The value "political intelligence. A. Political Secretary Intelligence Policy Intelligence

Counterintelligence dictionary

Political intelligence

1) The type of intelligence activity, the object of which is the political forces, funds, plans and secrets of the enemy, as well as its unguarded information of internal political and foreign policy. In addition, the purpose of political intelligence is to undermine the moral and political potential of the enemy. The political intelligence of imperialist states is primarily aimed against the main revolutionary forces of modernity - socialist countries, global working movement, the people's liberation struggle of peoples. At the same time, political intelligence is used in the internecine struggle of capitalist states. However, here it does not acquire such a comprehensive, total nature, as in the fight against the main revolutionary forces of our time.

Depending on whether political intelligence is directed against whom (internal or foreign policy opponents), it is divided into exploration of intra-political (political school) and foreign policy intelligence. Political exploration usually leads various intelligence services, specializing in either internal political, or on foreign policy intelligence, but sometimes these functions perform one body (for example, in fascist Germany - RSH);

2) Political intelligence in a narrow sense is one of the types of foreign exploration, existing along with military, economic and scientific and technical intelligence. In this sense, it coincides with the concept of exploration of foreign policy. In modern conditions, there is a significant increase in the specific gravity of political intelligence in the overall system of species of intelligence and information activities of imperialist states against the Soviet Union and other Socialist countries. This process is due to changes in the political strategy of imperialism.

III Department of his own imperial Majesty of the Office, headed by General-adjutant Count Alexander Khristoforovich Benkendorf, could not not respond to the emergence of this new threat. The fight against the "harmful" influence of Polish emigration, unfolding in the 1830s, began to attempt to determine its number, social composition and areas of settlement in Europe. Further, it was assumed the mining of information created by refugees from Poland, their political leaders, about their plans and intentions, about emigrant prints, on the links of emigration with government and parliamentary circles of the host countries, finally about the sources of financing of Polish organizations. The necessary data should have been collected on all possible channels, in particular with the help of secret agents.

The III branch provided for the organization of various kinds, as if we were now told, counter-food events, the main of which was considered to be the premises in newspapers and magazines of European countries, exposing the inconsistency of immigrants accusations at Russia, its emperor and its politicians in the kingdom of Polish. Russian agents were looking for and, I must say, always found in Europe of the priest editors and journalists, agreeing for a certain fee to publish articles that glorify the benefits of the Russian king in Poland. At the same time, in St. Petersburg, over time, they came to helping the writing brachia, ready to cooperate not only financially, but also by providing the evidence necessary for writing customs in facts, including statistics on creative Russian politics in the Kingdom of Polish (opening schools, hospitals, road construction).

The leadership of the third branch began to deal with foreign intelligence issues from the moment of creating this institution. So, in 1826, Benkendorf sent to Turkey an Armenian merchant to create a agent network in this country. In the thirties of the XIX century. The process of creating agent networks in Western Europe began.

From 1826 to 1844, the head of the third branch of Benkendorf was led by foreign exploration. Of course, because of the large amount of other cases, it was not the key role in the development and holding of most expocrants, but one of his subordinates is Adam Sagtynsky. We will tell about the latter below.

From 1869 to 1874, Konstantin Fedorovich Filippeus was led by foreign exploration. The latter argued that it was he who attracted a lot of talented intelligence officers to work at the third office, while at the entry into office discovered in the states agents very dubious:

"One is poor Writing, whose responsibility consisted in the daily report of urban incidents and gossip. The first he was discharged from the newspapers, and the latter himself fell ... In addition, it was: one graph, idiot and illiterate, one shoemaker from the Vyborg side - he didn't know how to write at all, and what said no one who understood ... Two drunks, one married woman, not so much agency in itself as a mistress and an employee of one of the agents, one widowing, chronically pregnant Colonna from Kronstadt and only two truly yurt agent ... ".

The 3rd Expedition of the Third Office was engaged in directly the organization of political intelligence. It should be noted that at the same time she was responsible for political cheer not only on the expanses of the Russian Empire, but also beyond. We are talking about the observation of those living in Europe by political immigrants and, if necessary, against them of active events (for example, violent export to their homeland).

Since 1832, numerous travel teams of the 3rd Expedition officials in Europe begin to study the situation, the acquisition of agents and the organization of the surveillance system in the capitals of leading European powers of that time. As a result, the largest residency among the third branches were created in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Great Britain and France.

He headed foreign intelligence of the third branch official according to special instructions A. A. Sagtynsky. Prior to that, he was engaged in similar cases in the main headquarters of the Military Ministry, and even previously led intelligence activities in Austria and Prussia, while serving in the stationery of the governor of the Kingdom of Polish Grand Prince Konstantin Pavlovich. It was Sagtynsky created in Europe a agent network from the so-called "agents-writers": Yakova Tolstoy, K. F. Switzer (resident in Berlin and in Vienna), the French journalist Charles Duren. In addition to conducting intelligence activities, the tasks of counterpropagaganda were also carried out, refuting their publications, regularly appearing on the pages of newspapers, magazines and books, unfavorable reviews of Russia and Nikolai I.

Abundant information about the foreign policy of England, France, Austria gave the third branch to the native sister of the head of the third branch of Benkendorf Baroness D. Liven, the wife of the Russian ambassador in England, entranceing to the courtiers of these countries.

