What sources of geographic information do you know. Countries with land borders with Russia. Determination of the route

Geographic maps can be classified according to various criteria.

Only one or several events are shown in detail on thematic maps. Examples of thematic maps: vegetation map, climate map, geological map, soil map, political map, etc.

In general geographic mapsah depict in equal detail both natural objects and phenomena (relief, rivers, lakes, vegetation) and socio-economic (settlements, roads, industrial enterprises). The names are signed on them: oceans, rivers, seas, bays, straits, lakes, rivers; continents, islands, capes; plains, mountains, ridges; settlements, etc. The names of settlements are displayed to the right of the symbol, parallel to the southern frame or along the nearest parallel. The names of the rivers are placed in the middle of the channel or along its axis, and the names of the seas, islands and states are placed within the contours, located in the direction of greater length.

Figure: Classification of geographical maps

Maps also distinguish by the coverage of the territory. The classification of maps by the size of the territory depicted on them includes the following groups: 1) maps of the starry sky; 2) maps of planets and the Earth; 3) maps of hemispheres; 4) maps of continents and oceans; 5) maps of seas, bays, straits; 6) country maps; 7) maps of large natural regions; 8) maps of republics, territories, regions, administrative districts; 9) city maps; 10) maps of urban areas.

There is a classification of cards by appointment, taking into account the diversity of spheres of human activity. For example, scientific reference maps are designed to carry out scientific research and obtain reference information, tourist maps - to obtain information about interesting objects of the area, cafes, hotels, technical maps - to solve engineering problems. Educational maps are the main visual aid in the study of geography, as well as economics, history and other academic disciplines.

Divide cards into groups and in scale. Small-scale maps with a scale smaller than 1: 1,000,000 are distinguished, intended for the study of large territories, medium-scale maps with a scale of 1: 200,000 to 1: 1,000,000, and large-scale maps with a scale of 1: 200,000 and larger.

Large scale maps are topographic maps.

Let us remind you that in its content cards can be:

• general geographic;
• thematic.

Thematic maps

Vegetation maps, for example, depict the distribution and composition of vegetation in different areas. There are also maps of minerals, forest maps, relief maps, synoptic maps, industry maps showing large cities - industrial centers and their specialization. All these maps characterize geographic objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry. That is why they are called thematic. For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe location of countries, their borders.

General geographic maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc. For example, a physical map of Russia.

By area coverage distinguish between maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions).

A political map of the World

A political map of the World - one of the most important cartographic sources in the course of the geography of the world, since this hag shows different countries, their capitals, routes of communication and other useful information.

Let's look at the political map. In addition to the borders of states, on the political map you can see the largest cities and capitals of countries, routes of communication and seaports, the largest hydrographic objects (seas, rivers, lakes, bays, straits). Some other geographic features, such as relief, may also be shown.

On the political crust of the world, you will find over 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state have been formed for a long time. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

In order to know the political map of the world or individual continents and their parts, it is necessary to constantly refer to it, train in determining the geographical position of certain countries or regions, monitor the changes taking place in the world.

The most difficult is the political map of Western Europe. Let's together with you determine the geographical position of the countries of this region (Table 1).

Table 1. Countries of Western Europe

		Population (2007)	Capital (s)
	84 thousand km 2	8.3 million people
		70 thousand people	Andorra la Vieja
	30.5 thousand km 2	10.6 million people	Brussels
		1 thousand people
Great Britain	244 thousand km 2	61 million people
Germany	356 thousand km 2	82.3 million people	Bonn, Berlin
	132.0 thousand km 2	11.2 million people
	43 thousand km 2	5.5 million people	Copenhagen
Ireland	70 thousand km 2	4.4 million people
Iceland	103 thousand km 2	290 K people	Reykjavik
	504 thousand km 2	45.3 million people
	301 thousand km 2	59.3 million people
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein)		34 K people
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)	2.6 thousand km 2	463 K people	Luxembourg
		397 K people	Valletta
		33 thousand people
Netherlands	41 thousand km 2	16.4 million people	Amsterdam
Norway	324 thousand km 2	4.7 million people
Portugal	92 thousand km 2	10.7 million people	Lisbon
San Marino		28 thousand people	San Marino
Finland	337 thousand km 2	5.3 million people		552 thousand km 2	61.7 million people
Switzerland	41 thousand km 2	7.5 million people
	450 thousand km 2	9.1 million people	Stockholm

Time zone map - an interesting, and most importantly, useful map (Fig. I).

For the convenience of timing, the entire surface of the Earth was divided into 24 time zones. The time of each time zone differs from the following by one hour. The zones are numbered from 0 to 23 from west to east from Greenwich meridian. In all points located within the same belt, the same is considered standard time. Moscow, for example, is in the second time zone.

However, in Moscow we live not according to the waist, but according to standard time (from Latin decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands move forward (summer time) or backward (winter time) one hour in order to achieve the most rational use daylight hours and energy savings. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris - 11 o'clock (Central European time), in London - 10 o'clock (Greenwich time).

Figure: 1. Map of time zones of the world

Look at the hags of time zones. The boundaries of time zones are not drawn exactly along the meridians. For convenience, the boundaries of states, regions, states and other administrative-territorial entities within the same country are taken into account. In Russia, for example, the 11th and 12th time zones are combined into one.

And air transport, telephone and telegraph communications on the territory of the country work, as a rule, at a single time. In Russia, for example, Moscow time.

If you look closely at the time zone map, you will notice what makes the 180th meridian remarkable. A conditional date line. Its zigzag in the Chukchi Peninsula is not accidental. The fact is that on both sides of this line the hours and minutes coincide, and the calendar dates differ by one day. If the date line crossed Chukotka, its residents would have to maintain their own calendar, one day ahead of the all-Russian one.

If you ever decide to take a trip around the world and travel east from Cape Dezhnev, crossing the date line, do not forget to count the same day twice. Conversely, moving from east to west - skip one day.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information

Is a science that studies the totality of mass phenomena in order to take into account and identify the patterns of their development using quantitative (statistical) indicators. The population is just such a mass phenomenon. Statistical indicators include absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

Absolute values are informative and show the extent of geographic phenomena. For example, Russia has the largest territory in the world - more than 17 million km 2, which is almost twice the territory of countries such as China, USAor Canada. However, in terms of population, Russia is inferior to many countries. In 2007, the population was 142 million. - eighth place in the world.

Table 2. Population of the largest countries in the world (million people)

Relative magnitude expresses the result of comparison (comparison) of statistical indicators with each other. They allow you to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena, their tendency.

