Accounting for an organization's financial investments. Short-term financial investments on the balance sheet What are financial investments in accounting

Financial investments represent investments in securities and authorized capitals of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations.

It should be noted that it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “financial” and “capital” investments; existing Russian and foreign practice has shown that “capital investments” are a set of costs of material, labor and monetary resources aimed at the expanded reproduction of fixed assets in all sectors of the national economy, and “financial investments” are investments by an organization of its funds and other available resources in assets not related to the production of products (works, services) and the creation of durable objects.

Part of financial investments diverted from circulation for a long (more than one year) period of time in order to influence or gain control over the activities of other organizations represents financial investments .

According to their structure, financial investments are divided into:

contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations, including subsidiaries and dependent companies;

acquisition of securities of other issuers;

providing loans to other legal entities and individuals;

transfer of funds to bank deposits.

According to urgency, financial investments are divided into long-term investments - investments with a period of more than one year, and short-term investments - diversion of funds for a period of less than one year.

The period for the diversion of resources into financial investments is determined by the organization itself, unless this follows from the relevant documents (founding agreements; documents defining the terms of operation of securities, etc.).

Own sources of financial investments include reserve capital funds; additional capital; funds of retained (net) profit, as well as unused depreciation charges for the complete restoration of fixed assets and intangible assets.

A special type of financial investment is securities.

Securities, monetary or commodity documents, united by a common feature - the need to present the property expressed in them, the right to receive a certain amount of money, a share of profit, goods, etc.

A share is an issue-grade security that secures the rights of its owner (shareholder) to receive part of the profit of the joint-stock company in the form of dividends, to participate in the management of the joint-stock company and to part of the property remaining after its liquidation.

Debt securities are obligations placed by issuers on the stock market to borrow money. Tax securities include primarily bonds.

A bond is an issue-grade security that secures the right of its holder to receive from the issuer of the bond, within the period specified by it, its nominal value and the percentage of this value fixed in it or other property equivalent.

Bonds are distinguished: coupon and zero-coupon, with payment of interest (income) upon redemption of the bond or at a specified time during the period of their circulation, documentary and uncertificated, registered and bearer. Coupons, in turn, can be with fixed and variable coupon income.

Debt securities also include certificates of deposit and savings, bills of exchange, and treasury bills.

Certificates of deposit and savings certificates are a written certificate from the issuing bank about the deposit of funds, certifying the right of the depositor to receive the amount of the deposit and interest on it upon expiration of the established period.

A treasury obligation is a security that is accepted as payment for goods sold and services provided, as well as as collateral.

Derivative securities are securities that certify the right of their owner to buy or sell securities (shares, bonds, government bonds). These include options and futures.

An option is a security that certifies a certain property right - the right of its holder to buy or sell securities under predetermined conditions. There are two types of options: a put option - the right to sell a security and a buy option - the right to buy a security. Depending on the exercise period, options are divided into so-called “American” and “European” options. An option is a separate type of security and can be resold.

Futures – a security certifying the right to purchase or sell securities on a specified day at the price established when concluding a futures contract.

Securities can be valued at:

1. Nominal value;

2. Book value (or the value of securities based on the amount of net assets;

3. Emission;

4. Exchange (market) value;

5. Liquidation value;

6. Redemption value;

7. Book value.

The nominal value can be used as an accounting value for certain types of securities. This type of valuation is used for debt securities.

If they are purchased at a price different from their nominal value, the investor organization may decide to bring the actual cost of these securities to their nominal value. The purchase price is brought to the nominal value evenly (monthly) during the circulation period of the securities, with the difference between these values ​​being allocated to financial results.

Organizations can also use the market value assessment of part of their investments in shares of other organizations listed on the stock exchange or special auctions, the quotes of which are regularly published, if, as of December 31 of the reporting year, their actual value is higher than the market (quoted) value. This change in the valuation of listed shares is made not directly, but indirectly, by creating a reserve for the depreciation of investments in securities.

When disposing of (selling, exchanging) securities, the following methods for their valuation may be used:

By unit cost of each security (or one type);

At average cost;

At the cost of the first purchases (FIFO).