In addition to England and France, the reference points of the third office were in Switzerland, Belgium and Austria.

Yakov Tolstoy managed to create the most numerous agent network in the third department. In the course of its intelligence, except for information about France, Yakov Tolstoy managed to regularly receive information and about neighboring countries: England, Spain, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland.

Starting from March 1850, in his reports to St. Petersburg, Yakov Tolstoy indicated that the traditional hostility of England to Russia acquires more and more specific outlines. So, in his report of March 27, 1850, Yakov Tolstoy reported on the plans of England: "Destroy the Russian fleet and burn Sevastopol."

The union of Yakov Tolstoy in France successfully continued and after establishing a military police regime of the second empire in France. It acquires new agents in the nearest environment of Napoleon III. One of them is the secretary of the emperor, some Pascal.

After France in the spring of 1854 entered into the Crimean War on the side of Turkey against Russia, Tolstoy was expelled from France and moved to Brussels - the capital of neighboring Belgium, where he continued to lead his agent networks in France and England and other European countries.

Throughout the period of the Crimean War, he regularly sent a large amount of information necessary to conduct hostilities, and then for diplomatic maneuvers and intrigue at a peaceful conference in Paris, where the Russian delegation was headed by the head of the third branch of the Eagle Count.

If so many top officials believe that intelligence should not perform the functions of warning and evaluation of events, that is, to deal with the fact that, in general opinion, it is its direct responsibility, it is not surprising that even more objections in more decisive forms Meets any proposal about the need to bring exploration to politics - give exploration. The right to study the various opportunities opening to US policy in certain areas and evaluate the correctness of the principles on which the policy has been based.

To the question of the author, how intelligence can help the state actor to assess the likely consequences of the holding of a political course, which is currently possible for the United States, one of the responsible officials replied that such a figure, instructing intelligence to study this kind, practically evades his direct duties. The statesman, he said, is obliged to make a decision even if it does not have all the facts necessary for this. The task of the State Department is to ensure that it is fully provided with such facts; Here for this there are intelligence bodies. Intelligence, he firmly stated, should provide information, more from it is not required.

Another official also stressed that, in his opinion, such functions go beyond the activities of intelligence. Care of intelligence - collect and group facts, and then weigh them and generalize. If the intelligence can cope with this, it will make a useful thing: it will enable other state department authorities to check the correctness of their own work. As for the solution of those or other problems, this is the case of state-owned activities that have great practical experience for this.

Discussing somehow with one responsible official overview in the Far East, I asked what his opinion on the conclusions made in this review. "On conclusions?", "He asked, stressing this word irritably, and replied that the conclusions are not a matter of intelligence. The scout must take care that all the facts affordable to him be used in its review. It must present the necessary material - only it is required. During the dispute, this official agreed that in many cases the intelligence cannot do not draw some conclusions, but at the same time he stressed the risk of exploration worker from facts and reality. Scouts are inclined to build "air locks", and therefore their conclusions must be carefully checked by those who are daily dealing with the problems of this country. Of course, he said, we are interested in both the problems "promising" and the problems of the immediate "practice". It is also important. It is dangerous only to make an excessive focus on one to the detriment of the other. There are many areas, he finished, in which the intelligence could successfully work, for example, it could establish how effective the transfer of the radio station "Voice of America". Scouts must collect such materials such as, for example, reviews about the work of "Voice of America", which are interested in political leaders.

Such reasoning is repeated whenever state figures and responsible officials are forced to justify their views on the role of intelligence. First of all, RNIs especially emphasize the importance of having all the facts. They are frightened that a person engaged in politics and a decisive problem will unreasonably protect his own decisions. They feel that if the same person will be engaged in the collection of facts for his problem, it will be inclined to select facts confirming that its point of view, and therefore it will not be able to solve this problem correctly. It should also be borne in mind that the employees of the information service are usually with distrust. Since it almost does not apply to economists and, obviously, completely-to the scientist-scientists, then it is possible to explain this distrust to some extent only the insufficient development of social sciences. In any case, a high-ranking worker of the State Department, which feels in the Student of the famous Focussary, set before the need to quickly solve problems arising in front of him, the informant seems to be some kind of dreamer, man who has a nice whole life over dust books in the gloomy halls of libraries devouring from real Life. At the same time, state figures tend to believe that the only source of true knowledge and the right judgments necessary to solve problems arising in the real world in the thick of life is most likely practical experience, and not academic training in an educational institution.

Apparently, they are convinced that practical experience produces the ability to "feel" the problem, the talent of an accurate premonition and that only such a "sixth sense" can help eliminate all doubts when solving the most complex problems of foreign policy and find the most efficient path of action.

These opinions are clear and convincingly summarized by one of the high-ranking figures, a man of high intelligence and a large talent, manifested in the ability to deeply penetrate the essence of the problems and clearly and integrate their thoughts. He said that the point of view, justifying the existing division of the fields of activity, proceeds from the fact that there can be only an independent intelligence body. Scouts cannot have another goal, except for the presentation of facts in their pure form. Almost everyone probably has its own political views, especially in the United States, where professional politicians are not trusted. However, he is convinced of the correctness of the consideration emanating from the fact that the information is more objective when a person collecting it does not solve political issues. According to him, the study of various opportunities discovering to politics is political; If the scout becomes politics, he will not be objective.

