disproportion of the floors and the total form of its configuration.

Borisov V.A. Demographics: Textbook for universities. M., 1999. P. 92-93.

In general, the age-sex pyramid of 1939 is a portrait of a young, growing population with a high birth rate and relatively high, but declining mortality.

A completely different picture is charged with a look at the age-sex pyramid of 1998. Traces of the fertility fall at the beginning of the 30s. And during the Great Patriotic War, they moved to the upper segments of the pyramid and was smoothed to some extent. But the pyramid clearly reflects the process of fertility evolution in Russia in the post-war period. This is the time of the modern demographic history of Russia, when the country lived in relatively "calm" conditions, without wars, mass repression, epidemics and other catastrophic phenomena. Demographic changes in these years were evolutionary in nature and were determined exclusively by restructuring demographic behavior.

Age-sex pyramid of the population of Russia, 1998

Chart 3.9.

It was during this period "without interference" the action of global factors was launched, which in their totality caused the inevitable offensive already in the 90s. Demographic Collapse experienced by our country. The four stages of the demographic evolution of Russia in the post-war years are clearly visible. The first of them is the time to the beginning of the 60s, when the birth rate was almost stable, and the fluctuations in the numbers of the born were determined mainly by the impact of changes in the age structure of women of reproductive age. The need for children and reproductive installations of most people were even relatively high in these years. Then the Pyramid is clearly visible to the "pit", incident on the period of a sharp drop in the numbers of born and fertility in the 60s. The reason for this fall was a radical decrease in the needs of most families in children, which occurred against the background of relative improvement in the standard of living of the population. The third stage is the 70th - the first half of the 80s. The numbers of those born during this period grew mainly under the influence of shifts in the age structure of the population and, partly, more complete satisfaction of the need for two children (in the first half of the 80s.), Which was reflected in the elongation of the chart bands corresponding to these years.

And finally, the lower part of the pyramid shows a sharp, oblivion drop in the numbers of born and fertility, which began in 1987 and adopted in the 90s. Catastrophic forms. The base of the pyramid is continuously narrowed. Its form more and more becomes similar to the type of pyramid corresponding to the regressive type of population reproduction. The age and sex pyramid of 1998, pronounced by the accession of our country in the period of deep and long-term depopulation, the way out of which is becoming more and more problematic. The further evolution of the reproduction of the population of our country in this direction will cause the fact that its age-section will acquire by the middle of the XXI century. The view that is shown in graphics 3.10, based on the UN forecast of 1998 (lower option). We see the old and dying population in front of them, the form of the age-sex pyramid of which is really reminiscent of the funeral urn.

Graph 3.10

Age and sexual structure of the population of Russia, 2050 t.UN forecast. Lower option 30.

At the same time, the authors of the forecast in reality are very optimistic in their predictions. They proceed from overpriced estimates of future birth trends in Russia. According to the lower version of the forecast, the birth rate from 2000-2005, will be fixed at a level of 1.25 children for 1 woman reproductive age and will remain as much until the end of the forecast period, i.e. until 2050 on what this forecast is based, It is completely incomprehensible and not commented.

Real reality will be much tragious if, of course, nothing to be taken to stop the fall in fertility and depopulation in our country.

Age Pyramid

Age pyramid, age pyramid, age-sex pyramid, schedule. An image of the distribution of people by age and floor. It is a bilateral directional chart, on which the number of people of each age on the floor or their share in us. depicted a horizontal strip determined. scale. The bands are located one above the other in order to increase the age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, left - for men, right - for women. Since due to mortality in older ages, the number of people is usually smaller, the image for a complete set of ages has a pyramid shape.

