What can a urinalysis in men show. What does a general urine test mean?

Each person at least once in a life the doctor sent for a general urine test. Such a study is one of the most common, carried out in the laboratory and is necessary for a more accurate diagnosis. Its results help to identify the presence of early symptoms of any disease or indicate existing problems in the functioning of internal organs: urinary system, kidneys, etc.

Urine is a biological fluid that helps to remove metabolic products from the body. A correlation occurs between its composition and blood composition, since blood plasma is also involved in the formation of urine. For a unit of time, a certain amount of urine is released - this is called diuresis. It can be daytime, daily and nightly.

In order for the urinalysis to give correct results, you need to carry out the necessary preparation and collect everything in the right way. Use only morning material for collection, since it is precisely its indicators that are considered the most objective. Indeed, due to the fact that throughout the night there is an accumulation in the bladder, a decrease in natural daily fluctuations, the analysis indicators will be optimal for the study.

Rinse well the genitals, conduct all necessary hygiene. If you do not, then the urinalysis will be abundant in the presence of red blood cells and white blood cells, which will incorrectly affect your diagnosis. It is advised to collect the material in a special production container, it is sterile, and you can buy it in pharmacies. A general analysis of urine suggests the presence of not only its average portion. To do this, release a small amount of urine (1-2 seconds), and only then, without interrupting urination, collect the entire portion in your container. The volume required for general analysis is at least 70 ml. Try not to touch the body of the collection container.

After you have collected the material and before doing the research, no more than one and a half to two hours should pass. It is only possible to store and transport urine at positive temperatures, because salts that precipitate may complicate the study and affect the results in a negative way.

Clinical analysis of urine: how to prepare for it

On the eve of the test, you should refrain from eating certain foods. It is also worth listening to the recommendations for medical indicators. It is forbidden to accept:

• alcohol;
• diuretic drugs;
• fruits and vegetables that affect the color change of urine;
• drugs because they can change biochemical parameters.

In addition, it is advised to limit physical and emotional stress. The period of menstruation for women is an undesirable time for passing the study. Cystoscopy patients (about a week) are also recommended to refrain from passing a general urine test.

What a urinalysis shows

OAM combines the decoding of various properties of a material: its color, quantity, transparency, reaction (pH), specific gravity (relative density). Taken into account and chemical properties  (we are talking about the presence of glucose, bile pigments, protein, ketone bodies), and microscopic examination of sediment (that is, the amount of epithelial cells, white blood cells, red blood cells, cylinders and hemoglobin in the urine).

Deciphering the general analysis by the amount of urine

The norm of daily diuresis is approximately 70-80 percent of what a person drinks, that is, about 1.5-2 liters. If these indicators increase, then you consume an increased amount of fluid and products that increase urine output. This condition is called polyuria and is characterized by nervous excitement, resorption of edema and other symptoms.

The opposite of this is oliguria. This means that the daily rate has decreased. In this case, a person experiences increased sweating, limited intake of fluid. Among the diseases that are accompanied by this condition are: heart, kidney disease, liver failure, fever, etc.

If the decryption shows that the amount of daily urine is critically low (less than 200 ml), then they diagnose the presence of acute renal failure, obstruction of the urinary tract with stones or spasms, severe nephritis and poisoning.

Urination can be rare (olakizuria) or frequent (pollakiuria). The condition of enuresis, i.e., incontinence, is characterized by severe febrile symptoms, inflammation of the urinary tract, seizures, and diseases of the central nervous system. If going to the toilet is accompanied by painful sensations, then the results of a general analysis will indicate various inflammatory diseases of the urinary system. In case of excess of the night norm over the daytime, cystitis, cystopyelitis and others are diagnosed.

Urinalysis - color decoding

What color the urine will take is influenced by various foods, fluid intake, or medications. But at the same time, these changes can show the presence of certain diseases in a person. The accepted norm is the color spectrum of yellow, from saturated shade to light straw. The material may be completely pale or transparent, which indicates its low density and that the discharge is frequent and abundant. Saturation, on the contrary, indicates a high density and concentration of urine. Urochromes - dyes, the presence of which affects the intensity of the color - affects the hue.