Allow to study these opportunities and statesmen and intelligence officers continued, it would also be a mistake. If there are best workers in the intelligence, you can change the signs on the doors of their cabinets and take these people with responsible managers. But if you combine both of these functions, you will end the very idea of \u200b\u200bintelligence. And a completely different question: should be the reconnaissance of centralized or decentralized.

He said further that for politics the most important thing is the experience. Each capable specialist or scientist knows how to analyze. However, one thing to analyze the articles of the Versailles Agreement, and is completely different, to give an assessment of modern events. When analyzing foreign policy facts requiring decisions, no scientific training will help, here. George Kennan, for example, better disassembled in the meaning of occurring events than any employee of the intelligence information service. What is the difference between them? And the difference is that one is used to deal with only real life, and the other with libraries. Continuing, this manager stated that he prefers if necessary for a rural doctor under the knife, than to deal with one of those brilliant medical scientists who know nothing but the laboratory and books. We need more in professional policies than in experts and scientists. Therefore, the State Department prepares professional politicians, giving them the opportunity to gain experience and appropriate training. If he had to make a choice between an experienced historian and a professional politician, having practical experience, he would stop his choice on the second. When all the facts are posted on the table, he said, the responsible official "Sixth feeling" tells which one is the main one. Such an employee seems to have a kind of antenna (at the same time my interlocutor put back the back of the palm and stirred his fingers), which gives him to know when it takes the right facts. This ability is generated by experience. To work out it, you need to swim a lot around and around!

To the question, why keep the facts of people who are not related to solving political issues to collect facts, when only some responsible officials can give the final evaluation to the facts, followed the answer, which they can be mistaken, although in general the responsible official will always appreciate the fact more correctly than intelligence worker. Therefore, someone should collect information that the responsible official has all the facts. Then he can say: "This is, of course, a fact, but he does not merge attention. But this is a very important fact. " But the responsible official should not collect information itself, as he can skip some important fact or just to ignore it.

When the author, thanking the interlocutor, was already going to leave, the latter delayed him and in confirmation expressed by another example. He said that some time ago he had to draw up a memorandum regarding intelligence problems. In this earnings note, he recommended intelligence information to be called not assessed information, but simply information. The fact was, he said, that, taking the first definition, we admit the possibility of not an objective evaluation of facts, since we are leaving our foundation-non-accelerated facts.

The Center for Political Secret Intelligence is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with its representatives accredited to foreign states: ambassadors, envoys, consuls, etc. Being in foreign countries, the Embassy ranks naturally feel the pulse of their folk life, and rotating in society, especially in the rank, they involuntarily notice Those elusive initial shifts of their external and internal politics, which can then turn into acts of tremendous importance. The advance, accurate knowledge of these political change and the use of them in favor of their state and is the main tasks of the Embassy of Embassy. To do this, they need special informants - people who support the connection with the power of the authorities, that is, the secret agent is needed. Since it is difficult to hug the mission to embrace the mission of the mission, then they are attached by specialists in the face of military, naval, trading, and sometimes financial agents. Submitting the chapter of the mission in general service order, they at the same time directly depend on the relevant ministries: military, maritime, trade and industry, finance, working in their specialty and their instructions. The resolution of a complex task falling out to the share of political intelligence is largely facilitated if the decryption of the agent obtained by agent is skillfully organized by telegrams of various missions and local institutions.

The first Lord of English Admiralty, that is, the Marine Minister Fisher (1905-1910) so writes about this issue in his memoirs: "It is a pity that not only in the last war, but also especially in the Bury, our spies and our intelligence points were not on high. What Sultan told me, made it the impression on me that I myself took up this case, and thanks to the patriotism of some of the British, who held a high position in the Mediterranean trade, I was able to create a private secret central intelligence bureau in Switzerland, and Providence It arranged that thanks to a happy coincidence, I was able to receive all encrypted reports from different foreign embassies and consulates, as well as keys to ciphers "(" Geheim Machte ", Oberst W, Nicolai, p. 13). He less definitely says General Ronga about the decoding of Serbian telegrams. "Thanks to the rich experience of the Balkan War 1912-1913. And before the Great War, - in his book "Kriegs und Industrie SPIONAGE" he writes, - the decoding of Serbian telegrams has no longer presented any difficulty. " Do not decipher the Austrians Serbian telegrams, especially sent to St. Petersburg, should explain the inconsistency of Austria-Hungary during the period stretched before the great war of diplomatic relations with Russia?

In any case, in the future, the scientifically delivered work on deciphering the telegrams will be the most faithful and rapid means of lighting in the hands of political intelligence, the main efforts of which should be directed or to attract specialists in solving ciphers, or agents for buying such as accommodation, remear, That all for this costs will pay for Storith. The very acquisition of special labor cells encrypted from foreign missions or from the local postal and telegraph office will not submit.