Legal regulation

In the Russian Federation, accounting is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents that have different statuses. Some of them are mandatory for use, others are advisory in nature.

In the Russian Federation there is a four-level regulatory system:

1st level: legislative acts, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and Government resolutions regulating directly or indirectly the organization and maintenance of accounting in an organization;

Level 2: standards (accounting and reporting provisions);

Level 4: working documents on the accounting of the enterprise itself.

Federal Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129 FZ. This law defines the legal basis of accounting, its content, principles, organization, main directions of accounting activities and reporting, the composition of business entities required to maintain accounting records and provide financial statements. The Accounting Law consists of three sections and 19 articles.

Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of an organization and Instructions for its use. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n.

Resolution of the Federal Commission for the Securities Market of November 27, 1997 N 40 “On approval of the Rules for the reflection by professional participants of the securities market and investment funds in the accounting of certain transactions with securities”, these Rules came into force on January 1, 1998.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated January 15, 1997 No. 2 “On the procedure for reflecting transactions with securities in accounting.”

It defines the accounting accounts that are used when purchasing securities, creating reserves, accounts that reflect profit (loss) from transactions with securities and the need to maintain a securities book, which must describe all securities stored in the organization . The securities accounting book must have the following mandatory details: name of the issuer; nominal price of the security; purchase price; number, series, etc.; total amount; date of purchase, date of sale. The securities accounting book must be bound, sealed with the organization's seal and signed by the manager and chief accountant, and the pages must be numbered.

Corrections to the Securities Accounting Book can be made only with the permission of the manager and chief accountant, indicating the date of the corrections.

Regulations “On the procedure for maintaining accounting records of purchase and sale transactions of foreign currency, precious metals and securities in credit institutions” (with amendments and additions).

This Regulation defines the principles of accounting for purchase and sale transactions of various financial assets (foreign currency, precious metals, securities, etc.) from the date of conclusion of the transaction to the value date (the date of delivery of funds to the counterparty’s accounts agreed upon by the parties), if the date of conclusion transactions and value date do not match.

Federal Law of April 22, 1996 N 39-FZ “On the Securities Market” (as amended and supplemented).

This Federal Law regulates the relations arising during the issue and circulation of issue-grade securities, regardless of the type of issuer, as well as the specifics of the creation and activities of professional participants in the securities market.

Establishes forms (and their samples) for interim and annual reporting included in the Balance Sheet, and approves instructions on the scope of forms of financial statements and instructions on the procedure for drawing up financial statements.

Tax Code of the Russian Federation - part one of July 31, 1998 N 146-FZ (as amended and additionally dated March 30, July 9, 1999, January 2, August 5, 2000, March 24, 2001, etc. ) and part two of August 5, 2000 N 117-FZ (as amended and additionally dated December 29, 2000, May 30, August 6, 7, 8, 2001, etc.).

This is the main legislative act regulating issues related to taxation, improving the mechanism of legal regulation of taxation in a market economy, establishing increasingly clear conditions for the collection of taxes and other obligatory payments.

Also, when working with financial investments, an accountant needs to pay attention to the following regulatory documents:

Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 05/06/99 No. 32n;

Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 05/06/99 No. 33n

The adoption of PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99 in accounting gave active investors the right, regardless of whether they have a license as a professional participant in the securities market, to recognize transactions with securities as ordinary activities and, accordingly, apply the procedure for accounting for general business expenses related to this activity.

ACCOUNTING OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS SOLARIS LLC

Documentation of transactions for accounting of financial investments

Documents confirming financial investments are: received share certificates, extracts from the register of shareholders, statements from securities accounts, bonds; certificates for the amounts of deposits made, loan agreements.

Documents confirming the sale of securities are acts of purchase and sale, extracts from the register of shareholders, extracts from securities accounts, transfer orders.

Payment orders and bank statements confirm the repayment of bonds and the repayment of loans provided.

Solaris LLC includes such securities as shares, bonds, bills, and savings certificates. All securities stored in the organization, in accordance with the law, are described in the Securities Accounting Book, with mandatory details filled in: name of the security, nominal price, purchase price, number, series, date of purchase, date of sale, total quantity.