Judging by the color of the urinalysis, we can talk about the following diseases (the color itself does not represent diagnostic value, it must be taken into account only in combination with other indicators):

• dark brown (the color of dark beer or strong tea) means the presence of problems with the gall bladder or liver;
• pink-red or just red indicates macrohematuria (i.e. the presence of blood in the urine). In such cases, urolithiasis, bladder cancer, pyelonephritis, etc. are diagnosed.
• with the color of meat slops with brown-gray turbidity, the causes may be kidney stones, tuberculosis or kidney infarction, the use of various medications;
• the fact that the patient is taking a number of drugs shows a general analysis with a reddish-brown color;
• a dark yellow hue will be characterized by dehydration (the background for this may be vomiting, diarrhea, decreased fluid intake, heart failure);
• a constantly pale or colorless urinalysis indicates kidney pathology, diabetes and diabetes insipidus, heavy drinking;
• the presence of diseases Makiafava Mikelli, Melanoma, Alcaptonuria are characterized by black color;
• a grayish-white hue indicates the presence of pus in the urine;
• the blue or green color of the general analysis of urine indicates the processes of decay in the intestine.

For additional material containing a detailed interpretation of the general analysis of urine, see.

Urinalysis - deciphering transparency

If the urine is cloudy, then it has salts, red blood cells, fat, cellular elements, mucus, and bacteria. Norm is a transparent material. To find out the reasons that caused turbidity, various methods are used. For example, if a urine test is heated or alkali is added to it, then the turbidity due to urate will disappear. The loss of phosphate, as the cause of turbidity, is determined by adding acetic acid, and oxalate - using hydrochloric acid. The presence of fat helps establish alcohol and ether. If pus is present in the urine, then none of the above methods will eliminate the turbidity, the only thing that can form is a thick glassy mass with the addition of alkali.

The smell and foaming of urine - a breakdown of indicators

If you shake the analysis, then foam will appear on its surface. Abundant and persistent foaming will indicate that protein is present in the urine. The presence of jaundice will color it yellow. The norm is when the foam is transparent, mild and unstable.

Smells also characterize the presence of various diseases. For example, cystitis is indicated by the fact that urine smells like ammonia, and ketonuria - if it is acetone.

Urine specific gravity

The relative indicator will depend on what concentration of substances dissolved in the urine. The density can be determined by salts, organic substances, cells of red blood cells, bacteria and white blood cells that are present in the urine with pathologies contribute to its increase. This figure also increases if the body is dehydrated (with diarrhea, vomiting, low fluid intake). Among other reasons, the presence of infectious processes in the urinary tract and kidneys, diabetes mellitus, toxicosis in pregnant women is determined.

If, on the contrary, the density is lowered, then this indicates diseases of the kidney failure, diabetes insipidus, heavy drinking, and the use of diuretics.

Acidity General Analysis

Deciphering this particular indicator is very problematic, because it is the most variable of all the others. In one day, the acidity of the urine can fluctuate very significantly. The norm is a pH range of 4 to 7.

If the figure, as shown by the general analysis, is greater than 7 (low acidity), then this may mean:

• chronic renal failure;
• prolonged vomiting;
• the presence of certain types of infections of the genitourinary system;
• diet dominated by plant foods;
• that the level of parathyroid hormones is elevated;
• the fact that the level of potassium in the blood is elevated;
• cancer of the bladder or kidney.

With increased acidity (indicator below 4), we can talk about the following reasons:

• acid-base blood balance is disturbed;
• the body is dehydrated (but not due to vomiting);
• the presence of diabetes;
• a diet in which meat food abounds;
• the presence of high temperature;
• starvation.

In both cases, various medications can still influence indicators.

Decoding according to biochemical data

The presence of protein in the urine does not always indicate kidney disease. Its concentration in the norm should not be higher than 0.033 g / l. Often, a general urine test can give elevated protein counts even in a healthy person, but after some intense physical exertion, cold water procedures, and severe sweating. Another protein indicates inflammation in the ureters, urethra and bladder. Hypertension, high body temperature can also affect its performance.

Clinical analysis for the determination of protein is a very important and necessary diagnostic test for pregnant women to make sure that there are no exacerbations of chronic diseases or to prevent them with the help of appropriate observation and treatment.

If you have glucose, your doctor will refer you to other tests for additional tests. If sugar is also found in the blood, then this can mean either kidney disease or diabetes.