Our political intelligence in the Russian-Japanese war was sadly worked, in which we entered, not assessed by the broth. If we gave yourself a report in unfriendly attitude and England, and S.A.S. States, it would probably be a peaceful way to eliminate political disagreement with Japan. Also unsatisfactory worked our political intelligence before the Great War. If we knew in advance that as a result of the Great War, there would be a crash of three middle empires, including our allies, for what the hands and our allies were attached, then we could hardly start this war, whatever humane slogans they were manic. Still sadder the results of political intelligence in the volunteer army. For each participant in the White Movement, the Sacred slogans of the fight against Bolsheviks, captured by the blood of her countless fallen and tortured heroes for the work of the liberation of the Laganny Motherland. But completely on the other, purely mercantile, the point of view was viewed on our epic struggle allegedly Ideanly helped us allies. In July 1919, the request made in the English parliament to the Government about English politics towards the Bolsheviks Military Minister Churchill gave the following clarifications: "I am asked why we support the Admiral Kolchak and General Denikin, when the first minister (Lloyd George) adheres to the opinion that Our armed intervention would be an act of the greatest nonsense. I will answer parliament with full frankness. When the Brest Lithuanian Agreement was concluded, in Russia there were provinces that did not participate in this shame of the contract and they rebelled against the government, his signatory.

Let me tell you that they formed the army on our babes and, without a doubt, largely on our money. Such our assistance was a suitable military policy for us, since if we did not organize these Russian armies, the Germans would capture Russia's resources and thus would weaken our blockade. They would get access to don's bread reserves, to the mineral wealth of the Urals, the Caucasus Oil. They would supply themselves with all the fact that for almost four years our blockade was deprived of them. Thus, the Eastern Front was restored not on the Vistula, but where the Germans were looking for food. What happened then? Bolshevism wanted the power of the weapons to force the outrage of the outskirts of the outrage of him who resisted him in our opinion.

If after the rebels of the outskirts, at risk, provided us with help, we would say to them: "Thanks!" We are very grateful to you, you served our goals, but now you don't need us anymore and let the Bolsheviks cut you, "- thus Would we express utensils from the moment we asked them and promised help? And especially after they have taken this step and contributed to the so many victory allies. Our duty to provide them with help "(" Times ", July 30, 1919).

Concerned with some members of the English Parliament, fear is not too expensive to cost the British received by Admiral Kolchak, the same Military Minister Churchill added: "These shelled shells are an excess of the reserve of the British army; It is impossible to sell this excess on the market, if you cannot store shells in England, then the Parliament will have to allocate money for the construction of Sarai and hire prouders for storage, and therefore such a parcel of shells cannot be considered unprofitable for the English nation. "

The same almost says English Lord Milner in his letter from December 1918 to one English correspondent: "You ask what right we have to send our troops to intervene in the internal affairs of Russia and how long will it continue after the detention of a truce? Your question shows that you mistakenly understand the fact and activities of the British government. We wanted to refrain about the intervention in the affairs of Russia. But we had a moral duty to save Czechoslovakov *, and there was an urgent military necessity to prevent extensive provinces of Russia, fought against the Bolsheviks, to be captured by the Bolsheviks and the eligibility of the possibility of transferring German resources. I have not been talking about the enormous military reserves, we belong to Vladivostok and Arkhangelsk who wanted the Bolsheviks to transfer Germany. Our intervention was crowned with success. Czechoslovaki were saved from extermination. The resources of Siberia and Ukraine did not fall into the hands of the enemy, and we prevented that the southern ports of Russia became the bases of German submarines. These are the results that helped Germany (see Journal de Geneve, 20.12.1918, London, 19.12.1918).

In 1920, on August 2, when voting in the English Parliament of the loan in 200,000 pounds of sterling on the transportation of the Czechoslovak Corps from Siberia to their fatherland, a member of the English Parliament Malon indicated that this building was used in Siberia to illegal work (Illigal Work), which comment was Immediately stopped by the Chair who offered Mr. Malina the question, did Mr. Malon forget his oath of loyalty to the English king

There were also truthful British as the author of the book "True on Intervention in Russia", Bern, Promachos House, 1918) Philip Prica, who among other things speaks: "As a person who lived these four of the year in Russia and the suffering of the Russian people, I categorically declare that anarchy and hunger, now (in 1919) reigning in Russia, the essence of the consequences of the deliberate work of European governments, and in this respect the British government, and the Hermann behaved like The same flock, and the fact that Germany did in Ukraine, England did the same in Siberia and east of the Volga. "

The above clarifications of the leaders of the English policy of Cherchilla and Milner ministers, made not in the silence of diplomatic offices, and published in newspapers and moreover during the operations of our white armies, it is clearly shown to our political intelligence.

To clarify the true causes of assistance to the anti -olshevik armies on the part of our allies, it was not necessary to even have an expensive secret agent, but only to systematically read foreign newspapers. Understanding the causes, it was possible to properly use the winning of their military-political situation. In fact, the anti-Bolshevik armies needed our allies than the last to us. In this underestimation itself, the cardinal defects of the political intelligence of anti-Bolshevik armies. For judgment on satisfactory production in Germany, secret report on the military game of officers of the 1905 General Staff of 1905, leading by Count Schliffen, can serve as a peacetime. The political situation in it is very close to the one that took place in the Great War. Then it was already believed that Italy as a member of the Triple Union would not speak on his side, but would comply with neutrality. The same neutrality, but benevolent in relation to Germany will be obstacles and Belgium. England will not only be on the side of Russia and France, but even send its three corps to the continent. But what did not foresee the German political intelligence - this is the fact that the English propaganda in the great war will raise almost the whole world against the three-way union, and even S.A.S. States will refuse their formula of Monroe - about non-American affairs in non-American affairs. The German political intelligence was also foreseen that the tightening war and the physical exhaustion of the German people as a result of the blockade by our allies will lead to the revolution in the country and to the collapse of the three mid-European monarchies.