Odds - indicators that reflect characteristics individual phenomena, such as the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, one must first of all understand how they are organized and constructed (ordered).

Statistical table is a system of vertical and horizontal graphs (columns and rows), provided with headers and filled in a certain order with digital data. It contains the statistical data necessary to characterize the studied geographic phenomenon and its component parts... The headings of the horizontal rows of a statistical table correspond to the statistical “subject”, and the top headings of its vertical columns correspond to the statistical “predicate”.

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 "Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the census of 1926-2002."

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the census data of 1926-2002,%

Russian Federation, including areas:
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volgo-Vyatsky
Central Black Earth
Volzhsky
North Caucasian
Ural
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Kaliningrad region

The statistical subject lists those parts and groups of the phenomenon under study that are quantitatively characterized in the predicate. In this case, these are the economic regions of Russia. The predicate of the table shows the values \u200b\u200bof the phenomenon under study - the share of the population living in the economic regions of the Russian Federation for a number of years.

Thus, any statistical table includes three required elements:

• general table heading;
• statistical subject;
• statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, schematic maps.

Statistical maps Are primarily cartograms and cartodiagrams. Let's join with you, using the table. 4, we compose on outline map cartogram showing the population density of the economic regions of Russia:

• write down the name of the cartogram ("Population density of the economic regions of Russia");
• write down the name of the source, on the basis of which we will build the cartogram (statistical table "Population density of economic regions of Russia");
• we will write out the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having previously rounded their values \u200b\u200bto whole numbers;
• let's divide the indicators into groups according to the principle of equal intervals. The simplest way to break down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and the smallest value (1) of the indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 \u003d 62 “60: 5 \u003d 12), the interval will be 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people / km 2;
• we will compose the legend of the cartogram in a notebook, where darker tones of color (or thicker shading) depict a greater intensity of the phenomenon; light shades (or rare shading) - less. For a color image, it is better to take shades of one paint: from lighter to darker;
• show on the contour map the boundaries of the economic regions of Russia;
• transfer the legend of the cartogram to the contour map in the "Legend";
• let's execute the cartogram.

Building graphs and diagrams based on statistics has a mathematical foundation that you are well aware of.

Based on their graphs, we can conclude that up to the 90s. XX century In the resettlement of the population of Russia, the historical trend of the development of new lands and Russian outskirts persisted.

Since the 1990s. there is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions of Russia, primarily the Far East and North.

Diagrams show the volume and structure of geographic phenomena. They can be circular, point, linear, areal, volumetric, etc. (Fig. 2). Recall that when constructing pie charts the initial radius is considered to be directed upward on the sheet of paper, that is, "north". It is from it, clockwise, that the indicators (based on I% \u003d 3.6 degrees) are deposited, characterizing a geographic phenomenon, for example, the resettlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the seas.

Figure: 2. Resettlement of the Earth's population, depending on the proximity of the coast of the seas and oceans

The scale of the diagram depends on: a) the size of the sheet; b) the values \u200b\u200bof the initial indicators; c) the difference between the highest and lowest values \u200b\u200bof indicators; d) the number of diagram symbols.

To determine the scale bar chart, for example, you must first establish what the largest and smallest posts can be. The base of the diagram is determined by the formula X \u003d A: M, where X is the base of the diagram; A is the statistical indicator we use; M is the scale base, which shows how many units of this indicator are per 1 sq. mm of chart area. It is composed like this. First, the center line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored taking into account the scale.

Drawing up a cartodiagram on a contour map is reduced to building diagrams within the boundaries of a certain territory, for example, within the boundaries of large regions of Russia, economic regions, subjects of the Russian Federation.

Age and sex pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age groups of the population. It is constructed as follows. The age is plotted along the vertical axis at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and along the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (on the same scale). For each age group they build their own line diagram and, as it were, "string" them one after another from the bottom up - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). By the shape of such a pyramid, it is possible to determine the peculiarities of the age structure of the population, to reveal the peculiarities of the sex ratio in different age groups. The quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population read from the age-sex pyramids can be used for further calculations of generalizing demographic indicators (for example, the coefficients of the demographic load of the population), their analysis and comparison.

Figure: 3. Age and sex pyramids

The question arises as to how to update statistical materials, because they become outdated pretty soon. For this, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Is a computer database that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of the information blocks.

In terms of spatial coverage, there are global, nationwide, regional, local and urban GIS. According to their purpose, they are subdivided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Thus, geographic information systems (GIS) are special systems capable of collecting, organizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and disseminating data at a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis. It is very effective, for example, to use educational GIS when comparing thematic maps of different content for the same territory, be it a country or a region; when establishing various geographic connections.

Let's pay your special attention to opportunities and resources of the Internet, which can be used by you in the course of studying the course. They include:

• educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);
• E-mail (email);
• teleconferences.

The educational resources of the World Wide Web can be helpful:

• to search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons in the preparation process;
• to search for information in the process of preparing various kinds of creative works (reports, abstracts, business games, training conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

• to exchange educational creative works with their peers from other schools, regions of our country;
• for mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems of distance learning and telecommunication projects.

Teleconferencing can be helpful:

• with participation in various educational and cognitive telecommunication projects.

The following sources of geographic information are distinguished.
1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS is a computer-assisted "archives" of geographic knowledge about the territorial organization and interaction of society and nature. The GIS includes:

COMPUTER;
software;
spatial information in the form of cartographic data on natural components, economy, land, roads, etc.
GIS operation is carried out in the following sequence:
collection and automated processing of geographic information;
spatial referencing of geographic information and its presentation in the form of an electronic map on the display screen;
translation of this map, if necessary, into paper form (for example, creating atlases).
An important component of GIS is aerospace information, aerovisual observation data, ground sensors, etc.
The Institute of Geography of NASU is developing a multipurpose National GIS of Ukraine, the purpose of which is to create a geographic and cybernetic model of the country.
2. Geographic research:
field studies;
travels;
local history excursions
tourism, mountaineering.
Field research can be expeditionary and stationary. The expedition includes the study of individual natural components, sectors of the economy, etc. Natural and economic complexes are learned in the process of comprehensive geographical research (natural-geographical, landscape, economic-geographical, etc.). Expeditionary research is divided into three periods:
preparatory;
field expeditionary;
office (processing of collected materials, writing a report, drawing up maps).