The presence of ketone bodies (acetone, hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acids) means that metabolic processes are disturbed in the body or pathologies of various systems exist.

Microscopic examination of urine - transcript

At this stage, the analysis sediment is studied: its cylinders, cells, salt crystals. Sediment can be organized and unorganized.

In the first case, a general urinalysis reveals the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells of various types:

• if the urethra is inflamed, this means that there is a cylindrical epithelium;
• if the bladder (in the case of cystitis, urethritis), then there is a transitional epithelium;
• squamous epithelium provokes cystitis and nephropathy.

Increased red blood cell counts indicate kidney disease, problems with the bladder, and bleeding in the urinary system. The presence of white blood cells indicates various inflammatory processes.

In case of unorganized sediment, the transcript of the analysis shows the presence of uric acid, lime sulfate, oxalates and urates in acid urine. Whereas in an alkaline and neutral environment, phosphates and tripelphosphates, uric acid ammonium, etc. are found.

Normal tests mean that there are no salts in the urine. It is necessary to consult a doctor, because, in addition to the presence of certain diseases, these indicators are strongly influenced by diet and fluid intake.

The presence of cylinders, fungi and bacteria in the analysis is also excluded. All this testifies to various diseases, infections, pathologies, immunodeficiency states. The presence of diastase can diagnose pancreatitis.

There are several types of urine tests. It is worth considering in more detail why urine analysis is necessary, as well as what disorders in the body can be detected by conducting a particular urinalysis?

General urine analysis

This type of analysis is very often used to diagnose the human body. Morning urine is used to pass a general analysis, since it contains the most complete information. It should be noted that before passing a general urinalysis, it is advisable not to use drugs, since some of their components can distort the results. Let's see what else is a urine test. What is it for?

Trace analysis of urine

In recent years, the analysis of urine for trace elements has become very popular. Its results allow us to assess the state of the body from different angles. The results of this analysis help control the content of trace elements in the body, thereby allowing it to function properly.

Biochemical analysis of urine allows you to:

• determine how well the liver and kidneys work;
• identify various inflammatory processes;
• diagnose rheumatic processes;
• identify the balance of trace elements;
• identify violations of water-salt metabolism;
• make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the right treatment.

Trace of urine

What do urine tests for trace elements show? It helps to identify an imbalance of trace elements in the body. In addition, such an analysis is complementary to the spectral analysis of blood and hair, and is also of great importance in toxicology.

• premature babies;
• lactating and pregnant women;
• elderly people;
• children in the period of intensive growth and maturation;
• li people who work in large industrial enterprises;
• people experiencing stress;
• l athletes;
• for patients suffering from chronic diseases.

In order to properly evaluate the results of the tests, you need to know what the analysis of urine means, what are their main physicochemical characteristics:

Urine color

Normally, the color of the urine has a straw-yellow hue of varying intensity. In healthy people, the color of urine is determined by the presence of substances that are formed from blood pigments. Various changes in the color of urine are allowed, which are not caused by the presence of any disease.

If pathologies or inflammations are present in the human body, then the color of urine can be the following shades:

• the color of strong tea means various pathologies of the gallbladder and liver;
• a reddish hue is observed with glomerulonephritis;
• colorless or faint yellow urine may be a symptom of advanced kidney disease;
• cloudy urine indicates inflammation of the urinary tract.

Transparency

Fresh urine should normally be clear. Due to mucus and epithelial cells, a small cloud of turbidity may appear in it. Strong clouding of the urine is caused by the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, fat, epithelium, as well as a significant amount of various salts.

Specific Gravity (Density)

This indicator allows you to judge the ability of the kidneys to breed and concentrate urine. The kidneys are characterized by wide fluctuations in specific gravity during the day. This may be due to ingestion of water, food and loss of fluid by the body. Under various conditions, the kidneys can excrete urine with a density of 1001-1040.

An increase in this indicator may indicate a large loss of fluid, oliguria, low fluid intake, toxicosis of pregnant women, nephrotic syndrome, heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and liver diseases.

A decrease in the indicator can be with chronic renal failure, diabetes insipidus, acute damage to the renal tubules.

Protein

Finding out what the analysis of urine shows, special attention should be paid to this particular indicator.