Even less, she was aware of the dangers of Bolshevism for himself, directing agents to Russia with Lenin headed, remembering seemingly a wise rule that in war not all means are good. Be Germanic political intelligence on the eve of the Great War on the proper height and know the Germans of approaching it, they would never start it with such a light heart. Yes, and the winner - England, who led the political exploration of holding the agreement, the result of which there was a crash of the middle empires, did not prevent anywhel, that in 20 years after that she herself rolled into the abyss of the inclined plane, and its political figures repeatedly reproached the myopia of their policies Especially during the period of standing in power of Lloyd George, destroyed by the Imperial Russia, is the necessary factor in the world in the Asian continent. And the closer there is a sunset of English power in India and Australia, the stronger its disappointment will be in the foresight of their politicians of the Great War.

In this regard, the English newspaper Morning Post was the right of the English newspaper, on August 13, 1918. Writing: "Our political figures that supported the revolution and even Bolshevism have inflicted English interests in Ros-Sii irreparable damage" (N. E. Murov, " Fruits of democracy ", Paris, 1923, p. 65).

Also, the army and the fleet are weapons of strategy, so the word or propaganda has a policy weapon in general, and a strategy, and political propaganda should work in hand, having only one goal - victory over the enemy.

Political propaganda pursues a two-way goal - raising the mood among its own population by at least the inflating of their success and exaggeration of the enemy's failures and lower the spirit of their opponent with direct impact or through neutral countries. This two-way task of political propaganda is visible from organizing it into the Great War in England. Lord Beaverbruck, who stood at the head of all political propaganda of allies, had three assistants. One for the enemy countries - Lord Nordcliffe, one for neutral countries - Lord Rosenmer and one for propaganda in his own country - Lord Kipling ("My Military Memories. 1914-1918" Erich Ludendorf, p. 356). Methods of political propaganda should be extremely delicate, so that the slogans did not beat her into their eyes, and as it were in the air, imperceptibly creating the mood of the masses, that is, the people's movement. Of course, such a fine work on the shoulder of only non-Launches, which for fee or in pursuit of the employers created by him by employers are creating a matter of political propaganda, corrupting folk masses. It is enough to say that the count of Lev Tolstoy as the destroyer of the Russian people who existed before him was eclipsed by a talented writer and artist, the Creator "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and others. Still back to the revolution poison of malicious political propaganda poured across Russia thanks to the work of such talented artists as Ornanev, who created the type of frequency king of Theodore John in the former until the end of the 90s under the prohibition of the tragedy of GR. Alexey Tolstoy the same name; The talented artist Shalyapin with his romance "As the king was walking on a war," "Blokha", etc., the artistic performance of which could not be carried away. And in the air meanwhile, as if by itself, the parallel between the king by Feodor Ioannovich and the emperor Nikolai II; A sharp line was carried out between the position in the war of the king and the ordinary mortal, etc. And which of us was not fond of the "bottom" by the idealization of Maxim Gorky and generally garbage of mankind, the songs of the Katorzhan, who made the favorite numbers of our passions! All this was done somehow, there was no possibility to find the main directions of this systematically driven destructive work, tirelessly undermined the main foundations on which the Russian state was lied. It was useless to appeal to the print, for it was the first time the citadel of these destroyers.

The choice of propaganda objects is also a lot of difficulties, since wanting to destroy the moral foundations of the country, it is necessary to take into account the psychology of the people. In this regard, the work of English propaganda deserves great praise. Wanting to bother Germany's combat power, the English propaganda is in no way deciding to discharge her folk hero of Field Marshal Ginden-Burga, and all his arrows directs her army of General Ludendor-Fa to the ex-in-shadow, mercilessly pouring his slander with mud.

The same was done and we still long before the revolution. Roughly scrolling in the eyes of the Russian people, the prestige of the monarch would be inappropriate, and therefore revolutionary propaganda carefully starts carefully after an unsuccessful Russian-Japanese war and followed her a small revolution. For this, she moves to the steps of the imperial throne of a simple man, whip in his religious beliefs of Rasputin, providing him with even miraculous force. In the book of His Secretary of the Jew, Arona Simonovich "Rasputin and Jews" described in detail the meeting of Rasputin, who returned from a manty manty in Jerusalem to himself, to the Tobolsk village, with the greatest princesses of Anastasia and Mi-Lyceum Nikolaevna. By chance allegedly comes to them into the courtyard Rasputin, they are interested in the Grand Duchess, they even invite him to drink tea with them and find out in conversation that Rasputin knows how to treat hemophilia, an incurable disease that Heirly Cesarevich suffered. Thanks to this, from the sense of love of the mother to her sole son, Rasputin is introduced by them not only in the royal palace, but even hesitates the soul of the Empress. With the assistance of bribed persons, miracles are missed not only over A. A. Tubyova, but also on the heir-Zesarevich himself. Having achieved this main victory, propaganda proceeds to its exploitation by dissolving not so much in the simple people, as in the circles of the intelligentsia of vile insinuations to the public and her daughters and reaches its goal - to loosen the confidence of the people to the monarch. Particularly significant in this regard is P. N. Milyukov's speech in the State Duma on November 2, 1916, which agreed almost to the state treason of the empress itself.