V.p. It is usually built according to the correspondence or surveys of us. According to the year or 5-year-old age groups, so that the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramid corresponds to the number of people (thousand) of each age and gender or in comparisons - the proportion of them in us. (%). The length of the stage in this case corresponds to the density of this age group, i.e., the number of people per unit of age. If the initial data with the age structure is presented in unequal age intervals, then for larger groups of the length of the steps of V. p. Determined by the division of the number of people in the group for the length of the interval, expressed in the adopted for the entire age of age. So, when constructing V.P. on the 5-year groups of numbers. The 6-year-old age group must be divided into 6/8, and 10-year-old - at 2. If the older age group unites people, for example, 70 years and older, it is believed that this interval extends up to 100 years, that is . equal to 30 years, but in it for every 5 years it is depicted not cf. Density (k-room can be obtained by dividing numbers. Groups by 6), and evenly decreased to zero to age of 100 years. V.P. Pictures the age-sex structure of us. In one time or another, i.e., fixes a certain state during the continuous reproduction process of the population. Compare. The length of the steps from the oldest ages (people born for a long time) to the youngest (born recently) gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe impact on the age composition of us. fertility and mortality processes throughout the length. time, as well as about the impact of the age composition that has developed to this point on the prospects for growth of us. In the beginning. 1930s. The concept of three types of age structure of the population was introduced, the form of V. P: In young us. It has the form of the right pyramid, in the aged us. - the shape of the bell, in a very old - the form of the urn (see Fig. 1), and determines the rapid growth, slow growth or decline in ourselves.

If us. and the reproduction regime of the population, i.e. the levels of birth and mortality, did not experience K.L. externally perturbing effects, the V. P. has relatively smooth faces, and with a long-lasting high birth rate and a relatively high mortality rate - a wide base and a narrow vertex (eg, us. Mexico, see Fig. 2), and at low levels fertility and mortality - a narrow basis and a wide vertex (eg, we. Sweden, see Fig. 3). These two V.P. correspond to the types of age structure of growing and almost stationary us., And the second clearly reflects the process of aging of us., And in addition, a decrease in fertility in the 30s and 40s. 20 V. And "demographic. Echo" of this phenomenon. Distribution of us. shown in Fig. 2 and 3 in percent, and therefore V. p. Fully comparable, although we. Mexico in 1970 was 48 million, and we. Sweden - 8 million

Under the influence of violations in numbers. and the age structure of us. or in the intensity of its reproduction, caused by, for example, the war leading to the fall of the birth rate and to loss of men in draft ages, or permanent immigration, usually increasing the number of men in working ages, the edges of V. p. become uneven, on them Reflects previous changes in the nature of the increase and loss of us. Such violations of the supoly leave traces in the age structure of us.

For example, on V.p. us. GDR as of December 31, 1970 (see Fig. 4) traces of a sharp decline in fertility and acc. The numbers born during the 1st World War 1914-18 (1) in the years of economies, the crisis of 1929-33 in Dovonen. Germany (3) and during the 2nd World War 1939-45, unleashed by fascist Germany (4), as well as traces of losses of adult men in the military. Years (2). The "promotion" of the number of women over the number of men in the ages older than 70 years is caused not only by the death of men during the war, but also a higher mortality in peacetime. "Demographic, Echo" decline in fertility can be traced through a generation: smaller generations born in 1930-33 (on the con. 1970 they were in the ages of 37-40 years old), striking reproductive age, made relatively fewer children (for con. 1970 these children It was 11-15 years old) than the neighboring generations. More means. The flaw show generations born in 1941-46 (on the con. 1970 they were 23- 28 years old): the narrowing base of the pyramid (ages of 0-5 years old) - a consequence of a small number of births in a small number of parents belonging to these generations (5). "Movement" of the numbers of men in younger ages is explained by the predominance of children's children. Paul among born (see). This advantage remains almost up to 40 years, despite the higher mortality of men. T. about., Analysis of V.P. Allows you to visually characterize the sources of deformations in the age structure of us.

Fig. 4. Age pyramid of the population of the GDR for 12/31/1970: 1 - Birth deficit in 1914-1918; 2 - Military losses of men in 1939-1945; 3 - Birth deficit in 1929-1933; 4 - Birth deficit in 1939-1945; 5 - "Demographic Echo" of the birth deficit in 1939-1945.

