Tyutchev is a poet and diplomat, a fighter with Russophobia. Was famous Russian poet F.I. Tyutchev diplomat? How many years spent tutechev on diplomatic work

Diplomatic career F.I. Tyutcheva had a long and thorny path. In February 1822, Fyodor Ivanovich took the state collegium of foreign affairs to the provincial secretary. Alexander Ivanovich Osterman Tolstoy recommended by F.I. Tyutchev as an overwhelmed official at the Russian embassy in Bavaria. Count Vorontsov-Dashkov wrote that a new attache came to him and, in spite of a small amount of work, the Count will try to make the young Mr. Tyutchev with benefit.

It is worth noting that at the beginning of the 20s, Bavaria did not have much importance in international political life, so the Munich mission did not particularly have any work. Its basic function was informational. At first, Fyodor Ivanovich wrote various diplomatic papers under dictation, then he was the deposit of more serious content. Three years later, F.I. Tyutchev raised to camera-junker. This position implied a certain status in the highest light, but for official growth, it did not play any role. Enhance F.I. Tyutchev for the service took place at the new after - I. A. Potemkin. The time of ministry at the column was for F. I. Tyutchev most fruitful and successful.

Young Fedor Ivanovich and Count Potemkin loved discussing the issues of Russian and European politics, as well as possible tasks that have stood before the representation of Russia in Bavaria. There was a friendly relations between the head and subordinates. F.I. Tyutchev always knew how to find contact with people, his sharp and alive mind attracted and could not leave indifferent. It was this that Fedor Ivanovich moved along the career ladder of the diplomat. Later I.A. Potemkin recommended F.I. Tyutchev to the post of Second Secretary in Mission.

Fedor Ivanovich himself in the letters to his family recognized that the service was not easy for him. For official duties, the poet approached a somewhat different angle than it was required. Perhaps this is why F.I. Tyutchev did not reach any high position in diplomacy. The position of the Second Secretary was not valued, the salary was small. Next enhance F.I. Tyutchev was somewhat delayed and only in the summer of 1833 Fedor Ivanovich received the rank of collegiate assessor. So slow career growth can be explained by the fact that places in the embassies were rarely freed and were strictly limited. After changing the leadership of the case of Fedor Ivanovich, went worse. In place I.A. Potemkin prescribed G.I. Gagarin, the person is strict and closed. Despite a serious business trip to Greece, F. I. Tyutchev was practically removed from the service for two years. The new ambassador was alien character and manner of Fyodor Ivanovich. His rapidness and simplicity strained G.I. Gagarin. Grigory Ivanovich Unlike I.A. Potemkin was less conversation and friendly. He never distinguished society and was always serious about his work. All sorts of jokes and reloading angry it.

Despite tense relations with the ambassador, it is during this period F.I. Tyutchev appointed an important order - negotiations with the Government of the New Greek Kingdom. Today, we have little about the negotiation procedure, however, a composed of the Tyutchev deppendacle shows the attitude of the poet itself to diplomacy and its mechanisms. The document was written ironic form, very sharply displaying the situation between countries. Instead of official terms F.I. Tyutchev uses various epithets and metaphors. It is in this document that you can trace a special form of presentation by F.I. Tyutchev. The dispatch did not include a dry set of scientific terms, at the same time it objectively displays the situation. For example, Greece Fyodor Ivanovich called the "elected baby", and the king of Ottone "Evil Fee", which has fallen into a young monarchy. In a very peculiar form of presentation, F.I. Tyutchev quite clearly expressed his thought about the fact that the Greek ministry would have moved to Munich from Nazneu, as it would reduce English influence on Greece. Unfortunately, the deposte was not destined to go to Petersburg, because G.I. Gagarina such a form of presentation seemed to be frozen and not carrying any deep meaning.

Fyodor Ivanovich understood that his activity practically does not give his fruit. His career growth was extremely slow and stopped almost at the very beginning. From the superstand attache F.I. Tyutchev was recommended in the second secretaries. In this position, he remained until the end of his service in Munich. In his eyes, the colleagues on the contrary were constantly increased, new appointments and promotion. Despite the fact that things became worse, F.I. Tyutchev could not yet afford to move to Russia. He believed that in St. Petersburg will not be able to find a worthy deal of activity, which would be assessed by dignity. And without the possibility of feeding yourself and provide funds to the existence of F.I. Tyutchev did not decrease to return home.

Aggravated the situation event in the personal life of F.I. Tyutchev. Fyodor Ivanovich began a novel with Ernistina Dernberg. Soon all the secular society learned about his intrigue. This is exactly what worsened the position of F.I. Tyutchev in diplomacy. Due to the fact that this scandal lay the dark spot to the ministry, Gagarin wrote a letter to St. Petersburg with a request to transfer Mr. Tyutchev from Munich. In the spring of 1836, Fedor Ivanovich left his family to Russia. The poet was only 33 years old and a lot more awaited him ahead, but the diplomatic service in Bavaria ended for him forever. F. I. Tyutchev never managed to build a brilliant career in Germany.

At the end of September 1844, F.I. Tyutchev returned to Petersburg with his wife and two children from the second marriage. After half a year, the poet was returned to the rank of chamber. Fyodor Ivanovich conducted a total of 22 years abroad. During this time, he only came to his homeland for a short time. Diplomatic career F.I. Tyutchev was not quite successful and not as fast as the poet would like. For his diplomatic activity of F.I. Tyutchev acquired the necessary acquaintances, who further helped him in journalistic activities. Fyodor Ivanovich always conscientiously fulfilled the instructions of the authorities. To become a great diplomat, he prevented a poetic mind and love for freedom of action. F. I. Tyutchev has always been sincerely interested in diplomacy and relations between Russia with other countries, it dedicated his journalistic articles. In the moments of F.I. Tyutchev worked for the fate of the Motherland and tried to help her in a way.

"I love the storm in early May,
when spring first thunder,
As it were, begging and playing,
Rinsing in the sky blue. "

But the contemporaries of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev knew him mainly like talented diplomat, Publicist and a witty person whose acute aphorisms were transmitted from mouth to mouth.

For example: "All attempts to political speeches in Russia are equivalent to the efforts to carve fire from a piece of soap."

In February 1822, the eighteen-year-old Fyodor Tyutchev was enrolled in the service of the State Foreign Affairs College in the rank of provincial secretary. Looking at him, Alexander Ivanovich Osterman-Tolstoy recommended him to the post of an overwhelming official of the Russian embassy in Bavaria and, since he himself was going abroad, he decided to take Fedor to Munich in his carriage.

Fyodor Tyutchev arrived in Germany at the end of June 1822 and lived here in a total of about two decades. In Bavaria, he meets many figures of the German culture of that time, primarily with Friedrich Schiller and Heinrich Heine.

In 1838, Fyodor Ivanovich goes to Turin as part of the Russian diplomatic mission.