The strength of this propaganda was so great that even such a porcelain of the right wing of the State Duma as Purishevich, he was conspired with one of the leaders of the Cadet Party in the State Duma McLakov for the murder of Rasputin, this mara who had already had his own business, that is sufficiently Already the imperted imperial throne in the eyes of revered his Russian people. In the interests of the revolutionary propaganda, Rasputin must be removed not by the hands of the left parties created by his left parties, and even a member of the Imperial Surname, the Grand Prince Dmitry Pavlovich, is invited to conspiracy.

Removed was finally with political Arena Rasputin. But Russia continued to roll in the abyss in the friendly assistance of his allies, in the blindness of his who did not want to see that they cut the bitten by the land of their victory and their future well-being. Suffice it to say that the delay of the war for a year and a half forced allies to pull into it S.A.S. States, pay the lives of hundreds of thousands of people and billions of money in order to fulfill the desires of the defeated enemy's defeated enemy in 20 years.

I will have been convinced of the person in the power of revolutionary propaganda on the former in February 1917 in St. Petersburg against the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the St Lyurmer official Manasevich-Manuilov, who was at the same time with the secretary of Rasputin. This provocative process, which established by the North Front, the provocative process, was needed by the North Front of the General Front, only to make sure the government's weaknesses, and in the head of the late Rasputin splashing the imperial throne. This process was created by the Director of the Police Department by General Klimovich, with the assistance of the Director of the United Bank in Moscow, Count Tatishchev. In the process, the Karab-Chevsky, Aronson, etc., appeared on the process of the Karab-Chevsky, Aronson, and others. From the public spent only on the tickets, benches were broken. I was interrogated first as a witness from the protection side and boldly, according to the conscience, I made my opinion on this provocative business. The desire of the Civil Castle Karabchhevsky in turn provoke me and thus cancel my testimony found a hot and sharp corruption on my part first to him, and then who became the chairman of the Petrograd district court on his side. This forced the Karabchhevsky and his Moscow colleague to stop the formulation of further questions to me, and during the next time the meeting of the court, the chairman of the Court of Rainbot for the sharpness of his behavior.

The lawyers of protection with Aronson headed to me to thank for the proper rewarding Karabchevsky, who was forced to flip out unused several pages with questions planned to me, with the help of which he would "drive me", according to Aronson. I did not understand anything in everything that happened, and only the captain of the first rank from Revel, I forgot myself after this, I forgot my last name, I clarified what Terror reigned to my testimony in the courtroom; Only I put on the place of the chairman of his reinbota, but equally explained the essence of the process, for which he thanked me twice. To judge what was before me in the courtroom I could not, as I was interrogated on the fourth, as much as I remember, the day of the meeting, being up to this in a special room for witnesses.

From the foregoing, it is clear that even representatives of our justice led by its Minister Dobrovolsky, who pretended to the Empress desire, as seen from her sovereigns, this is a provocative business of Manasevich Manuilov, were also infected with revolutionary propaganda.

An example of the well-set political propaganda is the long-term Slavophilic propaganda, the Slavic Charitable Society in St. Petersburg, who, along with famous Slavophiles, as Professor Laman and others, were the Military: General Count Ignatiev, Parens, and others. Moral and material success of this society I rested on the sympathy to the Russian loving heart of the idea of \u200b\u200bprotecting the weak, and especially the Slavs from the violence of the Turks and the Austro-Hungarian governments, which led us to a number of complications to the Great War inclusive.

This society has placed in significant means, some of which went to maintain the Slavophilic ideas between our overseas Slavs Brothers. I relifically know that the leader of the Slovakov, the writer and the poet Gurban Vanian went to Petrograd for subsidies.

This propaganda among the Slavs of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy was extremely fruitful and the results affected her hundreds of thousands of prisoners on the south-western front. At the very beginning of the war, I was however, I was surprised by a relatively small number of prisoners of Czechs compared to other Slavic peoples, why I began to be disappointed in the productivity of Slavophilic advocacy in the Czech Republic. Soon, however, this gap was corrected.

General Ronga describes in great detail the peripetics of the bold struggle of the leaders of the Slavs as Kramzh, a cliff and others with the Austrian government, which ultimately led to the collapse of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy. Socialized role in this struggle played Sokolsk societies, which were those Slavophilic cement, which was associated with national aspirations, mainly print, and then radio, cinema, theater, variety, etc. In wartime, to propaganda directly in the enemy country is very difficult, especially If measures are not taken in peacetime, by the foundation of its press bodies, cinema, theaters, etc. in view of this propaganda should be conducted through the press of neutral countries, where the premises of the respective articles is associated with the cost of large funds. But this work should be kept with great care, in order not to initiate suspicions of the enemy. It is necessary and in this regard, give the tribute to the English propaganda, which seems except Sweden held in their hands the entire press of neutral countries, without sorry for this cash. General Ludendorf on the 370th page of his memoirs talks about it like this: "Lord Nordcliffe was right, claiming that the speech of the English state person was worth 5,000 pounds of sterling, when the Germans reprint her, and 100,000 pounds sterling when they were not Reply. "

In addition to cash subsidies, printing can be kept in hand and with the help of checking paper leave, paints for printing, lease of printing houses, etc., which took place in the volunteer army.