During expeditionary research, aerospace images of the earth's surface are used. They are decrypted, i.e. recognize objects reflected on them by their shape, color, image tone.
Artificial satellites provide an opportunity to study the dynamics and frequency of natural processes, unique phenomena and objects (volcanic eruptions, fires, avalanches, landslides, fractures of the earth's crust, atmospheric pollution, etc.).
In 1995, the first Ukrainian satellite "Sich-1" was launched, equipped with instruments for remote sensing of the Earth, inventory and assessment of lands, prospecting for minerals, meteorological forecasting, monitoring the state environment... The Center for Aerospace Research of the Earth, the Center for Radiophysical Sounding of the Earth, and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute function in Ukraine.

Geographic information is now being obtained about natural and man-made processes, changes in the natural environment, geochemical anomalies, cities and suburban areas, air pollution, flooding, the state of vegetation, areas of radioactive contamination, emissions from treatment facilities.
Stationary geographic research has been carried out regularly over the years at specially equipped geographic stations. They study in detail the changes in natural complexes over time. Stationary geographical research is carried out at the bases of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov and Taurida universities.

Ukraine is a member of the World Weather Watch, the World Meteorological Organization. Hydrometeorological conditions are important economic and social factors: the social and economic state of the state, the ecological situation, the agro-industrial complex, energy, transport, utilities, and military security depend on them.
3. Sources of geographic information are local history studies and descriptions of the native land, cities and other settlements. They also include descriptions of travel, tourist and mountaineering routes, excursions.

4. Maps and atlases are important sources of geographic information. Cartographic images reproduce the dimensions and properties of geographic objects using geographic means and signs (lines, shapes), as well as color tone. Combinations of geographic signs and background are means of cartographic modeling, creating cartographic images (geo-image). To understand the natural and economic objects displayed on the map, the components of natural conditions, processes, as well as the patterns of their distribution, legends are attached to the maps. Legend text, geographical names, terms and concepts allow you to “read” the map and use it.
Maps are the most important components of information building blocks of geographic atlases. National atlases are becoming increasingly important. By the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 01.08.2000 "On the National Atlas of Ukraine" an atlas is being created, which will reflect the spatial characteristics of natural conditions and resources, population, economy, environmental conditions, science and culture of Ukraine.

Geographic information is produced by:
Institute of Geography;
Institute of Geological Sciences;
Institute of Botany;
Institute of Zoology;
Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine;
regional natural science and socio-economic divisions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Various geographical information is kept by the National Natural Museum of Ukraine, regional, district, city local history museums.
6. Diverse geographical information is available in textbooks, manuals, statistical reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals, periodicals. The media are filled with geographic information: newspapers, radio and television programs. Geographic popular science, documentaries, educational films are being created. Geographic information can be found in fiction, paintings, landscape architecture, etc. The Internet provides great opportunities for obtaining and using relevant geographic information.

Source study.

Source classification.

Legislative acts and regulations.

There are documents of the Russian (federal) and regional levels. These documents allow us to reveal which problems were more pronounced at one time or another, and how these problems were regulated at any level.

Regulatory documents help to deduce the policy of the state, as well as ways of its implementation on the ground.

Normative act - This is an official document of a law-making body, which contains legal norms.

Normative acts are created mainly by state bodies that have the right to make regulatory decisions on those issues that are submitted to them for resolution.

In doing so, they express the will of the state. From this stems their imperiousness, formality, authoritarianism, and commitment.

Normative acts are characterized by the following features.

First, they have a law-making character: in them the norms of law are either established, or changed, or canceled. Normative acts are carriers, repositories, dwellings of legal norms, from which we draw knowledge about legal norms.

Secondly, normative acts should be issued only within the competence of the law-making body, otherwise there will be several normative decisions on the same issue in the state, between which contradictions are possible.

Thirdly, normative acts are always clothed in documentary form and must have the following details: type of normative act, its name, body that adopted it, date, place of adoption of the act, number. Written form contributes to the achievement of a uniform understanding of the requirements of legal norms, which is very important, since sanctions may be imposed for failure to comply with them.

Fourthly, each normative act must comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and not contradict those normative acts that have greater legal force in comparison with it.

Fifthly, all regulations must be brought to the attention of citizens and organizations, i.e.

Geographic research methods and main sources of geographic information

Normative legal act - an official document of the established form, adopted within the competence of the authorized state body (official), other social structures (municipal bodies, trade unions, joint-stock companies, partnerships, etc.) or by way of a referendum in compliance with the procedure established by law, containing generally binding rules of conduct , designed for an indefinite circle of people and repeated use.

Clerical documentation of various bodies and institutions.

Documents are of a different nature, orders, penalties, organizational - constituent, informational (reports, correspondence, etc.). There can be both government bodies and private ones.

Clerical documents - the most numerous type of historical sources. In a broad sense, they include the entire complex of documentation generated as a result of the activities of any management body, regardless of the scale and form of ownership of management objects.

Statistical materials.

Statistics- a branch of knowledge, which sets out the general issues of collecting, measuring and analyzing massive statistical (quantitative or qualitative) data; the study of the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in numerical form.

Statistics develops a special methodology for research and processing of materials: mass statistical observations, the method of groupings, averages, indices, the balance method, the method of graphic images and other methods of analyzing statistical data.

There are three types of statistics grouping:

Analytical grouping - allows you to identify the relationship between groups.

Typological grouping - division of the studied population into homogeneous groups.

Structural grouping - in which a homogeneous population is divided into groups, according to a certain criterion.

Groupings are primary and secondary. Primary groupings are obtained from statistical observations. And the secondary ones are carried out on the basis of the primary one.

Statistical Methods - methods for analyzing statistical data. Methods of applied statistics are distinguished, which can be applied in all areas of scientific research and any sectors of the national economy, and other statistical methods, the applicability of which is limited to one or another area. This refers to methods such as statistical acceptance control, statistical control of technological processes, reliability and testing, and experimental planning.

Statistical methods of data analysis are used in almost all areas of human activity. They are used always when it is necessary to obtain and substantiate any judgments about a group (objects or subjects) with some internal heterogeneity.

There are three types of scientific and applied activities in the field of statistical methods for data analysis (according to the degree of specificity of the methods associated with immersion in specific problems):

a) development and research of general purpose methods, without taking into account the specifics of the field of application;

b) development and research of statistical models of real phenomena and processes in accordance with the needs of a particular field of activity;

c) the use of statistical methods and models for statistical analysis of specific data in solving applied problems, for example, for the purpose of conducting sample surveys.

Applied statistics is the science of how to process data of arbitrary nature. The mathematical basis of applied statistics and statistical methods of analysis is probability theory and mathematical statistics.

State statistics Is an activity carried out by the state statistics body and its services. This activity is aimed at performing the functions of forming official statistical information on the social, economic, demographic and environmental situation of the country.