Later in a letter, Vyazemsky Tyutchev will noted: "A very large inconvenience of our position is that we are forced to call Europe something that should never have another name, except for our own: civilization. That's what the source of endless delusions and inevitable misunderstandings. That's what our concepts distorts ... However, I am more and more convinced that everything that could do and could give us peaceful imitation of Europe, - all this we have already received. True, it's very little. "

By 1829, Tyutchev was formed as a diplomat and tried to implement his own diplomatic project. In that year, Greece received autonomy, which led to the exacerbation of the struggle between Russia and England for influence on her. Later, Tyutchev will write:

For a long time on the basis of European,
Where the lie so magnificently rummaged,
For a long time, the science of Phariseesian
Double truth was created.

Since in just an emerging Greek state, constant clashes of various forces took place, it was decided to invite a king from the "neutral" country. Ottone was elected to this role - the very young son of the Bavarian king.

One of the ideologues of such a way to restore Greek statehood was the rector of Munich University of Friedrich Tirsch. Tyutchev and Tirsche jointly developed a plan for which the new kingdom had to be under the auspices of Russia, which made much more than anyone, for the liberation of Greece.

However, the policy held by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Nesselrod led to the fact that Otton became, in fact, English puppet. In May, 1850 Tyutchev wrote:

No, my dwarf! Coward unprecedented!
You, like either begging, no matter how
His soul meld
Do not seduce the holy rus ...

And ten years later, Fedor Ivanovich will notice with bitterness: "See, with what reckless hasty, we are a bit of reconciliation of powers that can come to the agreement only to turn against us. And why such an oversight? Because so far we We did not learn to distinguish our "I" from our "not me."

As before it, neither come, gentlemen,
You do not get recognized from Europe:
In her eyes you will always
Do not servants of enlightenment, but chop.

For a long time, the diplomatic career Tyutchev was not quite successful. On June 30, 1841, he was dismisted from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the pretext of a long "non-profit from vacation" and deprived of the chamber's title. The pretext was purely formal, the genuine reason was the divergence of Tyutchev in views on European policies with the leadership of the Ministry, the doctor of historical sciences Victoria Herevrolina believes.

Fyodor Ivanovich will write about it later: "Great crises, great punishments usually occur not when the lawlessness is brought to the limit when it reigns and manages the fulfillment of strength and shamelessness. No, the explosion is struggling for the most part at the first timid attempt to return to good, With the first sincere, perhaps, but insecure and incommodify the prolongation to the necessary correction. "

After his dismissal from the post of senior secretary of the Russian Mission in Turin Tyutchev, for several years continued to remain in Munich.

At the end of September 1844, having lived abroad for about 22 years, Tyutchev and his wife and two children from Munich moved to St. Petersburg, and after six months he was again credited to the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Then the poet was returned to the poet and the title of Chamber, reminds Victoria Herevrolina.

He managed to become the closest associate and the chief advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Gorchakov. From the very beginning of the entry of Gorchakov in this position in 1856, he invited Tyutchev to himself. Many historians believe that the basic diplomatic decisions that Gorchakov took, to one degree or another suggested by Tyutchev.

Including the famous diplomatic victory after Russia's defeat in the Crimean War in 1856. Then, according to the Parisian peace treaty, Russia was severely trimmed in the Rights in the Crimea, and Gorchakov managed to restore the status quo, and he went down in history, notes the doctor of historical sciences Victoria Herevrolina.

For many years, Tyutchev who lived in Western Europe, of course, could not not reflect on the fate of Russia and its relationship with the West. He wrote about this several articles, worked on the treatise "Russia and the West". He highly appreciated the success of Western civilization, but did not think that Russia could follow this path. Putting forward the idea of \u200b\u200bO. moral sense History, morality of power, criticized Western individualism. Soviet poet Yakov Helemsky will write about Tyutchev:

And in life were Munich and Paris,
Ensured Schelling, Unforgettable Heine.
But everything attracted to the intensure and the burden,
The gums always experienced on the Rhine.

Colleague in the diplomatic service Prince Ivan Gagarin wrote: "Wealth, honors and the most glory had little attractiveness for him. The biggest, deepest pleasure for him was to be present on the spectacle, which is deployed in the world, with unrelenting curiosity to follow all his changes."

Tyutchev himself in the letter Vyazemsky noticed: "There is, I know, between us people who say that we have nothing to know, but in this case the only thing that should be done is to stop exist, and meanwhile , I think no one adheres to such an opinion ... "

From the book V.V. Pokhlebkin "Foreign Policy of Russia, Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts. Issue 1.

The regular Tom dedicated to the Russian path of the Russian path of the Russian Poet, a Philosopher, a diplomat, and the patriot of Russia F.I. Tyutchev. The main value of this publication is that here, for the first time, is made, an attempt to systematize all critical literature on the poet

Tyutchev: Poet, diplomat, philosopher, citizen

F.I. Tyutchev: Pro et Contra Cost., Intr. Article and comment. K.G. ISUPOVA. - SPb.: Rhgi, 2005. - 1038c. - Russian Path.

Another Tom who came out in the Russian path series, dedicated to the outstanding Russian poet, a political philosopher, a diplomat, a citizen and patriot of Russia F.I. Tyutchev (1803-1873), largely completes numerous editions dedicated to the 200th anniversary of his birth. Among the publications of this period, a complete academic collected works in 6 volumes can be distinguished, as well as the publication of "poems" ("Progress Pleiad, 2004), who recently released on the eve of the 200th anniversary of F.I. Tyutchev. This edition, it allows To understand the value of the Russian poet, which he really had both for Russian and for world culture.

The main value of this publication is that here for the first time is made, an attempt to systematize all critical literature on the poet, to present the ideas of Tyutchev most fully: as a poet-romance, a philosopher, publicist, a diplomat, a public figure. This topic was devoted to large presented in the publication. Some texts, such as article I.S. Aksakova "F.I. Tyutchev and his article" Roman question and papacy "and some other, previously lowered for researchers, are presented in this edition. Works I.S. Aksakova" F.I. Tyutchev and his article "Roman question and papacy", L.I. Lviv, G.V. Florovsky, D.I. Chizhevsky, L.P. Grossman, V.V. Vadle, B.K. Zaitseva, B.A. Phillippova, M. Roslavlev, B.N. Tarasova showing Tyutchev, not only as a poet, but also the original philosopher, diplomat, publicist and public figure.

At the end of the publication, the maximum full bibliography is presented, research literature that allows the researcher F.I. Tyutchev fully explore his heritage and fully present it in the cultural and public life of Russia of the XIX century.

In the introductory article, a lot of attention was paid to the topic "Tyutchev, romanticism, politics, aesthetics of history." The author of the introductory article K.G. Issuov rightly notes: "Romanticism creates a tragic philosophy of philosophy and aesthetics of history. It is based on three postulates: 1) History is part of nature (...); 2) History - quite empirical, but Providential on the plan performance, Divine Mystery ("History is an obvious Mystery of the Divine Kingdom"); 3) History is art ("historical there is ... some kind of symbolic" "(the thoughts of the German philosopher-romance F.V. Schelling, follower, especially in his youth, was . And. Tyutchev).