Perhaps the most dangerous means of political propaganda are international societies, pursuing allegedly exclusively only humane purposes, planting the kingdom of God on Earth, and not political work, whether the Masonic lodges will be like mixed in their composition, French, English, American, etc., or In one dependence of them countless pacifist and other societies, the society of Christian youth (the so-called IMC), etc.

Documented by the works of Professor Saapesko, Winberg, Negolodov, Petrovsky, Ivanov, Markova, Ludendorf, Svitkov, etc. Installation of Masonic lies to destructive political propaganda, albeit with humane slogans.

The destructive political, religious and social goals of Masonry are bright, briefly and documented in the district message of the Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Russian Orthodox Church abroad in 1932, reprinted in the "church life" of 1935 No. 2. On the page of the 353rd of his military memories, General Ludendorf so The way characterizes the devastating political work of Freemasonry in the Great War: "Lodge (Masonic) all over the world worked, and led by England, worked with the very terrible influence of this powerful of secret unions, serving the Anglo Saxon and, therefore, international politics."

The tasks and means of different types of international pacifist societies are set forth in the book Anna Nilson "ABC Der Friedens Bewegung", published in 1936 in Vienna and Roer. The objectives of this pacifist movement, that is, establishing the kingdom of God on Earth, not only countless international societies of adults and young people, but even unions of persons with disabilities and religious societies (ecumenical movement).

A more radical in this regard is the National Socialist Government of Germany, which is a partly energetic fight against the Catholic religion and because the Supreme Center for the Catholic part of the Germanic people is not in the country itself, but abroad.

The results of the political propaganda of the allies in the Great War were so great that not only the inhabitants of neutral countries, but also German itself, more and more convinced of the aggressive aspirations, completely forgetting that the cause of the war was the struggle between England and Germany for maritime hegemony, the rest The allies, not excluding Russia, were only the statists.

If the victory on the side of the Entente, then this should be attributed mainly to the painful political propaganda-leading propaganda through the rear and the front of the army. Lloyd George knew what he did, General Ludendorff says when he thanked Lord Nordcliffe at the end of the war from the face of England for their propaganda. It was an artist in the effect on the masses ("My Military Memories", p. 354). The great importance of political propaganda in the crash of the rear of the middle empires, which led to the twist and at the front, took into account the Bolsheviks, and the Germans. The first do not regret the means to keep the Russian national masses in ignorance, making out of the Soviet Hell, the "earthly paradise" in the Soviet Hell, acting on the saying "slander, slander something". Therefore, the political literacy is given to the same place in teaching soldiers as and building classes.

No less talented used sadly for themselves the results of political propaganda during the Great War and the German National Socialist Government, stubbornly and systematically re-educating their people under the leadership of the Talented Minister of Propaganda Goebbels. Only this mainly propaganda and should be explained by the results of popular voting, giving almost 100 percent of the votes for government proposals. It is achieved by the work of huge cadres of propagandists, for learning Koi, they say, a special academy with a three-year rate for 15,000 students is founded in Hamburg. This unanimity of the Germanic people, together with the brilliant state of the Armed Forces of Germany, should be explained to the unprecedented successes of its foreign policy today.

From the foregoing, it follows that the Great War, along with firearms, put forward the situation and mental with him (correctly psychological. - approx. Composition.) Weapons - the Word, which was a powerful means of political propaganda, acting on the moral element of peoples, is the main factor, Napoleon's words, victory over the enemy.

Intelligence - in the essence of the war. Knowing what the opponent intends to do is remain in wartime the most valuable heritage of the military and political leadership of the country. The duty of intelligence services is to produce this information by any means, by all truths and inconsisions. In turn, the role of spies and agents is to disclose the disposition of the enemy, its intentions, strength and weakness to take appropriate measures and moving their own troops on possible the best positions. It would be a mistake to argue how some idealists and cynics make that exploration should not be spent on her forces and resources. Next will be shown that, although such a point of view has some reasons, in wartime, it can be dangerous and potentially lead to disastrous consequences.

Few intelligence services are surrounded by such myths and remain so poorly studied as the intelligence agencies of Nazi Germany. Military intelligence service, known as Abman, hidden the veil of lies, falsifications and contradictory facts. To a large extent, this is connected with one figure, towering over other masters of spying Germany: Admiral Wilhelm Kanaris, who headed Abmen from January 1935 to March (February. - Ed.) 1944 Hitler's enthusiastic supporter at the beginning of his career, he was disappointed in the Nazis during World War II. Trying to play the role of a faithful servant of the Führer, Canaris simultaneously tried to hold on in civilized behavior against opponents and to support and not distinguished by great activity, but still constantly existing opposition movement. There is one of the amazing paradoxes of the Third Reich that the Organization, Ryano sought to implement the Grand Ambitions of Hitler, Wehrmacht, was simultaneously the soul of the antihytler opposition. Inside the same Wehrmacht, the Abner was part of the most opposition to the Hitler's regime and had the largest number of conspirators in its ranks. In the end, Canary and the majority of the people devoted to him were paid for the oppositionity of the Führer's own life (Kanaris was executed on April 9, 1945 in the final frequency concentration camp. - Ed.).