Provision of statistical information is the main task of state statistics bodies and the products of their activities. Like any product, it has a value. Especially expensive is the information, the receipt of which goes beyond the program of work of state statistics.

The structure of state statistics bodies corresponds to the administrative-territorial division of the country. In two cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg - there are local committees on statistics, and the same in the autonomous republics. Statistical committees also work in the regions and regions. The lower level is the regional inspectorates of state statistics, which are available in the administrative districts of territories and regions, large cities.

The main functions of all statistical bodies are to collect, process, analyze and present data in a user-friendly way. Statistical services must promptly provide information to the governing bodies, exchange information with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its local offices, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its local bodies, the State Property Committee of the Russian Federation and its services. Committee on Labor and Employment of the Russian Federation, etc.

Periodic printing.

Correspondence notes in local and national newspapers.

Periodic printing - the type of historical sources represented by long-term periodicals, the functions of which are the organization (structuring) of public opinion, the implementation of the ideological influence of the state, information service of economic activities in the field of private entrepreneurship, the establishment of feedback in the management system.

Periodicals are divided into three types: newspapers, magazines, and time-based publications of scientific societies.

Basic methods of geographical research.

Descriptive. The study and description of any territory is carried out according to a certain plan. The description can be either single-element (when only one component is considered, for example, the hydrological network, relief, landscapes), and complex (when the entire territorial complex is considered: nature - population - economy).

Comparative. Comparative analysis is often used in the study of various territories and geographic features. The objects of study can be located close to each other (for example, the coast of the Black and Azov Seas) or be removed (for example, mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions of South America and Europe) and similar features are analyzed. As a result, elements of similarity and differences are highlighted and appropriate conclusions are drawn.

Cartographic. For the territory of the study, special maps or series of thematic maps are created with the aim of understanding a phenomenon. With the help of pre-developed certain conventional signs, certain elements of the territory under consideration (relief, climate elements, landscapes, etc.) are applied to the cartographic base. The cartographic method is usually used with other research methods: interpretation of aerial and satellite images, mathematical, etc.

Retrospective (historical approach). The study of any geographic object, territory: its landscapes, its individual components, natural and social phenomena, is considered in time, which makes it possible to make a forecast for the future.

Typological. According to the selected criteria, reference areas (key) are selected in the study area with the aim of further disseminating the findings to other areas.

Sources of geographic information.

1. Maps, atlases, topographic plans.

2. Geographical descriptions of different territories.

3. Encyclopedias, reference books, statistical materials, etc.

4. Space and aerial photographs.

5. Geographic information systems (GIS).

At present, all of the listed sources of information can be digitized and converted from paper to electronic form, an example of GIS.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

The role of geography in solving important problems of the country's development

Ticket methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical .. geographical differences in the economic activities of the population of Russia .. consequence large territory Russia saw the rather diverse nature of our country, which caused the differences ..

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The Urals is a territory that includes the Cis-Urals, Trans-Urals and the mountain ranges of the Ural Mountains, stretching in the meridional direction for more than 2000 km. Far East - predominantly mountainous area

Determination from statistical materials and comparison of population growth rates in different parts of the country (at the teacher's choice) and their explanation
Population growth can be natural or mechanical. Natural population growth depends on the ratio of fertility and mortality. If the birth rate is higher than the death rate, then the natural increase

Mineral resources of Russia. Security, patterns of placement, problems of rational use
Mineral resources are all types of minerals. There are three types: combustible (fuel), metallic (ore) and non-metallic (non-metallic). Combustible minerals are timed

Accommodation of the population throughout the country The main zone of settlement, factors affecting the distribution of the population
The distribution of the population is influenced by natural (climate, relief, soil), socio-economic (availability of jobs, living conditions), historical and environmental conditions. Out of 145 million

Determination on the map of factors that influenced the location of machine-building enterprises (at the teacher's choice)
The location of machine-building enterprises is influenced by the following factors: - availability of highly qualified labor resources and scientific institutions (high-tech science-intensive and labor-intensive

A variety of climatic conditions in Russia. Climatic factors
The type of climate is influenced by the following factors: latitude and, accordingly, the amount of incoming solar radiation; atmospheric circulation - the direction of movement of air masses; with

The composition of the economy. Problems of Russia's economic development and indicators characterizing the level of economic development
The national economy of Russia consists of several dozen large and more than a hundred small industries. An industry is a collection of enterprises producing homogeneous products. Addicted

Determination from statistical materials and comparison of the ratio of urban and rural population in different parts of the country (at the teacher's choice)
The ratio of urban and rural population is influenced by such factors as: - natural conditions and resources; history of settlement and development of this territory; - dominance

Comparative characteristics of the climate of Central Russia and Eastern Siberia, the reasons for the differences
Central Russia and most of Eastern Siberia are located in the temperate climatic zone, but in its different sectors: Central Russia - in the temperate region, and Eastern Siberia (excluding

Comparison based on statistical materials of the labor force provision of two territories (at the teacher's choice)
In fact, all regions of Russia are provided with labor resources to varying degrees. The quantity and quality of labor resources is influenced by both natural population growth, migration

Comparative characteristics of the climate of the North Caucasus and Primorye, the reasons for the differences
Almost the entire flat territory of the North Caucasus and the territory of Primorye are located in a zone of a temperate type of climate, only the North Caucasus is in a subzone of a temperate continental climate,

Determination of geographical coordinates of geographical objects on a map (at the teacher's choice)
Geographic coordinates are quantities that determine the position of an object on the earth's surface relative to the initial meridian (longitude is measured from 0 to 180 °) and the equator (latitude from 0

Agroclimatic resources of Russia. Reasons for differences
Agroclimatic resources are certain climatic conditions necessary for the normal functioning of agricultural production. They are determined by the amount of precipitation and the amount of those

Comparative economic and geographical characteristics of the European and Asian parts of Russia
The European part (western economic zone, or western macro-region) is characterized by: high population density (78% of the total population of Russia, the European part - historical

Internal waters of Russia. The largest rivers and lakes. Distribution by basin. Differences in river regimes
Internal waters include: rivers, lakes, underground waters, glaciers, swamps, permafrost, canals and reservoirs. Rivers. In Russia, rivers are predominantly of a flat type. Thanks to the common

Comparative characteristics of the economy of two large geographic regions of Russia (at the teacher's choice)
Comparative analysis of the economy of the European North (Northern Economic Region) and the European South (North Caucasian Economic Region). Similarity. 1. Both of these territories are approximately the same