The personality in the world of Tyutchev is designed to complete the embodiment of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe metaphysical unity of space and history. History, for the Russian poet, there is a self-knowledge of nature, contributing to the life of Cosmos events and teleology. In the world of history and in Space Tyutchev, general features were found: both are subject to disasters, both entertainment, there is evil in the whole brilliance of necrotic aggression.

Mythology "History as a theater of characters" Tyutchev deeped with Schelling. In the story itself, the Russian poet rightly believes, there was no situation when the plan of the world performance would have found an adequate performer. Applicants for this role are the emperors of Rome, Karl Great, Napoleon, Nicholas I - Critics Tyutchev can not withstand. The reason for this inconsistency of the director of the execution of ontological order: a lie reigns in the world. "Lies, the evil lies crushed all the minds, and the whole world became embodied by the lie." Fedor Ivanovich Antithesis Pravda and Krivdy, wisdom and tricks with the left side are associated with Russia, and right - with the West. From his point of view, the world of West elects adventurism as a type of behavior and produces false ("cunning") forms of statehood: "You do not know that Lessette for the tricks of human: / Il Babylonian pillar of German unity, or the French desire of the Republican Sly Stroy."

In general, the political ideas of Tyutchev are largely unique, and for the Russian thought of the XIX century. He is far from the soil catastrophesis of the first "philosophical letter" P.Ya. Chaadaeva and from the open Rusophilism of the Aksakov and Kireevsky brothers and M.P. Pusher. In the Tyutchev philosophy of history, according to the author of the introductory article, the author of the introductory article is combined, two with difficulty combined among themselves, ideas: 1) the past of the West is burdened by historical mistakes, and the past of Russia - historical guilt; 2) Shocking, which Tyutchev's modernity is experiencing, create a situation of historical catharsis, in which Russia and the West in new altitudes of self-knowledge are capable of entering consistent unity.

Here it is necessary to clarify that many Tyutchev things are saturated with contrasting contexts of such concepts as Russia, Europe, West, East, North, South, etc. Geopolitical filling of these words, like the semantics of the world cities, have a minimum of two sides: Petersburg can think of them as "East" regarding Western Europe, but as "Europe" regarding Constantinople; Rome in the literal and figurative sense will be "East" for Paris (just like N.V. Gogol in the sketch "Rome" (1842)), but "West" for Moscow; In the semantic orbit "Moscow" will include the names of the Slavic capitals; Rus and Poland were closer to "Kiev and Tsargrad" than to Moscow and St. Petersburg.

From this point of view, Tyutchev not without irony referred to a fierce dispute of supporters of St. Petersburg and Muscovites and not so sharply opposed the two Russian capitals, as Slavophiles did, N.M. Languages.

On the one hand, he was a tireless propaganda of Slavic Unity, the author of the popular "at the courtyard of two emperors" monarchical projects of addressing the Eastern Question, on the other - the man of Western culture having two wives of German aristocratic surnames. On the one hand, the defender from the censored persecution of their father-in-law and Slavophila I.S. Aksakov, and on the other: "Where is yours doubtful, Holy Russia, life progress." On the one hand, a deep Orthodox publicist, and on the other hand, the following lines write: "I love Lutheran I love." On the one hand, Western European spirit and time, on the other hand, the indulcator of the papacy.

In addition, equal to the love of Moscow, Munich, St. Petersburg, Venice, he loved Kiev, considering this city "Spring History", where he believes, is "Arena", predefined Russia "Great Future" (which fully confirms US Policy on the creation hostile outpost (Ukraine) directed against Russia). In essence, there is a rather strange aberration: Tyutchev is trying to see Russia in the West and vice versa.

Thus, the plan of history, with all its providential opacity, relies with Fedor Ivanovich on good. But, reducing in the actions of people, it is fatal for them to turn into evil. In one place, he writes the following: "There is a fatal law in the history of human societies ... Great crises, great karas usually occur when the lawlessness is brought to the limit when it reigns, manages insulating evil and shamelessness. No, the explosion Most of the first attempt to return to good, with the first sincere ... excitement to the necessary correction. Then the Louis of the sixteenth are paid for the Louis of the Fifteenth and Louis of the Fourteenths "(if you turn to Russian history, then for the" Europeanization "of Peter I responded Nicholas II ).

All world history in Tyutchev is aware of the romantic categories of rock, revenge, curse, sin, guilt, redemption and salvation, i.e. Characteristic of Christian world view. Especially interesting in this regard, the attitude of Tyutchev to the papacy and specifically to the dad. All the energy of the publicist wrapped Tyutchev to the Dogmat on the infallibility of the Pope, which was proclaimed by the Vatican Cathedral. In verses and in prose, Tyutchev, the Roman theme is painted in the tone of chill. From Rome Sleeping in Historical Selflessness, the capital of Italy turns into a source of incomplete sinfulness, to "Unfortunate Rome", triumphant its wrongful ones in the "infallibility of sinful". "New Bogochovel" acquires in Tyutchev who loving unexpected comparisons, the barbaric Asian nickname: "Vatican Dalai Lama". Thus, in the light of Italian history as the "Eternal Wrestling of the Italian Anti-Barbara" Pope Piya IX turns out to be "east of the" East "itself.

Tyutchev is constantly waiting for a "political performance." So, bored in Turin in 1837, he will say that the existence of it is "deprived of all the enseeration and seems to me a bad performance." "Providence," he says elsewhere, "acting as a great artist, tells us here one of their most striking theatrical effects."

Actually, attitude to the world as a game, the thing is not new and is not only characteristic of Tyutchev (it has a long-standing philosophical tradition since Heraclita and Plato). Tyutchev based on the philosophy of German romantics, transforms it into the image of a total hypocrite. Here, the philosophy of history itself becomes the philosophy of sacrificial choice between evil smaller and evil big. In this context, Tyutchev's fate of Russia and the prospect of Slavs are understandable.

According to Tyutchev, Europe makes the way from Christ to Antichrist. His results: Dad, Bismarck, Paris Commune. But when Tyutchev calls Dad "Non-clear", Bismarck - the embodiment of the spirit of the nation, and in February 1854 it writes the following: "Red will save us," he lists all the catastrophic contexts of his history philosophy and turns it into the author's "Dialectics of History". On the dialectical opposition of the historical process, such poems are built as "December 14, 1825" (1826) and "two voices" (1850). They, as it were, the right to the historical initiative contrary to the fatal irreversibility of the stroke of history.