The National Socialist Revolution of Hitler did not destroy the traditional pillars of monarchical, conservative Germany after the seizure of the authorities in the Nazis in 1933. The Opposition Centers, including some elements of the Armed Forces (until 1935, Reichsver, from March 16, 1935, the Wehrmacht) and Abver, preserved in immunity Ready to take advantage of any opportunity to weaken and undermine the Nazi regime as all new testimonies of its tyrannical nature appear.

Nazi domestic intelligence service in action. Man in the center, in a hat, a member of the Gestapo, state security authority

Hitler never fully trusted military intelligence service and constantly tried, as in other areas, to be guided by the destructive Roman maxim "divide and conquer". Choosing a young and merciless officer-intelligence officer in the ranks of the SS, he instructed him to form his own Nazi secret service, formidable and terrible Sicherheitsdienst, SD. This person, the most terrible and ruthless (according to the author, in fact, candidates for the definition of the "most" a lot. - Ed.) The leader of the Third Reich, was Reinhard Heydrych, who started his career in the German naval forces under the leadership of Canaris, but in the end the worst enemy of the admiral. By the time of his death in May (June 4th. - Ed.) The 1942 heydrich, perhaps already plucked the blow to AbVer, the organization that he was afraid and hated. Under the leadership of Geydrich, SD became a kind of "Department of Dirty Affairs", which carried out any assignments of Hitler, whose participation tried to avoid Canary.

Kanaris (the third right) never entered the nearest environment of Hitler, and therefore he always kept wary in the presence of Himmler's opponent (in black uniform and glasses on the left). The photo taken before the war was also captured by Izifef Goebbels (in a light cite in the center)

The SD managed to achieve a certain success, although intrigue and goats, removal of SD and the Abman against each other, were most negatively reflected on the effectiveness of German intelligence. In cases where they worked together, as, for example, against the British in the Netherlands in 1942, they managed to achieve impressive success. The general effect of this secret war between the distributors was manifested in disgraceful failures in many areas. Triumphal victories - SD and Assaver in Holland, Cicero Agent in Turkey and the intelligence organization Colonel Gelegen on the Eastern Front - are equalized in no less indicative failures in other places.

General Kurt von Schleiher (left, in shape) and Count Franz von Papen. Both were the predecessors of Hitler in the post of Chancellor of Germany

"Hitler's espionage machine" is primarily the history of betrayal, conspiracies, deception, cowardice, two-ways and treason, but also heroism, intelligence, inspireness and coolness. If the reconnaissance war seems to be a relatively pleasant occupation in comparison with the cruel, bloody slaughter of battlefields, it should be remembered that the average estimated life expectancy of the agent during World War II was extremely small. They did not show the captured pity, and most of the agents sooner or later were discovered by the enemy. This book is about them. This book is about the network of Nazi spies and agents operating around the world and sowing fear and horror throughout Europe.

Spying - the second oldest profession and, moreover, just as honorable as the first.

Michael J. Barrett, Assistant Director of the Central Intelligence Department of the United States

The German intelligence services of the Second World War were created on the basis of the intelligence agencies that existed in the Epoch of Prussia and the Empire. Thus, the Department of Intelligence of the German General Staff (ND - from Nachrichtendienst) was a very formidable weapon long before the First World War. The possibility of infiltration of German agents to the country seriously disturbed British in front of 1914, and their concerns were based on the reputation of the German intelligence service, which was sometimes without sufficient bases - alimilly and extremely effective.

Although the fears of the British and were exaggerated, German intelligence was indeed managed to spend several successful intelligence operations both before and after the First World War, but they happened against the background of no less impressive failures. ND was the predecessor of the Abver, the future chief of whom, Admiral Canary, was its agent.

German intelligence services are rooted to the main command of the land forces (OK), which had a well-known General Staff of the Ground Forces, in which the kernel was first of Prusski, and then the German intelligence service from the beginning of the XIX century before disbanding the Abver and OK. In 1944 (departments and Other components of the Abver entered the main management of imperial security. - Ed.).

In peaceful time, there was no special intelligence unit in the Prussian army, and the officers of the General Staff traditionally perceived the values \u200b\u200bof intelligence. There was no doubt about the need for military espionage, however, the Great German Commander, General Count Helmut Background Moltke. He enjoyed the services of spies in the war of 1866 against Austria and demanded from Deposit, so that they recruit the agent, able to withdraw the details of the Austrian troops. Such an agent was the young Austrian officer who had resigned in 1863 and gained access to the Austrian General Staff as a journalist. In April 1866, this agent, the Baron Augustus von Schloj, came to Berlin with a full plan of combat disposition of the Austrian army, a dossier on the commander of the troops and military plans of the Austrians. Mytke broke the enemy during a brilliant campaign, the culmination of which was the legendary battle in Komenigresz in July of the same year, finally secured the victory of Prussians. (Battle under Kenigresz (Sovr. Gladets-Klolov) July 3, 1866 In our historical literature, they are usually called the battle at the garden (town at 14 kilometers from Gardez-Klolov). The Austro-Saxon Army of General L. Benediec (215 thousand, 770 guns ) suffered a defeat, losing 1313 officers and 41,499 lower ranks killed, injured and missing (including up to 20 thousand prisoners). The victory of the Prussian lost 360 officers and 8812 lower ranks. The superiority of their small arms played a crucial role in the victory of Prussians (needle rifle) and romper cut-out casing (shifted by 3.5 kilometers against 2 kilometers in rhinestones, charged from the Bug of Austrian cannons). - Ed.)