Solving problems to determine the differences in standard time on the territory of the country (at the teacher's choice)
The territory of Russia is located in 11 time zones. The 1st and 12th zones are united into one, and in fact there are ten time zones in Russia. To determine the time in different geographic locations

Water and hydropower resources of Russia. Provision, distribution over the territory of the country, problems of rational use
Water is the most important of all natural resources. The existence of all living organisms on Earth depends on its presence. Water is needed in many sectors of the economy: chemical, pulp and paper, textiles

Compilation of a comparative description of two regions of oil, gas or coal production using maps and statistical materials (at the teacher's choice)
An approximate plan for comparing two regions of mineral resource extraction (if the necessary statistics and maps are available): 1. Location. 2. Position in relation to consumers and important

Zonal natural complexes of Russia. Characteristics of one natural zone (at the teacher's choice)
The natural zone is a large natural complex with a common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and fauna. Due to the large extent of the Ross territory

Assessment based on maps and statistical materials of natural conditions and resources of one of the geographical regions of Russia (at the teacher's choice)
When answering this, it is necessary to identify and name the main types of natural resources: mineral, water, forest, land, agro-climatic, and also name the industries that can develop on

Forest resources of Russia. Provision, distribution over the territory of the country, problems of rational use
Russia is located in the northern forest belt of the Earth. The forest cover of the territory is 45%. Russia accounts for 20% of the world's total timber reserves. The forest zone stretches all over those

The ratio of urban and rural population in Russia. Largest cities and urban agglomerations
The ratio of urban and rural population is an important indicator of the level of a country's development. Russia is a typical urban (urbanized) country. According to the latest census (2002

Determination of the main articles of export and import of Russia based on statistical materials
Statistics show that Russia's main export items are: mineral raw materials, mainly oil and gas (about 40% of the total export value); various metals and rolled products; wood and cell

Altitudinal zonality. Characteristics of the nature of one of the mountainous regions of the country (at the student's choice)
Altitudinal zonation is a sequential change of natural zones with altitude in the mountains from the foot to the top, due to directional changes in climatic elements when rising to a certain

Assessment by maps of agroclimatic resources of their area
Agroclimatic resources are those climatic conditions that are necessary for the cultivation of certain agricultural crops in a particular territory. To assess the agroclimatic

Characteristics of the main soil types in Russia
Soil is a special natural formation; the uppermost fertile layer of the earth, on which certain plants grow. V.V. Dokuchaev established that the main types of soils on the globe are located

Determination of the main foreign economic partners of Russia based on statistical materials
According to statistical data, it can be established that in recent years the importance of foreign trade for the Russian economy has grown significantly. The share of exports in GDP increased. Has changed significantly

Soil and land resources of Russia, their economic assessment and problems of rational use. Land reclamation
Land resources are the earth's surface on which various objects of both natural origin and anthropogenic objects are located, that is, created as a result of economic activity of any

Comprehensive geographic characteristics of your area
The complex geographical description of its area includes the following approximate plan: 1. Name, area, population, official symbols. 2. Geographic software

Determination of the type of climate by the climate diagram. Algorithm for determining the type of climate on the climate diagram
1. Carefully consider all the designations on the diagram, while the months of the year are indicated on it one after another, in letters on the abscissa axis. 2. Find out the annual temperature variation (temperatures are indicated

Comparison using maps of the two rivers (as chosen by the teacher) and explaining the reasons for the differences
Comparison of the regime of the two rivers is carried out using climatic maps, since different climatic conditions determine the river regime. The river regime means: a change in the water level in the river, volume

Labor resources characterizing their performance. Employment problem and ways to solve it
Labor resources are a part of the population with the necessary physical development, health, knowledge to work in the national economy. The potential of labor resources is determined by: numerical

Designation on a contour map of geographic objects, knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the teacher's choice)
With the help of conventional signs, real objects are depicted on the map - for example, settlements, with the help of a punch (circle, square, etc.) and abstract - for example. Population density, distributed

Geographic differences in occupation and employment. Labor resources of their area
Geographic differences in occupations and the level of employment of the population are primarily determined by the composition and structure of the economy in a given territory - by branches of specialization. Share of people working in non-

The main trends in nature change under the influence of the production activities of people in Russia
Under the influence of industrial and economic activities of people, the natural environment changes. In different regions of the country, depending on the sectoral structure of the economy and stability or x

Comparison by maps of specialization of two industrial nodes, explanation of the similarities and differences (at the teacher's choice)
An industrial hub is a localized production-territorial combination of a complex nature, where relatively close to each other enterprises are united by those

Sectoral and territorial structure of the Russian economy and its changes in recent decades
The national economy of Russia, like any other country, is divided into two spheres: production and non-production. In turn, the production area is subdivided into intersectoral sets

Environmental problems of their area and possible ways to solve them
The environmental problems that arise in different regions of the country are different and depend primarily on the composition and structure of the national economy in a given area. So if this is what

Comparative characteristics of the EGP of two districts (at the teacher's choice)
Comparative characteristics of the economic and geographical position of the European North (Northern economic region) and the European South (North Caucasian economic region). From the title