V.P. superimposed on each other By two censuses us. (The difference in the length of each stage should be clearly designated) shown shifts to the age of a but-sexual structure caused by the fact that in different years there are different generations in the same ages, the number of rod can also be different. For example. V.p. us. The USSR for 1926 and 1970 (see Fig. 5) illustrate caused by war violations in the ratio of floors of floors, a decrease in the birth rate in the military. The years and their consequences in the beginning. 70s. Thus, V.p. facilitates the forecast demographic. The comparison of V. p. Also in space, for example, the pyramids for the mountains. And sat down. Us.: in the village. The terrain is dominated by the children and the faces of the elderly, and in the mountains. settlements - us, able-bodied age. V.P, help also assess the accuracy of census data on age. For example, the extremely long stages of the pyramid on round of rings in us. Mexico (see Fig. 2) And the ages are too short on the adjacent ages indicate that it means. Accumulation age.

In order to analyze V.P.P.P. groups of us. - Migrants, people who have a lesson, dep. Ethnic. groups or us. Departure Regions.

V.P. Find applications and when studying the reprisal of us. Using models demographic. Comparing the outlines in the real one. and inpatient population or stable population. Reframe modes, you can clearly present the nature of the influence of the Sov. Levels of fertility and mortality on age-sex composition and numbers. Real us. Such an analysis facing the past helps to catch the steps of the transition from one reproduction mode to another, set the time of such a transition in different countries and in different epochs.

V.p. for the future allow you to see the Split. Variants demographic. Forecasts as for dep. countries and groups of countries (eg, economically developed and developing), as well as the world as a whole. Cabin, futurologists often resort to the image of V. p. Completely resorted by the prospects for changes in the age and sexual composition of us. countries with "young" and "old" us. Up to reaching the condition of stationarity.

B. P. Applied in economically demographic. Studies where their steps are depicted not numbers. generations (age group), and the number of people employed in the production volume (usually in den. expression) of the production and consumption of people at each age or period of their life, worked out time, etc. For the conditional generation, such characteristics are obtained by Building t. n. Economic V.p.

Boyarsky A. Ya. Shusherin P. P., demographic statistics, 2 ed, M. 1955, Herchuk I p, schedule. Methods in statistics, M. 1968; Valkovich E. Econ. Age Pyramids, in KN: Marxist-Leninsky Theory of Population, 2 Ed, M. 1974, Kalinyuk I. V, Age Structure of us. USSR, M. 1975; Arab-oglu E. A., demographic and environmental forecasts, M. 1978.

T. S. Batalina, A. G. Volkov.

Demographic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Editor-in-Chief D.I. Valentine. 1985 .

Watch what is a "age pyramid" in other dictionaries:

age Pyramid - a graphic image of the distribution of people by age and the floor, on which the number of people of each age and gender or their share in the population is shown by horizontal stripes of a certain scale. → Fig. 259, p. 563 SYN.: Demographic Pyramid ... Dictionary on geography

Age Pyramid - (Population Pyramid) Chart, graphically portraying population distribution by age. The most young and numerous age groups make up a triangle at the base of the pyramid; The oldest and small - small triangle at ... ... Business Terms Dictionary

Age Pyramid - The term demographics denoting a graph (histogram) illustrating age-sex population distribution. On the vertical axis, starting from the age of 0 years, the age is postponed into one or five-year-old intervals. Last… … Sociology: Encyclopedia

The age structure of the population, the distribution of us. By age groups and age contingents in order to study demographic. And social eco. processes. Describing the ratio of age groups, V. p. n. Allows you to compare them. Evaluation in ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary - A graphical model of the distribution of ages in natural populations, in which the number of individuals or their percentage in age groups is depicted in the form of horizontal rectangles located above each other. Ecological encyclopedic ... ... Ecological Dictionary

Dictionary of Terms on Social Statistics

Age (age-sex) Pyramid - Graphic distribution of the population by age and floor. It is a two-way directional chart, on which the number of people of each age and gender or their share in the population is depicted by a horizontal strip of a certain scale. ... ... Social statistics. Vocabulary

Pyramid age (age-sex triangle) - (from Greek. Pyramis polyhedron) English. Pyramid, Age Sex; it. Alterspyramide. A graphic image of the distribution of people by age and sex in the form of a bilateral directional chart, on the number of people of each age and gender (or their share in ... ... Sociology Dictionary