Tyutchev believes that the Russian history and forms of domestic statehood are in a tragic contradiction with the forms of national historical self-knowledge. "The first condition of all progress," he said P.A. Vyazemsky, - there is a self-knowledge. " From here - the consequences of the gap between the postpeople past and the present. So explained, for example, Sevastopol catastrophe: the error of the emperor "was only the fatal consequence of a completely false direction given long before him the fate of Russia." False ideology is generated by false power and mystifies life as such. In a letter to A.D. Fornogo, he wrote the following: "... Power in Russia - such as her own who had passed its full gap with the country and its historical past - (...) This government does not recognize and does not allow other rights other than its (. ..) Power in Russia in reality (...). "

Further, in reflections about Russia as "civilization" (its carrier is the pro-European "public", i.e. not an authentic people, and the fake under it "is opposed to" culture ", but a real (ie, a folk history):" That kind of civilization, which was attracted by this unfortunate country, the fatal way led to two consequences: the perversion of instincts and the dullness or destruction of the reason. This applies only to the science of Russian society, which changes himself to civilization, to the public - for life is people, life is not yet I woke up in the masses of the population. "The same thing that the educated society considers culture in fact, in fact, it is its entropy restriction - civilization, and the secondary imitative (like K. Leontyev). He was directly said about this in a letter to P.A. . Vyazemsky: "... We are forced to call Europe something that should never have another name, except for their own: civilization - that's what our concepts distorts. I'm more and more convinced that everything that could do and could give World imitation of Europe, - all we have already received. True, it is very few. It did not break the ice, but only covered its layer of moss, which simply imitates vegetation. "

It is better not to say. We are still in that position, which so brilliantly described Tyutchev (even worse, because every year degenerate and destroy).

This publication is an important point in the process of meeting the entire material about Tyutchev. Unfortunately, only the first compilation was released, I would like to wish to publish the other Tom, with other texts about Tyutchev and his role in Russian culture. We hope that this edition will give the necessary impulse in the future work, in the previously forgotten, over the recreation of a more complete scientific apparatus on such a beautiful person and a Russian citizen, which F.I. Tyutchev.

http://www.pravaya.ru/idea/20/9900

Will we start learning children of Fedor Tyutchev's poetry? And is it possible to teach this? And what remains in our memory after this vaccination in elementary school, except:
"I love the storm in early May,
When spring first thunder ... ",
And far from each of us returns after it to his poetry.
But not about poetry, I want to say today, but about diplomacy, history, philosophy, the phenomena of so connected among themselves, that the exact boundaries of separating one from another to determine seem to be impossible.
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was a Russian diplomat. Since 1822, he began his service in Munich "Over the state", after six years he became the younger secretary of the diplomatic mission, and served under the start of Count I.A. Potemkin, who estimated its outstanding abilities. They discussed the issues of Russian and pan-European politics, and this was the main interest in his diplomatic activities for young Tyutchev. Between the head and subordinate, a friendly attachment arose, and when the ambassador was translated from Bavaria, Tyutchev said, apparently, with bitter joke: "From the side of the vice-chancellor, sin separating two hearts, as if created for each other."
In the spring of 1836, Tyutchev with his family returns to Russia. The title of chamber-junker and belonging to the diplomatic corps, aristocratic connections, and most importantly - the mind attracted the highest society to him.
Tyutchev belongs to his poetic creativity of Tyutchev - often loses written, probably underestimating him. Issues of politics take it more. He enriched in world historical experience, he makes its evaluation of events in Russia against the background of world history.
From 1844 Tyutchev serves as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and lives in St. Petersburg, from 1858. He is the chairman of the Committee for Foreign Censorship. In society, his favorite theme of conversations (or this is connected with interest in his opinion) - foreign policy. Tyutchev clearly affects the minds of the Higher Russian Society. He brings his opinions to Alexander II, writes the political and philosophical treatise "Russia and the West", which, unfortunately, remains unfinished.
Speaking for the Christian humility of his people, at the same time he wrote about his readiness for offensive activities. His political ideas indicate his concern about the fate of the Motherland. However, he was spiritually connected with the European culture, and the modern philosophy. The subject of European thought was his subject. He saw Europe more free than Russia.
Shortly before his death, he wrote about the "deification" of the personality:
"All this is human will, erected in something absolute and dominant, in the highest and unconditional law. So it is manifested in political parties for which their personal interest and successful fulfillment of their destiny are above all other considerations. So it begins to manifest itself in the politics of the government, in this policy of extremes, which, pursuing its goals, does not stop any obstacles, it does not spare anyone and does not neglect any means to achieve its goals ... Only when they are completely convinced in the presence of this item may be It is more accurate to determine the consequences ... these consequences can be incommensuned for the whole world ... It can lead Europe to unprecedented in the world history of the state of barbarism that admits all other enslavers. "

Reviews

Strange thing - Life! .. Turgenev, Fet, Dostoevsky considered Tyutchev one of the greatest vertices of Russian poetry, Lion Tolstoy put him even above Pushkin, and in his entire lives I met only one person who appreciated him; And he, or rather, she taught me to appreciate the poet! .. And "know" the same Tyutchev approximately like this: somehow the fans of the famous "bards" once defeated me, part-time slaughter tramping on the guitars, I blurted out: "Actually, my favorite poet - Tyutchev! .." Eyes hatched on me, looked around and asked: "And in what group he sings!?" That's so he is known in Russia Great ...
I was glad to meet the second person who appreciates Fedor Ivanovich, I wish him all the best and success in life!
With respect - Nikoli

Andrei Ranchin. Fyodor Tyutchev: State Service of the Poet, Publicist and Studies // Public Service,

2014, №4 (90)

Andrei Ranchin,doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Moscow state University them. M.V. Lomonosov and the International Institute of Public Service and the Office of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Service under the President of the Russian Federation (119991, Moscow, Lenin Mountains, d. 1; 119571, Moscow, Vernadsky Avenue, 82, p. 1). E-mail: [Email Protected]
Annotation: The article discusses the diplomatic and censor service of the famous Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutcheva (1803-1873), as well as its publicistic and historic essays whose publication was supported by the Russian government. The diplomatic career Tyutchev undoubtedly testifies that it was not born for civil service - non-execution and disregard for its responsibilities, they were absolutely unacceptable on this field. But the diplomatic service in Western Europe, especially in Germany, attracted him and for another reason - Tyutchev in the warehouse of character and in habits was extremely European and was rooted in German culture. But the successful promotion of Tyutchev in service, starting from the mid-1840s, was connected with his discovered by the talent of a political publicist at this time. At the same time, on the same service, he also showed education, and a rare mind (and these qualities were manifested, probably not so much when drawing up a Tyutchev, he himself wrote some of the documents, - how much in oral conversations.) His historic ideas found an expression as in political articles and in verses. Tyutchev historosophy was fed by the ideas of German idealistic philosophy, primarily of the shellingism. But the shellingism was also a nutritious source of Tyutchevian natural philosophy - lyrics dedicated to nature and man as her broken particle. The imperial historosophy of Tyutchev wore a very deep and not official in nature.
Keywords:diplomatic activities, political journalism, historosophy and poetry.