To view a presentation with pictures, artwork, and slides, download its file and open it in PowerPoint on your computer.
Presentation slides text content: © Balass, 2012 Our Earth 1st lesson of geography in 5th grade Section I Sources of geographic information www.school2100.ru  What do we learn from the pages of the textbook "Our Earth"? There is one garden-planet In this cold space. Only here the forests are rustling, Birds clicking migratory, Only on it alone are lilies of the valley blooming in the green grass, And dragonflies are only here They look at the river in surprise. Take care of your planet - After all, there is no other similar one. I. Akim www.school2100.ru Information source is a system whose components ensure the placement, availability and integrity of information in accordance with its purpose. Geographic map, printed publication, television or radio broadcast, written or oral communication of a specific person, computer file, Internet address, etc. www.school2100.ru Remember what is depicted on: a) plan; b) map. 2. What do the colors represent on the hemisphere map? PLAN (from Lat. Planum - plane) - a drawing depicting a part of the earth's surface in conventional signs on a plane. MAP - an image of the earth's surface with conventional signs on a plane in a reduced form. Blue color on the map indicates water (seas, rivers, lakes), yellow and brown - land. Plains are green and yellow, mountains are brown. www.school2100.ru It is believed that there are no “blank spots” left on the map of the globe - unknown seas and lands.  Who was involved in the discovery of new lands? Do you agree with this statement? What question do you have? Why is geography needed? www.school2100.ru Why do you need geography?  What does the word "geography" mean in Russian?  When did this science begin?  What great geographers do you know?  What is their merit to science? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  Formulate the topic of the lesson.  What are your hypotheses? Why is geography needed? www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Read the text and answer the question: Who can be considered geographers? Use the algorithm on page 5 for your answer. Leif Eriksson The Happy Scandinavian Seafarer and Ruler of Greenland. Son of Viking Eric the Red, discoverer of Greenland. Before his trip to America, Leif made a trade expedition to Norway. On his return, Leif met a Norwegian named Bjarni Herjulfsson in Greenland, who said that he saw the outline of land in the west, far out to sea. Leif became interested in this story and decided to explore new lands. Around 1000, Leif Eriksson sailed west with a crew of 35 on a ship. They discovered three regions of the American coast. Several settlements were also founded there. The first maps of Vinland were compiled from the stories of Leif and his people. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Sir Francis Drake English navigator, corsair, vice admiral. The first Englishman to sail around the world (1577-1580). An active participant in the defeat of the Spanish fleet. At the age of 12 he became a cabin boy on a merchant ship (barge). He was so fond of the owner of the ship, his distant relative, that after his death he bequeathed the ship to Drake, and at the age of 18 he became a full captain. In 1567 he set sail for Guinea and the West Indies, commanding a ship in a slave trade expedition of his relative. In 1577, Drake was sent by Queen Elizabeth on an expedition to the Pacific coast of America. The official purpose of the trip was to discover new lands. In fact, Drake had to plunder as much Spanish gold as possible and return to England with this cargo. After passing the Strait of Magellan, Drake was pushed back by a storm south of Tierra del Fuego, thereby revealing that it was not part of the southern continent. The strait south of Tierra del Fuego was later named after him. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Athanasius Nikitin Russian traveler, writer, merchant, author of the famous travel records known as "Voyage across the Three Seas." Born into the family of a peasant Nikita. Traveled to Persia, India and Turkey; wrote a description of this journey in the book "Walking the Three Seas". This was the first description in Russian literature of not a pilgrimage, but a commercial trip, full of observations about political structure, economy and culture of other countries. In his book, Nikitin describes the beauty of southern nature, and the wealth of landowners and nobles, and the splendor of their palaces, and the poverty of the rural population, and the customs and appearance of the inhabitants of India. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Outstanding Russian sailor, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, as well as a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648 - 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering - passed the Bering Strait, separating Alaska from Chukotka. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Continue: Geography is the science of ... What is characteristic of science? Formulate the objectives of the science of geography. purpose, subject of study, methods "Geography" - in literal translation "land description" a description of the territory; an explanation of the processes taking place on it; geographic forecast www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Using the picture, define the structure of the geography.  What does modern geography study?  Why is she more and more actively studying various areas of human activity? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  Determine the object of study of the science of geography. the earth's surface with all its natural and social content www.school2100.ru Why is it necessary to study geography? What methods can be used to study it?  Choose one of the methods and evaluate its role in the development of modern geography. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? What can be considered a source of geographic information? How important is this information for a person?  How do you answer the question in the lesson? www.school2100.ru  Who first discovered America? Is it correct to call him a geographer?  Why are physical and social geographies so called? Can a person, armed with geographical knowledge and skills, have a beneficial effect on the future of the planet? www.school2100.ru §1, task 4, p. 12 Homework:

Sources of geographic knowledge

Sources of information are textbooks, gazetteers and encyclopedias, maps and atlases.

Information-rich geographic magazines and newspapers.

Many new, useful and interesting things can be learned from radio and television programs: weather forecasts, messages about natural phenomena, natural wonders, culture of the population different countries etc.

Nowadays, to obtain the necessary geographic knowledge, they use the services of the Internet - the worldwide computer network. With its help, you can exchange geographic information in a matter of minutes - cartographic, text, video, audio.

To obtain geographic information and knowledge, they use various research methods.

The oldest is the descriptive research method. It consists in describing the object (where it is located, how it has changed over time, how it affects other objects, etc.). The description is carried out on the basis of observations of phenomena and processes.

This method is still one of the main ones. The expeditionary method is also ancient. The word "Expedition" means "hike". An expedition is a business trip of a group of people to investigate certain objects or phenomena. The material collected on expeditions forms the basis of geography.

Based on it, science develops.

The historical method allows us to find out how objects and phenomena arose and developed in time. The literary method consists in the study of literature - everything that has already been written on a given topic. The cartographic method of research consists in determining the location of objects and putting them on a map.

Skillfully reading geographical maps, a researcher can obtain a lot of necessary information. New methods include aerospace - Study of the Earth's surface using images from aircraft and spacecraft. With the help of the modeling method, Using computer technology, provide for changes in the environment.

Globe.

Primary sources of knowledge

Primary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are associated with socio-geographical field research, when objects are studied right on the ground thanks to direct acquaintance with them, thanks to observations, instrumental measurements, as well as polling, questionnaires like that.

These are usually studies of individual farms and enterprises (agricultural, industrial, construction, recreational, etc.), as well as settlements and places of concentration of production and infrastructure (a set of structures and services that ensure the functioning of industries and living conditions of society).

The primary source of socio-geographical knowledge can also be field special (thematic) mapping of the study area - the actual use of land, population settlement, levels of technogenic load on the territory, its ecological state, etc.

e. For the needs of such mapping, topographic maps or land use plans or land-economic structure of administrative-territorial units, individual farms, cities are usually used as a basis.

Primary sources usually provide socio-geographical knowledge about their own state, because it is not so often that researchers are given the opportunity to carry out the necessary field research abroad.

Therefore, the main sources of socio-geographical knowledge about the world are secondary sources. Secondary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are those that are obtained and ordered in a certain way by other researchers. A classic example is various literary sources - historical, geographical, environmental literature.

Now, thanks to the Internet, it is possible to “visit” the largest libraries in the world without leaving home.

Among such institutions are the CELA Library of Congress, the German National Economic Library, the Russian National Library, the National Library of Ukraine. IN AND.

Vernadsky similar.

For the acquisition of knowledge in the field of social and economic geography, various sources containing ordered statistical information are very important. In Ukraine, such sources are government bodies - regional and district state administrations, as well as state administrative structures - environmental safety and natural resources, sanitary and epidemiological services, water management, forestry, rail and water transport, electricity and gas supply, etc. ...

Important geographic information is often also held by local authorities. Also, individual enterprises, farms, institutions with their operational accounting and reporting statistical information are often useful.

Are research and design institutions and organizations that accumulate stock information and scientific ones also useful?

design development according to your profile. Public organizations and movements - ethnocultural, confessional, political (party), professional, etc., can also have interesting socio-geographical information.