Normally, protein is not found in urine, but small traces are acceptable. The appearance of protein in the urine can be pathological (associated with various diseases) or physiological (with hypothermia, increased physical exertion).

If protein was detected in the urine, then this can be caused by: acute and chronic pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract, diseases with high body temperature, severe heart failure, hypertension, tumors of the urinary tract, various specific diseases.

Glucose

Normally, sugar in the urine should be absent. The appearance of glucose can be caused by the ingestion of a sufficiently large amount of carbohydrates, severe injuries, burns, pregnancy, myocardial infarction, renal diabetes, acute pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus.

Red blood cells

The erythrocytes located in the urinary sediment can be either unchanged (containing hemoglobin) or altered (devoid of hemoglobin, leached). The appearance in the urine of the latter is extremely important for establishing the correct diagnosis of the disease.

The causes of red blood cells in the urine can be genitourinary tumors, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infections, hemorrhagic diathesis, kidney injury, hypertension, poisoning.

White blood cells

Understanding what urine analysis is necessary for, it should be noted that with it you can identify various inflammatory processes in the kidneys or urinary tract. This is evidenced by an increased content of leukocytes in the urine. An increase in the number of leukocytes (leukocyturia) often indicates various inflammatory processes in the kidneys or urinary tract. The timely detection of these diseases helps to prescribe the right treatment and prevent the emergence of all sorts of serious consequences.

The causes of leukocyturia can be urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, prostatitis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, stones in the ureter, systemic lupus erythematosus.

Slime

It is secreted by the epithelium of the mucous membranes and can either be present in a small amount in the urine or be absent. Both cases are considered normal. However, the content of mucus in the urine may increase due to various kinds of inflammatory processes in the lower urinary tract.

Now you know what urinalysis means! Remember that if you identify abnormalities in the body, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Urinalysis (OAM) is definitely the easiest and most painless way for a patient to get information about a person’s health status. Along with a clinical blood test, it is often prescribed for preventive purposes, but in some cases, urine tests become an important diagnostic tool: for example, if necessary, monitor the development of kidney diseases or monitor the course of diabetes.

Even with the development of laboratory diagnostic technologies, OAM has not lost its significance - all because the normal parameters of urine are well known to any doctor. It is also beneficial for each of us to get acquainted with them, and also to learn how to properly pass urine for analysis.

Indications for the appointment of a general urinalysis and its role in the diagnosis

Urine is the final product of the excretory system of the human body. Urine consists of the "excess" fluid that our body got rid of in order to maintain the balance of water, salts and other chemical compounds. With some health problems, the composition of the urine changes, and with infections of the genitourinary system, microorganisms are found in the fluid. The laboratory makes all detected deviations from the norm in the form with the results of OAM, which the patient receives after analysis.

In itself, a referral to a general urine test is not a cause for concern. It is useful for both children and adults to undergo this procedure at least once a year, just to make sure that there are no health problems. If the doctor suspects you have impaired renal or bladder function, as well as some systemic diseases - diabetes, hepatitis, intoxication after taking drugs or toxic substances, metabolic diseases - OAM will help confirm or refute the hypothesis. A few urine tests, prescribed with a small frequency in time, will show how effective the prescribed treatment is.

How to collect urine for general analysis?

Most people have repeatedly had to collect urine for tests prescribed in the clinic. Meanwhile, even doctors do not always correctly set out the rules for preparing for this procedure. There is nothing complicated in them, but the accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the fulfillment of the conditions, because even if the foreign substances get into the sample, even the best laboratory will not be able to get an objective result.

• The day before analysis, you can’t eat foods that can change the color of urine: carrots, beets, sparkling water containing dyes.
• It is also worth refusing to take multivitamins, salted dishes and food diuretics - beer and coffee. They affect the concentration of morning urine and its properties.
• If you are constantly taking certain medications, notify the doctor about this, perhaps he will recommend canceling them on the eve of a general urine test.
• Reschedule the urine analysis to a different date if you had cystoscopy or urethroscopy a few days before (examination of the bladder or urethra with a special device), and also if the OAM coincided with menstruation - this will distort the results of the study.
• It’s better not to visit a bathhouse or sauna on the eve of the analysis: with these wellness procedures, a lot of fluid is released through the skin, so the next day the urine becomes more concentrated than normal.