After the end of the Imperial Moscow University, Fyodor Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service: such a choice was traditional for the informant nobleman in the event that he preferred civil, and not a military field. On May 13, 1822, Tyutchev received a very flattering appointment in a diplomatic mission in Munich - the capital of Bavaria, which was one of the most significant states of the German Union. The appointment took place due to the petition of the relative - Count A.I. Osterman-thick, which has been influenced in government circles [Dienesman, 2004. P. 6]. The very place that Tyutchev occupied, is the "excess state" official (or "freelance attache") was "more than modest." Indeed, the "freelance attache" was not part of the mission, and therefore, did not have any specific duties or a salary. Nevertheless, for an eighteen-year-old young man, barely descended from a student bench, such an appointment was considered great luck. It was assumed that the talent, diligence, the favor of the authorities and the happy case will help the young man to move on the service stairs and make a diplomatic career. In addition, the upcoming life in the Bavarian capital, located near France and Italy, promised the possibility of direct contact with the Western European culture, and maybe with its outstanding representatives, - justly notes T.G. Dienesman. Tyutchevsky acquaintance of university M.P. Pogodin responded to this appointment with the words: "Wonderful place!" [Dienesman, 2004. P. 6].

The stay of Tyutchev in Bavaria, let it indirectly, but very strongly influenced his poetic creativity: a deep reception of the German philosophical and poetic traditions, in particular, Henrich Geine's poetry [Tynyanov, 1977] is due not only to the philosophical and literary fashion in the then Russia, But also personal impressions of life in Germany. The service itself in Munich was not burdensome and did not have much importance from the point of view of Russia's foreign policy interests: "In the early 1820s, Bavaria did not play a particularly significant role in European political life; At the same time, Bavarian diplomacy was entirely focused on Russia. As a result, the Munich mission at that time almost did not have diplomatic tasks in the full sense of the word. In the extensive correspondence of the mission with the Foreign Affairs College for 1822-1827, there are actually no diplomatic problems. " The mission in Munich was mainly prepared by the deposit of a purely informational nature. There were only three staff members in the mission (Emergency Ambassador and Plenipotentiary Minister Count I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov, First Secretary of the Mission Mission Tormasov and Second Secretary Baron A.S. Gruzover), Freelance employees - Two (Tyutchev and Count G .A. Rzhevosky). The duties of Tyutchev included the rewriting of the Deposta raided and making copies for the mission archive. From January 1823 to the beginning of February 1824, he rewrote 110 documents. Later, up to October 1828, he was practically freed from the duties of the copyist (they were instructed to another employee): during this period, the future author of Cicero and " Latest Love"I rewrote only 15 papers [Dienesman, 2004. P. 8]. There was almost no real affairs, besides, the freelance attache of the Munich mission did not attend in the affairs of the service, as he was saying 1826. Destination to the place of service: Tyutchev received a four-month-to-one vacation for a trip to their homeland, but exceeded its duration more than doubled [Dienesman , 2004. P. 12]. The neglect of the service is explained, apparently, not only in this circumstance as almost a complete lack of real affairs, but also by the self-awareness of the poet, which considered the copying of the documents, a somewhat humiliating and felt its unnecessaries, "Supply": the talent of the intellectual and publicist, the brilliantly appeared later, not found incarnation.

The situation has changed only in 1828 after the appointment of the new Ambassador I.A. Potemkin, when the poet received the position of the Second Secretary of the Mission, until the vacant time for two years. He began to receive a salary, the truth is minor (800 rubles per year). It was the usual service promotion. Tyutchev received the rank of college secretary (Chin X Class on the table of ranks), relying automatically after a three-year service, and the right to the next Chin, which was appointed after the expiration of the second three-year period. A more significant success was to obtain the court title of chamber-junker.

Under the command of the new ambassador, Tyutchev has already performed more serious instructions. In November 1828, an article "Letter from Constantinople" was published in the Bavarian newspaper "Augsburger Allgemeine", which contained the sharp criticism of the Russian foreign policy and actions of the Russian troops who lead war with Turkey. Bavarian king, invariably adhered to the pro-Russian line, signed a rescript with strict sanctions against the newspaper. About this event, Potemkin hurried to inform the head of the College of Foreign Affairs of Count K.V. Nesselrod, who was sent to the translation of the royal rescript into French; The translator was Tyutchev.

With Potemkin, Tyutchev felt easily and did not feel might. This was not the new Messenger Prince G.I. Gagarin, who arrived in Munich at the end of May 1833. The wife of Tyutcheva Eleanor wrote her husband's brother about the new boss: "There is something dry and cold in his severity, which wounds doubly at the position in which we are in relation to it are located<… \u003e. You know the temper of your brother; I'm afraid, such a manner to keep spoil their relationship; mutual constraint and coldness, arising once, will make further convergence impossible. This perspective leads me to despair<…> You yourself know - if Theodore is credited or prejudified, he is not his own; His stretched and offended appearance, his bright phrases or gloomy silence - everything distorts his usual entry, and I understand that he produces an unpleasant impression. Consequently, this is a mutual circle<… \u003e "[Contemporaries about Tyutchev, 1984. P. 188-189].

Fears turned out to be partly exaggerated: the wife was even able to achieve for Tyutchev an increase in its annual salary for 200 rubles. In September 1833, Tyutchev was entrusted with a responsible diplomatic mission - he had to go to the son of the Bavarian King Ludwig Otton, who occupied the Greek throne, and to assist his outlined marriage with one of the French princesses. Tyutchev was supposed to transfer the letter to the king of the excitement of his father, condemning these matrimonial plans. The trip was prepared in a big secret. The Russian government Alliance was very disturbed, as the political union could follow him. Nicholas I of the French king Louis Philippe, who came to power due to the revolution of 1830, despised. Serious was that France in recent years spent hostile to the government of Nicholas I line: Most recently, it threatened to support Poles, raised in 1830-1831 to an uprising for independence from Russia.

True, it soon turned out that the King Otton does not seek the marriage union with the French Siser. However, the campaign was not canceled. In September-October 1833, Tyutchev visited Greece, but did not catch the King of Ocelon in the then Greek capital of the city of Priplia, where he had to be. Then he tried to find him in another city - Patras. Ludwig Bavarian letter left unbelievable. Tyutchev hastily left Greece, not even waiting when the Bavarian Messenger in the Greek King will give him a report for his king Ludwig: he sailed to Trieste with the first passing ship - ships from Greece to Trieste were rare, and the Russian diplomat did not want to wait long. The trip was unsafe: On the way from Trieste to Greece, the ship fell into the storm, on the way back the Tyutchev almost fell ill cholera in Trieste. The Tyutchev's mission was failed, but the reasons for the failure to fulfill the assignment remain unpassed.