Regarding information about different states, regions, or generally about the world, it is available on the websites of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Tourism Organization and other well-known international organizations.

The cartographic method is the traditional research method, and the creation of maps is one of their end results.

Geographic maps contain information about various phenomena and processes, the boundaries of their distribution. A huge number of thematic maps (navigation, soil, climatic, synoptic, geological, hydrological, etc.) contain information that is necessary not only for people of different professions: geologists and navigators, military and agronomists, builders and architects. No good detailed map it is impossible to hike in unfamiliar (and especially sparsely populated) places. Maps are used in planning and conducting field research.

They are also the basis for drawing up new maps with a different information content.

However, not all geographic data can be displayed on a map.

The most important source of information about the nature and natural resources of various territories are geographical descriptions in the form of scientific and popular science publications, journal articles, scientific reports on expeditionary and other research, encyclopedias, dictionaries, statistical collections, etc.

But who said that we receive knowledge about the world around us only from scientific publications?

The richest source of information, including geographical information, are photo albums, documentaries and films, weather forecasts, as well as periodicals about earthquakes, droughts, floods, discoveries, travel, political and economic events.

Even postage stamps can tell a lot about the nature and economy of different countries.

And of course, modern research is impossible without the widespread use of information technology. Computer systems for collecting, storing, processing and distributing data tied to a geographic coordinate system are called geographic information systems (GIS).

This is an extensive database that digitally accumulates a variety of information relating to any territory, and can be quickly supplemented, updated, processed and be in any form, most often in the form of maps.

The GIS structure can be represented as a system of information layers. The first layer is a cartographic base: a coordinate grid, terrain contours.

Subsequent layers reflect the administrative division of the territory, the structure of the road network, the nature of the relief, hydrography, settlements, the type of soil, vegetation, agricultural land, the age composition of the population, etc.

In essence, a GIS is an electronic atlas. But not only. Layers in a GIS can be displayed and viewed separately, like pages of a conventional atlas, but they can also be combined in a variety of combinations, compared with each other, and data analysis allows you to create derived layers. That is, based on the available amount of information, new information appears.

Russia -a state located on two continents, in eastern Europe and northern Asia. The largest state in the world - 17,125,422 sq / km or 1/9 of the entire land area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth, which is twice as much as that of the second-ranked Canada.

Russia shares borders with 19 countries (the largest indicator in the world), of which by land with the following states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania - in the north-west, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine - in the west, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan - in the south, China, Mongolia, North Korea - in the southeast; and by sea with Turkey in the southwest, with Japan and the USA in the east.

In addition, Kaliningrad Oblast, an enclave of Russia on the Baltic Sea coast, borders Poland and Lithuania with east side.
Russia belongalso the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Vaigach, the Franz Josef Land archipelago, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Kuril Islands (some of which are still disputed by Japan) and Sakhalin Island in the Pacific Ocean in the east.

In the east, Russia is washed The Japanese, Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the Bering Strait; in the north - by the Laptev and White, Barents, Kara, Chukchi and East Siberian seas; in the west - the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland; in the south - the Black, Azov and Caspian seas.

After the collapse of the USSR at the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the international community as a republic of a federal structure and admitted to the UN Security Council and a number of other international organizations.

The independence of the Russian Federation was declared on August 24, 1991. The head of state is the President (elected once every 6 years), executive power belongs to the government headed by the Prime Minister (appointed by the Parliament on the proposal of the President).
The State Duma and the Federation Council form a bicameral Parliament.
The lower house of the State Duma - 450 deputies, elections are held once every 5 years.
Upper House Federation Council - 170 senators appointed by regional parliaments.
Part The Russian Federation includes 22 republics, one autonomous region (Jewish), 4 autonomous regions, 9 territories and 46 regions.

Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol have direct federal subordination and are cities of federal significance. In total, there are 85 subjects in the Russian Federation for 2015.

From the point of view of the demographic situation in the Russian Federation, the most significant event in March 2014 was the actual reunification of the Crimean peninsula with the territory of the Russian state.

Capital of Russia - Moscow.

The largest city in Russia with a population of 12,197,596 people.
Heart of Russia - Moscow Kremlin.
In total, there are 15 million-plus cities in Russia, the largest cities with a population of over 1 million. These are Moscow, St. Petersburg (more than 5 million.

man); Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg (more than 1.5 million people); Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh.

Total Russia covers11 time zones with a difference of +2 to +12 hours in relation to Greenwich.

Population - 146 293 111 people (for 2014).

Most of the inhabitants of Russia (about 80%) live in the European part (Central, South, North Caucasian, North-West, Volga, Ural federal districts). The rest 20% is in the Asian part of Russia (Siberian, Far Eastern districts). The majority of the population lives in cities - 75%.
Live in Russia representatives of more than 200 nationalities. The largest ethnic group - Russians - make up 80% of the country's population.

Tatars - 4%, Ukrainians - 3%, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, Chechens, Armenians, Avars and other nationalities - 1% or less.
Peoples of Russia speak over 100 languages \u200b\u200band dialects. Russian is the native language of about 130 million citizens (92% of the Russian population). It is also the state language of the Russian Federation. Also, Ukrainian, Tatar, Armenian and other languages \u200b\u200bare widespread.
Christians live in Russia (mostly Orthodox), Muslims, Buddhists (mainly in Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva - Siberia), Jews, pagans and representatives of other religious denominations.

The share of Russian citizens who are Orthodox Christians is 70% of all residents of the country. The number of Muslims is 15% of the population.

Convinced atheists make up 6% of the population.
State currency - Russian ruble (~ 60 RUB \u003d 1 USD).

Russiapossesses the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, large reserves of various minerals, the most important of which are oil, gas, coal, gold and other strategic minerals. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of forest area, which occupy 45% of the country's territory, and has about 1/5 of the world's timber reserves.

Also, in Russia there is greatest number lakes containing about a quarter of the world's reserves of unfrozen fresh water.
Despite the vastness of the territory, agriculture uses a relatively small part of the land - arable land occupies only 8% of the country's territory. A significant part of the territory is in the permafrost zone.

About 3/4 of the territory countries are plains.

In the west stretches the East European Plain - one of the largest plains in the world, on which almost the entire European part of Russia is located. In the south of the country, there are the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains, where the highest point in the country and Europe is located - Mount Elbrus (5.642 meters). In the east, the plain is bounded by the low old Ural mountains up to 2,000 meters high.

And to the east of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain with vast swampy areas, bordered from the southeast by the Altai Mountains up to 4,500 meters high. Closer to the Pacific coast in the east is the region of mountain ranges and plateaus of Northeast Asia. Thus, the eastern part of the country, with the exception of the valleys of large rivers, is a mountainous area.