It is also important to consider the rules for collecting urine in the morning, on the day of the visit to the laboratory:

• For analysis, morning urine is needed: storing the one that was collected the day before in the refrigerator is pointless, unless you have been given a special preservative for these purposes in the laboratory.
• It is important to use a disposable adult container and a sterile urinal bag to collect urine from newborns, rather than plastic and glass jars of drugs or food. Do not squeeze diapers or diapers to get the urine of the baby, tissue fibers will get into it, which will also damage the analysis.
• Before collecting urine, take a shower and rinse your genitals.

  It's important to know!
There are two options for collecting urine for a general analysis. According to one of them - the most common - the first portion of morning urine should be released into the toilet, after which, without delaying urination, substitute the container, fill it 2/3 and remove the container. The second option implies that all morning urine is collected in a clean dish for analysis, after which the liquid must be mixed and 50-100 ml poured into a plastic container for the laboratory. This method allows you to get a more complete picture of the condition of the genitourinary system, but it is time-consuming, so doctors almost always advise to take just the average portion of urine.

Based on the results of the study, the laboratory gives you a form where your name should be indicated, the date of the analysis, the signature of the doctor who conducted the study, and the seal of the institution. You provide this document to the attending physician, but it is better to make a photocopy of the form or keep an electronic version just in case.

General urine analysis: normal values \u200b\u200band interpretation of the results

OAM takes into account four groups of indicators: organoleptic (appearance), physico-chemical parameters, the content in the sample of various substances (biochemical characteristics) and microbes (microscopic indicators). All this should be reflected in the results of the analysis.

Organoleptic indicators

This group includes the color, smell, foaming and transparency of urine. Normally, the sample has a light yellow color, almost does not smell, with agitation, a light foam forms, which disappears in a few minutes. Healthy urine is clear.

The changed color of urine indirectly indicates the presence of pathologies. So, red urine may indicate bleeding, urine the color of "meat slops" - glomerulonephritis, urine the color of beer - jaundice, and black urine - metabolic diseases. If the urine smells sharply of acetone - this is a sign of advanced diabetes mellitus, a musty smell in newborns is observed with phenylketonuria, and a pungent smell of ammonia is observed with cystitis. Turbid urine indicates infection of the excretory system, and the sample foams due to the high concentration of protein.

physical and chemical indicators

In addition, the laboratory evaluates the relative density and acidity (pH level) of urine.

Urine density is an extremely important parameter in the diagnosis of renal failure. The fact is that due to impaired functioning of the kidneys with fluid, salts and other chemicals cease to be excreted from the body, so the density decreases. If, for some reason, urine contains protein or sugar, its density, on the contrary, increases. The normal density value for people of all ages is 1010-1024 g / l.

  It's important to know!
Morning portion of urine normally has the highest density, because it concentrates during the night. Evening urine should be more fluid. If the density parameters in your general urine analysis differ from the norm, the doctor will additionally prescribe an analysis of daily urine, which will allow you to compare the density in different portions of it.

The acidity of the urine changes with the pathology of the renal tubules, with the inflammatory process of the excretory system and with some features of the diet (meat food makes urine more acidic and vegetable urine alkaline). Normally, the pH in OAM is 5.0–7.0 in newborns and 5.0–8.0 in children and adults.

Biochemical characteristics

Normally, urine does not contain glucose, bilirubin, hemoglobin and nitrates, and protein, urobilinogen and ketone bodies are determined only in trace amounts.

Urine glucose is observed in people with diabetes mellitus, as well as in acute pancreatitis, heart attack and eating a large amount of carbohydrates shortly before analysis. Hemoglobin (or myoglobin, which is close in composition) can appear in the sample due to intoxication, after blood transfusion, or as a result of muscle damage during extremely intense physical exertion. Nitrates are often found in OAM in older adults with excretory system infections.

Urobilinogen in the urine, as a rule, indicates serious liver problems, and ketone bodies are a sign of advanced diabetes: sometimes their presence in the urine gives reason to make a diagnosis.

Protein in urine in adults and children is cause for concern. This situation occurs when the kidney membrane is damaged, which normally should not let large molecules pass. This is typical for diseases such as glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, myeloma, chronic renal failure, etc. Also, the protein in the urine can increase for a short time due to the breakdown of tissues in the body - with extensive injuries, burns and myocardial infarction.