Failed, but quite otherwise, it turned out to be another order - draw up a note on the political situation in Greece. Tychechev's note on the content was quite serious text, but this content turned out to be clothed in an invalid poetic form: "The magic fairy tales sometimes depict the wonderful cradle around which the genius-patrons of the newborn are going around. After they give the favorite infant with the most benefactor, inevitably, the fairy is inevitable, who has some detrimental witchcraft, having a property of destroying or spoil those shiny gifts, who have just trembled his friendly forces. Such is approximately the history of the Greek monarchy. It is impossible not to recognize that the three great powers who settled it under their wing, provided it with quite decent dowry. For what strange, the fateful chance fell to the share of the Bavarian king to play the role of evil fairies? " [Dienesman, 2004. P. 71].

Tyutchev perfectly knew how to draw up political deposits, and there is reason to agree with the assumption that this text was "conscious shock in the address of Gagarin" [Dienesman, 2004. P. 72].

Tyutchev was oppressed by lack of money, and Gagarin, despite the mutual antipathy, his respected, tried to help, contacting Nesselly as a request to increase the salary and giving his employee a very approving characteristic: "College Assistor Tyutchev, consisting of the embassy in the position of the 2nd Secretary, A man of rare advantages, rare latitude of mind and education, moreover, in the highest degree of noble. He is married and burdened with a numerous family, and therefore with modest means, by which he has, the best reward for him would be a cash benefit<…>"[Dienesman, 2004, p. 73]. Without the consequences, the direct appeal of the poet itself was left to Nesselrod in October 1835: Tyutchev asked for the appointment of the first secretary of the embassy in Munich, but he was denied. True, Tyutchev was granted by the emperor Nikolai I honorary court title of chamber, about which the poet notified Nesselrod [Chronicle, 1999. P. 151]. However, the high court rank did not save from cash.

And soon the situation was complicated because of the scandal - Tyutchev's novel with Baronessa Ernistina Dörnberg, who entrusted to the suicide of the wife of a poet diplomat: "In the gust of despair, she defeated several blows by a masquerade dagger and ran out to the street, where, having lost consciousness, fell, Pouring blood "[Dienesman, 2004. P. 78].

Since 1836, Gagarin appealed to Nesselly as a request to the removal of Tyutchev from Munich: "With the ability of very wonderful, with the mind outstanding and highly enlightened, Mr. Tyutchev is not able to comply with the duties of the mission secretary due to the harmful-false position in which he is raised by his fatal marriage. In the name of Christian Mercy, I beg your high expression to extract it from here, and this can be done only under the condition of providing a cash benefit of 1000 rubles. For debt: it would be happiness for him and for me "[Dienesman, 2004. P. 80].

In a letter to parents dated December 31, 1836, Tyutchev complained that in recent months, all the cases of the mission in recent months, all the works of Mission led: "All work, more than ever, lies on me one" [Tyutchev, 2002- 2004. P. 61]. However, the documents indicate that it was almost not busy at this time by official affairs [Dienesman, 2004. P. 81-82].

On August 3, 1837, Tyutchev was appointed senior secretary of the Russian mission in Turin - the capital of the Italian kingdom of Sardinia - with an annual salary of 8,000 rubles. The official duties of Tyutchev did not burden himself here and here: he and Ernestina Runberg traveling in Italy for several weeks. From the road, however, the Russian diplomat sent the authorities to Petersburg two deposits about Italian political and economic affairs. Tyutchev's wife passed away by this time, and he asked Nessel about the marriage permit with Ernisian and his vacation. The first request followed consent, on the second - refusal. Formally, Nesselrod was right: the state of the mission was small (only three full-time employees, one of which was already on vacation). But Ernestina was pregnant, and "Tyutchev found himself in front of the dilemma: observance of the official debt or the health of Ernesticine and her peace of mind. Tyutchev chose the second. On July 7, they together travel to Switzerland in the hope of concluding marriage in two rites - Orthodox and Catholic "[Dienesman, 2004. P. 125].

There is a version that the secretary of the Russian Embassy secretary lost the secret diplomatic cipher [Kazanovich, 1928. P. 132], but the documents prove that this, apparently, is not the case [Dienesman, 2004. P. 132]. July 29 in the Orthodox Church with the Russian Mission in Bern, the wedding of Tyutchev and Ernestina Runberg took place. August 10 - Wedding occurred on Catholic ritual in Constance.

After that, Tyutchev with his wife settled in Munich, where he spent four years, and he did not even ask the authorities to extend the release finally. On June 30, 1841, it was excluded from the state of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for non-return from a four-month vacation received on November 10, 1839 [Chronicle, 1999. P. 241]. (From the post of senior secretary of the Mission in Turin, he was released on October 1, 1839 - rearly, according to his own behalf, filed on October 6, 1839, and was left under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs "to the new appointment" [Dienesman, 2004. P. 128-129 ]. Dismissal in 1841 led to the deprivation of the court title of Chamber [Piharev, 1962. P. 108].

In March 1845, he asked for a return to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was enrolled, but without a certain position; It was the position of an official without a salary, while Tyutchev was in dire needed funds [chronicle, 2003. P. 20]. And on February 15 of next year, he was appointed an official of special instructions in Nessel. On the diplomatic service, he no longer returned. It consisted in rank of VI class (college adviser) with an annual salary of 1500 rubles, which is not able to cover all family expenses [Chronicle, 2003. P. 38]. February 1, 1848 at the request of K.V. Nesselrod, Emperor Tyutchev, was appointed an official of special instructions and senior censor with the special office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs V Class (Stat adviser) with a salary of 2430 rubles 32 kopecks per year [chronicle, 2003. P. 71]. Nine years later, he was produced in the Chin of a valid Stat adviser, corresponding to the title of Major General on the table of ranks [Chronicle, 2003. P. 262], and on April 17, 1858, the decree of Emperor Alexander II was appointed Chairman of the Committee for Foreign Censors with Leaving Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, at the request of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Prince MD Gorchakova "In respect for the useful works of his and long-term service for the Ministry, Tyutchev received (in addition to the salary in the censorship - 3430 rubles) the second salary, 1143 rubles 68 kopecks - as well as the official of the ministry [Chronicle, 2003. P. 294, 306 ]. On August 30, 1865, he became a secret adviser, that is, he received the rank of class III, equal to the military rank of Lieutenant General.

The diplomatic career Tyutchev undoubtedly testifies that it was not born for civil service - non-execution and disregard for its responsibilities, they were absolutely unacceptable on this field. In his Munich letter, Nesselrod, he directly explained his stay on public service Material necessity: "Despite the fact that in the future I am expected to receive an independent state, for many years I have been given to the sad need to live by the service. The insignificance of funds, by no means in charge of the costs, to which I forced my situation in society, against my will imparted obligations on me, only time can help the execution of koi. Such is the first reason holding me in Munich "[Tyutchev, 2002-2004. P. 37]. But the diplomatic service in Western Europe, especially in Germany, attracted him and for another reason - Tyutchev in a warehouse of character and in habits was highly to the highest to the Europeans and was rooted in German culture. Essentially, he speaks about this in the letter cited above: "However, if there is a country where I shine myself with the hope of bringing some benefit by the service, so it is decisive, in which I am now. A long stay here, thanks to a consistent and serious study of the country that continues today, both internal attracting and a sense of debt, allowed me to acquire a completely special knowledge of people and subjects, its language, history, literature, public and political situation - especially that Its parts where I serve "[Tyutchev, 2002-2004. P. 37-38].