There are 120 volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula, 23 of which are active. The highest of them is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4,750 meters. The largest rivers of the country are the Volga, Northern Dvina, Don, Irtysh, Ob, Angara, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. The largest lakes: Baikal (in the southeast) - the deepest and largest in the world in terms of volume, Ladoga, Onega lakes (in the northeast).

Most of the countrylocated within the temperate climatic zone.

The extreme regions of the north and the northern islands belong to the arctic belt, while some southern regions are close to the subtropics. The climate in almost the entire territory of the country is continental, which is especially manifested in the large amplitude of seasonal temperatures and a lack of precipitation.

Winter is long in most of the territory. Especially severe frosts are observed in Eastern Yakutia (-45 ..- 50 degrees). In the European part of Russia, the temperature in winter reaches from 0 to -10 degrees. In summer, the average temperatures are +15 .. + 25 degrees. In the warm half of the year - from May to October - the bulk of precipitation falls.
Difference in climatic zones characterizes the variety of natural areas.

In the Arctic deserts of the Far North, mosses, polar poppies, buttercups grow; in the tundra, dwarf birch, willow, and alder are added to these species. Spruce, fir, cedar, larch are typical for the taiga. To the south and west begins a zone of broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, linden, hornbeam.

Also, on the territory of the country you can find many rare species: Mongolian oak, Manchu maple, elm, walnut. In the forest-steppe and steppe parts of the country, there are oak forests, herbs, and cereals.

In the Black Sea subtropics, forests of downy oak, junipers, boxwood, black alder prevail. On the coast - eucalyptus, palm.
The fauna is rich and diversecountries. In the arctic and tundra zones: arctic fox, reindeer, polar hare, seals, walruses, polar bear. The taiga is inhabited by bear, lynx, red deer, wolverine, elk, sable, ermine, chipmunk, squirrel; wood grouse, hazel grouse, black grouse, woodpecker, nutcracker nest. In addition, the taiga is characterized by the presence of a huge number of mosquitoes.

In deciduous forests, wild boar, deer, mink, numerous birds, and lizards are found. In the forests of the Far East, there are rare Ussuri tigers, bears, and deer. Among the animals of the steppe zone, small rodents prevail, many saigas, badgers, foxes, large steppe birds (bustard, crane, little bustard).

In the desert there are gazelles, jackals, sand cat, numerous rodents. There are many reptiles and turtles. The Caucasus region is inhabited by mountain goat, Caucasian deer, porcupine, leopard, hyena, bear, as well as a large number of reptiles.

Abstract: Introduction. Sources of geographic information

The student must know :

Ø the main milestones in the formation of economic geography in Russia;

Ø the subject of study and the main issues of economic and social geography;

Ø main sources of geographical knowledge and methods of geographical research;

Ø Analyze Internet resources and other media in order to obtain relevant information about the population and economy of countries and regions of the world;

have an idea:

Ø about the role and place of geography in the tree of earth sciences;

Ø on the structure of the subject;

Ø about geographic information systems.

The concept of Economic and social geography of the world.

Geography as a Science. The subject of the discipline. The main questions of geography. Major scientists of economic geographers. The place of geography in the system of earth sciences. Course structure. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. The main sources of geographic information. The use of geographic information in people's lives. Geographic information systems.

Topic 1.

World Political Map (RMB)

The student must know :

Ø the main historical stages of the formation of the political map of the world;

Ø typology of countries by the level of socio-economic development, by area, by population;

Ø forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the states of the world;

be able to:

Ø give examples of integration blocks of various orientations (economic, military, geopolitical, etc.);

Ø determine the economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the countries of the world (see.

Appendix I);

have an idea:

Ø on areas of regional conflicts;

Ø on the main directions of international economic relations;

Ø about the economic, political and geographical position of Russia on the modern political map of the world;

Ø about sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.

Stages of the formation of RMB.

Changes to the PKM in the recent period. The main methods of classifying the states of the world (by population, area, level of socio-economic development, etc.).

The main blocks of international integration of the countries of the world (EU, OPEC, G7, APEC, CIS, Eurasian Economic Community, LAAI, etc.).

Forms of government and administrative-territorial structure. Sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.

Political and geographical position of countries. Geopolitical interests. Regional conflicts.

Answers to tickets GIA by geography

Geographic research methods are ways to obtain geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) Cartographic method... The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of Russian economic geography - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe mutual arrangement of objects, their sizes, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) Historical method.

Everything on Earth is developing historically. Nothing arises from scratch, therefore knowledge of history is necessary to understand modern geography: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3) Statistical method... It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, reserves of natural resources, population size, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economic and mathematical.

If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, fertility, mortality and natural population growth, migration balance, resource availability, GDP per capita, etc.

5) Geographic regionalization method.

The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods of research in geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical... Everything is subject to comparison:
more or less, profitable or disadvantageous, faster or slower.

Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7) Field research and observation method... Geography cannot be studied only while sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographic information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material that is the subject of study.

8) Remote observation method.

Modern aerial and space photography are great helpers in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature protection, in solving many problems of mankind.

9) Geographic modeling method... Geographic modeling is an important method of geography research. The simplest geographic model is the globe.

10) Geographic forecast... Modern geographical science should not only describe the objects and phenomena under study, but also predict the consequences to which humanity may come in the course of its development.

Geographic forecasting helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, use resources rationally, and solve global problems.

Geographic research methods and main sources of geographic information wikipedia
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Geographic research methods are ways to obtain geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) Cartographic method... The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of the Russian - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe mutual arrangement of objects, their sizes, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) Historical method... Everything on Earth is developing historically. Nothing arises out of nowhere, therefore knowledge of history is necessary to understand modern geography: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3) Statistical method... It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, reserves of natural resources, population size, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economic and mathematical... If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, mortality and population, balance, GDP per capita, etc.

5) Geographic regionalization method... The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods of research in geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical... Everything is subject to comparison:
more or less, profitable or disadvantageous, faster or slower. Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7) Field research and observation method... Geography cannot be studied only while sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographic information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material that is the subject of study.

8) Remote observation method... Modern aerial and space photography are great helpers in the study of geography, in the creation and development of the national economy and nature protection, in solving many problems of mankind.

9) Geographic modeling method... Geographic modeling is an important method of geography research. The simplest geographic model is.

10) Geographic forecast... Modern geographical science should not only describe the objects and phenomena under study, but also predict the consequences to which mankind can come in the course of its development. Geographic forecasting helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, use resources rationally, and solve.