It is interesting!
In rare cases, protein in the urine is due to physiological proteinuria. Most often, it is diagnosed in soldiers (“marching proteinuria”), in adolescents (“orthostatic proteinuria”), and in people who have experienced severe stress or hypothermia. If on the eve of the OAM, you spent the whole day on your feet, it is better to transfer the analysis to another date.

Microscopic indicators

At the end of the analysis, urine is examined under a microscope. In it, shaped elements can be found - red blood cells and white blood cells, as well as epithelial cells from the urinary tract, sediment and cylinders - altered cells that appear in some pathological conditions.

Red blood cells in the general analysis of urine indicate urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, kidney tuberculosis, excretory system tumors, hypertension, poisoning and other dangerous health problems. A large number of white blood cells implies an inflammatory reaction. Flat epithelial cells (up to 5 in the field of view) are observed normally, but a significant amount of transitional or renal epithelium indicates a malfunction of the kidneys or bladder.

Cylinders - casts of the renal tubules - contain various substances, and by their composition the doctor will determine what causes the appearance of such abnormal inclusions. Typically, cylinders appear in a general urine test for kidney disease, high blood pressure, fever, and amyloidosis. Urine salt crystals indicate urolithiasis, kidney stones, or gout. Bacteria and yeast in OAM should not be. Their identification is an occasion for consultation with a therapist or nephrologist.

It is easy to notice that a general analysis of urine allows us to draw conclusions not only about the condition of the kidneys, bladder and other organs of the excretory system, but also provides valuable information about other possible abnormalities in the body. Therefore, be attentive to the results of such a study - even without any symptoms of the disease, it will allow you to start treatment for a hidden pathology in time.

Where can I pass urine for a general analysis?

A general urine test is performed in most public medical institutions with a therapeutic profile and in private laboratories. Analyzes in the clinic are taken in the direction of the doctor - he will write it out if you are sick or if you are being examined as part of a medical examination. But if you can’t adjust your schedule to the operating conditions of the hospital laboratory, try to take OAM at least once a year in a private organization - during a professional examination or on your own initiative.

For example, one of the most famous and reliable laboratories in Russia and the CIS countries is. Here, business people are treated with understanding, therefore, for those patients who are not able to bring tests for research in the morning, special conditions are created. Turning to the network of independent laboratories INVITRO, you can count on the high quality of the reagents used and the reliability of the results. For regular customers of the company a system of discounts.

A person in his life has to take several tests several times. So, the most popular type of research is the study of urine. This is what will be discussed in this article. You will learn what a urinalysis can show and how to decipher the results. It is also worth mentioning about the pathologies that this examination most often reveals.

Analysis of urine

To begin with, it is worth saying that there are several ways to explore this material. The most common is general. If the result does not satisfy the doctor, then additional studies may be prescribed: bacteriological examination, daily examination, test according to Zimnitsky and others.

Urine test results: transcript

How to recognize the obtained data after the study? Of course, it is worth considering the norms of the laboratory. It does not matter what kind of study was conducted. Normal values \u200b\u200bshould always be indicated. It is worth noting that different laboratories have different standards. If your results fall within the proposed range, then the health of the body is normal. In the case when a poor urinalysis (result) is obtained, then additional studies of this material are necessary.

Consider what should be the results of a urinalysis (decoding) in a normal state.

Urine volume

This indicator should be in the range from 500 to 2000 milliliters. It is worth noting that the study of daily volume is rather rare. There are direct indications for this (most often kidney disease).

For standard analysis, you must pass from 100 to 200 milliliters. This is considered a normal amount of material.

Material color

First, transparency is determined. In the event that the material is cloudy or has an impurity in the form of flakes, you will most likely have a poor urine test.

Color is also determined. In normal condition, it should be light yellow or amber.

Smell

This indicator should be without features. Most often, urine has an aromatic, unsharp smell. In this case, the word “norm” is indicated on the form. Various unpleasant impurities indicate the presence of pathology.

Urine pH

A urinalysis table indicates that this indicator should be in the range from 5 to 8. A decrease or increase in acidity may indicate a pathology of the urinary tract.

Detailed data

Also during the study, additional data is revealed. The results in this case are as follows:

• white blood cells range from 1 to 4 units;
• erythrocytes are determined by no more than two;
• cylinders may not be detected at all or may be in a minimum quantity;
• protein, bacteria and impurities are absent.