At the same time, on the same service he also showed education and a rare mind. Moreover, these qualities were manifested, probably not so much when drawing up a Tyutchev Depstroy - he himself wrote some documents - how much in oral conversations. Otherwise, it is impossible to explain in general the benevolent and even caring attitude towards Tyutchev from Gagarin, who ordained the subordinate all the excesses and antics, and the readiness of Nesselrod to take on the service of a former diplomat. Smooth, the usual service of Tyutchev was prevented, apparently, the rejection of the routine, the all-consuming passion ("Oh, how murdering we love<…>! ") And a tendency in adverse circumstances if not to depression, then to apathy.

But the successful promotion of Tyutchev in service, starting from the mid-1840s, was undoubtedly connected with his discovered on the talent of a political publicist. On August 16, 1843, he introduced the head of the III branch of his own imperial majesty of the office of the graph A.H. Benkendorf with his political project. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe project was to attract Western European publicists to propaganda Russian interests in the German press. Nicholas I rated the Tyutchev project benevolently. As the author of the project Parents wrote on September 3, 1843 on Benkendorf, "What I was especially nice, this is his attention to my thoughts about the project known to you, and that hasty willingness, with which he had them support from the sovereign, because on the other day<после> He took advantage of his conversation with his state truck, before his departure to bring them to his information. He assured me that my thoughts were accepted quite favorably and there is a reason to hope that they will be given a move "[Tyutchev, 2002-2004. P. 271].

In March of the same year, Tyutchev publishes a letter to the editor in the annex to the German newspaper "Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung", in which the "Russian Army in the Caucasus" has published in it. The letter of Tyutchev was an apology of the actions of the Russian Army in the Caucasian War. In April of the next year, Tyutchev prints in Germany a separate brochure "Letter to Mr. Dr. Gustav Kolbu, editor of the" Universal Newspaper ". Tyutchev wrote about the debt of the Germans before Russia, in 1813 he freed them from the Napoleonic oppression, and urged Germany to fight against the revolutionary movement in the Union with Russia. Subsequently, this article, published initially in German, but written in French, reprinted under the name "La Russie et L'Allemagne" ("Russia and Germany").

The ideas expressed in these publications could not but impress Nikolai I. more complex, apparently, was the reaction of the emperor to the note addressed to him (her name later - "Russia and the revolution" was drawn up in French). A note completed in April 1848 and is a reaction to the revolutionary events of February 1848 in France (see its dating Read more: [PLAYED, 1992]; [Chronicle, 2003. P. 75]), according to the approval of the author's wife, was perceived The king is approving, and the emperor recommended publishing it abroad: "Sovereign read and very approved her; He even expressed the wish to be printed abroad<…>»[Contemporaries about Tyutchev, 1984. P. 225, per. With Franz., Allocated in the original]. However, quite otherwise, the reaction of Nicholas I was transferred to this note Prince P.A. Vyazemsky: "The sovereign was, they say, it is not unhappy. It is a pity that it is impossible to print it. And why it is impossible, right, I do not know<…>"[Vyazemsky, 1896. P. 90].

There is reason to believe that both evidence is valid, the truth is in the middle. Tyutchev wrote about Russia and about the revolution: "To clarify the essence of a huge shock, which covered Europe now, that's what he should say. Already a long time in Europe, there are only two real forces: a revolution and Russia. These two forces today stand against each other, and tomorrow, perhaps, they grab. There are no agreements and contracts between them. The life of one of them means the death of another. From the outcome of the struggle between them, the greatest struggle, ever seen the world, the entire political and religious future of humanity is depends on the century. " Nicholas I fully divided the Tyutchev Thought about Russia as the main force opposing the spirit of the revolution, which threatened to take possession of Europe. He also had to agree with another statement of the poet and a political publicist: "First of all, Russia is a Christian power, and the Russian people are Christian not only as a result of Orthodoxy of their beliefs, but also thanks to something even more sincere. It is as such thanks to the ability to self-denial and self-sacrifice, which is the basis of its moral nature. The revolution, above all, is the enemy of Christianity "[Tyutchev, 2002-2004. Pp. 144]. However, Tyutchev Grezil about the combination of all Slavic peoples, at least confessing Orthodoxy, under the auspices of Russia and saw the visible traces of such a desire in the Southern Slavs - the subjects of Austria: "<…> Throughout this military border, made up for three-quarters of Orthodox Serbs, there is not a single hut of the settlers (from the words of even the Austrian themselves), where the portrait of another emperor did not hang out next to the portrait of Emperor Austria, which persistently recognized by these loyal tribes for the only legal. However, why hide from themselves), it is unlikely that all these destroying West's impressions of the earthquake will stop at the threshold of the eastern countries. And how could it happen to so ruthless War, in a preparing cross campaign of a wicked revolution that has already covered three-quarters of Western Europe, against Russia, the Christian East, the East Slavic-Orthodox, whose existence is inseparably connected with our own, would not be involved after us in the unfolding struggle. And, perhaps, the war will begin with him, since it is natural to assume that all the tormenting propaganda (Catholic, revolutionary, etc.), although opposite to each other, but combined in the general feeling of hatred of Russia, will take For business with even greater than before, zeal. You can be sure that to achieve your goals, they will not retreat before ... God's righteous! What would the fate of all these Christian, like we, nations, if, becoming, how already happening, the target for all disgusting influences, they were abandoned in a difficult moment the only authority to which they appear in their prayers? - In a word, what a terrible confusion would cover the countries of the East in their fight with the revolution, if the legitimate sovereign, the Orthodox Emperor of the East, slowed even further with his appearance! " [Tyutchev 2002-2004. P. 156].

The thought of Tyutchev kneaded to Panselslav, to the idea of \u200b\u200badopting all Slavs, primarily Orthodox, in the citizenship of the Russian king. But this idea was attempted by an unstable political balance in Europe, and its embodiment could lead to a violation of the principles of legitimism, which sacred to Nicholas I, in 1833, in 1833, fencing Turkish Sultan from the rebels of Egyptian Pasha (despite the fact that historically and geopolitically Turkey was old The enemy of Russia), and in 1849, invented the uprising of Hungarians against the Austrian dominion. Pancalavist ideas were extremely painfully perceived by Austria, under the authority of which many Slavic peoples were located - Orthodox (part of the Serbs), the uniats (they were a significant part of Western Ukrainians) and Catholics (Croats, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks). Restlessly perceived pancaslavism and in Prussia, who owned a part of Polish lands. To the idea of \u200b\u200brelying to the support of the South Slavs, Nicholas I came only in catastrophic conditions - during the Crimean War, when Austria occupied the position of unfriendly neutrality. In addition, the Anti-Catholic Paphos of the Tyutchevskaya article was also alien to the Russian emperor.

The article was published in French in Paris in the form of a brochure in May 1849. In the future, Tyutchev worked on a large treatise "Russia and the West", which also wrote in French; This essay was not completed. January 1, 1850 (according to a new style) in the Paris Journal Revue Des Deux Mondes published an article "Paper and Roman Question", written, like other Tyutchev articles, in French. The article caused a stormy controversy in the overseas press, and its author acquired the reputation of the adviser Nikolai I. in reality, and Nicholas I, and later his son Alexander II treated Tyutchev and his ideas very skeptical, and Alexander II even responded about him as O "Yurodiva".

At the same time, the proposal of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Prince A.M. Gorchakova (October 1857) to head the publication of the new political newspaperwhich had to resist the "bell" A.I. Herzen, who had acquired a strong influence on Russian society. Tyutchev in response to this proposal was a note that the emperor had to read the emperor was supposed to be read. Recompanying that the last ten years of censorship "threw over Russia as a true public disaster", Tyutchev argues that this "hard experience" showed: "You can not too long and certainly begone and coagulate the minds without significant damage to the entire public organism." Not denying censorship as such, Tyutchev believes that it needs to be limited, and results in an example of a policy of a number of German states. It is necessary to the Union of Power and Society, and for this it is necessary that there is a free controvership on the pages of the conceived edition. Otherwise, "Waiting to gain an impact on the minds with the help of a controlled print" will be "only delusion" [Tyutchev, 2002-2004. P. 202, 209-210].

According to the observation of Tyudchev's biographer and his son-in-law Slavophila I.S. Aksakova, "... It was impossible better, more fully, frank, harder and courageous, and at the same time with more politeness, with a greater decency and dignity to express an opinion on such a burning issue as a question about printing, almost before the face of power and especially under conditions This time. We repeat: this is a kind of civil feat. There is no doubt that this letter contributed a lot to the relief of the oppression, which is over Russian printing, and to the waters, several more spaces for thought and words<…>"[Aksakov, 1997. P. 273].

Tyutchev's journalism was not so much the political actual as a mystical-historosophical character, deeply alien to the views and Nicholas I, and his son and the heir. Its key idea was the idea of \u200b\u200bthe special mission of Russia - the succession of Byzantium. Tyutchev fully shared the idea of \u200b\u200bTransLatio Imperii formed in the Middle Ages. Complex of Tyutchev's ideas was formulated by note written in September 1849: "1) The final formation of the Great Orthodox Empire, the legal empire of the East, in one word - Russia of the future, carried out by the absorption of Austria and the return of Constantinople; 2) Connection of two churches - eastern and western. These two facts, in truth, are one, which is briefly reduced to the following: Orthodox emperor in Constantinople, Lord and Patron of Italy and Rome; Orthodox dad in Rome, Nazis Emperor "[Pigarev, 1935. P. 196]. The historosophy of Tyutchev partly coincided with the Slavophilism, but dismantled with him in two key points: 1) Tyutchev, unlike Slavophiles, did not consider Petrov's reforms of cultural and historical disasters; 2) He was a convinced stateman, while Slavophiles saw the basis of Russian life not in the state, but at the Public Institute: in the Peasant Paradise Community - a worldly analogue of the Church Council. In addition, Tyutchev was a European to the bone's brain and even thought in French is the language and its private letters, and his articles. In French, he felt and thought - but the poems wrote in Russian (the French verses of Tyutchev are completely small). However, in his verses, he showed an amazing compared to other verses indifference to Russian history, and to Russian folklore. Russia was for Tyutchev rather the subject of metaphysical faith than alive and immediate love.

The same sentiments as the articles of Tyutchev, his lyrics are imbued. This is the poem "Prophecy" (1850):

NOT GULL MOLOVA PASSED IN THE PEOPLE,
The news was not born in our kind -
Then ancient voice, then over vs:
"The fourth century is on the outcome, -
He will happen - and the hour is getting!

And the architects ancient Sofia,
In resumed Byzantium,
Again the altar will fall again. "
Fall before him, about the king of Russia, -
And stand up - like Veslavlysky King!

[Tyutchev, 2002-2004. P. 14]

In the earlier poem "Russian geography" (1848 or 1849) the idea of \u200b\u200bRussia - the succession of the Byzantium and the ancient kings of the East, designed to restore the East Roman Empire and become an eschatological kingdom, launched even more solemnly and grandiose:

Moscow and Grad Petrov, and Konstantinov Grad -
Here are the kingdoms of the Russian cherished capital ...
But where is the limit to him? and where is its borders -
North, east, south and sunset? ..
The coming times of fate will nourish them ...

Seven inland seas and seven great rivers ...
From Nile to Neva, from Elba to China,
From the Volga on the Euphrates, from Ganges to the Danube ...
Here is the kingdom of Russian ... and there will be no forever,
Somehow I slept, and Daniel predicted ...

[Tyutchev, 2002-2004. P. 200]

"Russian geography" fits into the TRANSLATIO Imperii scheme, ascending to the mysterious images from the biblical book of the Prophet Daniel (Ch. 2 and 7) - the vision of four animals in the dream of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar; In the later tradition of interpretations, these animals are Babylonian, Persian Ellinskaya, Roman monarchies. The same idea, rising to the book of the Prophet Daniel and its interpretations, is also contained in the treatise "Russia and the West" [Sinitsyn, 1998. P. 16-21]. In the newest comments V.N. Casatina to this poem [Tyutchev, 2002-2004. Pp. 487] This idea is unreasonably named Slavophile: the concept of Translatio Imperii and the Slavophilas etatism were not characteristic.

About the political and historiosophical lyrics of Tyutchev, such a poet was very sharply, as I.A. Brodsky: "Tyutchev, undoubtedly, the figure is significant, but with all these conversations about its metaphysicality, etc. is somehow it is overlooked that the domestic literature did not give birth to greater loyal.<…> On the one hand, it would seem that the chariot of the Mirozdania in the sanctuary of the Heavens rolls, and on the other - these, using the expression of Vyazemsky, "Shine OD" "[Volkov, 1998. P. 51]. This evaluation is unjust. The point is not even that Tyutchev, for example, was extremely sharply spoken of the foreign policy of Russia conducted by K.V. Nesselrod (the poem "No, dwarf my! Brutal is unparalleled! ..", 1850), and no less sharply - about the policy of Nicholas I, who led to the catastrophe in the Crimean War ("You didn't serve and not Russia ...", 1855). Tyutchev historosophy was fed by the ideas of German idealistic philosophy, primarily of the shellingism. But the shellingism was also a nutritious source of Tyutchevian natural philosophy - lyrics dedicated to nature and man as her broken particle. The imperial historosophy of Tyutchev wore a very deep and not official in nature. The imperial topic of Tyutchev was supposed to both for the reasons for stylistic: his poetry is focused on the traditions of ODD [Tynyanov, 1977a], and Oda in her main variety - solemn - was devoted to the topic of the empire, her greatness, her victories.

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