A detailed analysis is carried out using a microscope. Lab technician takes one milliliter of urine and examines it.

What can a urinalysis (pathology) show?

After receiving the result, there may be two options. Performance can be completely normal. In this case, the person is recognized as healthy. Deviations from the norm, which indicate various pathologies, can also be detected. So, what can a urinalysis show? Most often, deviations from normal values \u200b\u200bindicate diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Infection

A large number of white blood cells and red blood cells indicates infection. Also in this case, nitrites and cylinders are detected, which in the normal state should not be at all.

A decrease in urine output per day may indicate any infection. In this case, most often we are talking about dehydration, which occurred due to a certain ailment. Such pathologies include influenza, a viral disease accompanied by fever, alcohol abuse and other diseases.

What can urinalysis show when an unusual color of the material or its clouding is observed? Most often, this phenomenon indicates inflammation of the bladder or urinary tract. Also, a material with a cloudy tint can acquire if it is kept in a container for a long time.

The bright red color of the material indicates bleeding from the urinary tract. In this case, cystitis is most often diagnosed. A bluish tint indicates the attachment of a bacterial infection. However, such an indicator can be detected in the case of the use of certain drugs. That is why it is worth giving up drugs two days before the test.

What can a urinalysis show in case of an unpleasant odor? Most often, this phenomenon indicates a urinary tract infection. A foreign odor may also occur if the material is stored for a long time.

Kidney disease

The presence of this pathology is also evidenced by the presence of various pathologies of the kidneys, the number of leukocytes increases, many cylinders and red blood cells are found.

A dark red or burgundy shade of urine can be observed with inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis or glomerulo-nephritis). Sometimes a certain food gives such a shade: beets or carrots.

A bacterial study can also be said about kidney disease, as a result of which a large growth of microorganisms is detected.

Diabetes

If nitrite and glucose are detected in the test material, diabetes is suspected. However, this diagnosis cannot be made only by the results of one urinalysis.

Suspicion of such a disease also occurs when an excess of daily urine is detected. In this case, the kidneys do a lot of work, distilling huge volumes of material daily.

Summarizing

So, now you know what kind of decoding for urine analysis in adults. It is worth noting that the results of the study of the material of the child can vary significantly. What is normal for a baby may be a pathology for an adult.

If you receive a bad test result, do not panic and immediately begin serious treatment. Perhaps you should retake the analysis. Often there are times when the result is affected by the diet and lifestyle of a person. Also, improper material collection can give false health data.

Conclusion

Have your urine tested as your doctor recommends. This study is very simple and quick, but it can tell about many deviations in the body. If necessary, you will be assigned additional, more detailed studies. Keep your health under control and don't get sick!

Urine is a biological fluid that is a saturated solution that forms in the kidneys. With urine, end products of metabolism, salts, excess water, some hormones, enzymes, and vitamins are removed from the body. Clinical analysis is prescribed for initial diagnosis during examination of a patient with any diagnosis, with diseases of the genitourinary system (cystitis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis), with infectious diseases, metabolic disorders. It is carried out with a suspicion of diabetes mellitus, to control the treatment. Healthy people are advised to do this analysis once or twice a year.

Since some products (for example, carrots, beets) can stain urine, they should not be eaten for 24 hours before the material is taken.

For analysis, morning urine is used. You need to stop taking diuretics (diuretics), which change the amount, specific gravity  and pH of urine excreted. The menstrual period is a relative restriction. Before collecting material, it is necessary to perform a hygienic toilet of the external genital organs. The first portion of urine should not get into the container for the material. A small amount should be released into the toilet, after which, without interrupting urination, it is necessary to collect the material.

The desired volume of urine for analysis is 100-150 ml. Dishes for collecting material should be dry and clean, if it is poorly washed, urine becomes cloudy and becomes alkaline. You need to wash the jar well, and then boil or hold it over steam for 15 minutes. You can purchase a special container for collecting urine at the pharmacy for these purposes. The collected material must be delivered to the laboratory within one to two hours, it must be stored in a cold place.

The norm of indicators of a clinical analysis of urine

Red blood cells may be present in the urine - 0-1 (in the field of view) for