Forms (certificates) of securities stored in the depository continue to be listed in the accounting department of Solaris LLC, indicating the depository details in the analytical accounting. The basis for the receipt of stock forms are receipt documents: invoices, waybills, invoices.

When receiving or disposing of securities, the accountant carefully checks the accuracy and correctness of filling out the documents. They must have the signatures of the manager and chief accountant.

Solaris LLC has developed a document flow schedule for operations related to the movement of securities. This schedule takes into account the deadlines established by law when carrying out transactions with securities in relation to: payment of dividends, settlements with the budget for taxes on transactions with securities, settlements with the budget for income from securities, provision of financial statements.

Primary documents reflect information about the movement of securities and related settlements, which are then recorded in accounting registers.

To record transactions reflected in account 58 “Financial Investments” in Solaris LLC, a journal is used - order No. 5 and analytical accounting sheet No. 28. In the journal - order form No. 5, a synthetic record of transactions on financial investments is kept, it is used throughout the year. Entries on the credit of account 58 are given in the corresponding accounts based on the summary data of the statement of form No. 28 on credit turnover, and the turnover on the debit of account 58 is recorded in general totals.

Entries in the statements are made in chronological order as individual types of funds are invested. The credit of these accounts, in the context of corresponding accounts, reflects the amounts written off to reduce financial investments. After reconciliation with the data of other registers, the credit turnover of account 58 as a whole and broken down by the corresponding accounts of their journal - order No. 5 are transferred to the General Ledger.

Concept of financial investments

This term refers to assets that bring tangible benefits to the company in the future. For example, dividends received on shares purchased, interest on loans issued, etc. Financial investments include:

• Securities issued by state or commercial companies, including debt (bonds, bills);
• contributions to the management company of third-party companies, including subsidiaries and dependent business units;
• loans issued with interest;
• deposits in credit institutions;
• receivables purchased under an assignment agreement;
• contributions of a company-partnership on the basis of an agreement.

The following are not considered financial investments:

• shares of one's own company acquired from shareholders;
• bills issued by the company to the counterparty supplier of goods/services;
• investments in assets used in production or provided for rent.

The main criterion that distinguishes a financial investment is its ability to generate income in the future. Therefore, interest-free loans issued by the company also do not fall under the definition of financial investments.

According to the investment period, financial investments are distinguished between short-term (investment for a period of up to 1 year) and long-term (for a period of more than 1 year). To reduce investment risks, companies invest in various financial projects, the totality of which forms an investment portfolio.

Accounting for financial investments

Regulates the accounting of financial investments PBU 19/02. The chart of accounts for combining information about investments made defines account 58, and since investments are classified into categories, it is customary to open sub-accounts for each of them. For example, on the account. 58/1 reflects the acquired shares and shares, and on the account. 58/2 – promissory notes and bonds. However, it should be borne in mind that deposits are accounted for in account 55/3 “Deposit accounts”.

When accounting for investments, it is necessary to maintain strict analytics by type of investment and with the mandatory reflection of the following information:

• name of the issuer;
• designation and details of the security;
• cost;
• quantity;
• date of purchase/disposal;
• storage.

Making investments (i.e. purchasing investments) is recorded in the debit of the account. 58 at the cost of expenses incurred. The credit of account 58 reflects the disposal of investments. Income received from investments is reflected in the company's other income.

What is included in financial investments on the balance sheet

Information about investments in the balance sheet is reflected depending on membership in the categories that determine the investment period. Thus, financial investments on page 1170 of the balance sheet are a reflection of the cost of acquired shares, bills, shares and other securities. The same line in the “Non-current assets” section also reflects the amounts invested in the share capital of other companies, investments under concluded agreements on joint activities, the amount of issued interest-bearing loans, and also takes into account the amount of deposits opened in credit institutions. In a word, line 1170 records the amounts of long-term investments (clauses 2, 3 of PBU 19/02), i.e. those with a circulation period of more than 1 year after the reporting date.

The cost of short-term financial investments, i.e. that have been in the company’s circulation for less than 1 year are included in financial investments in the balance sheet already in the second section “Current assets”, in line 1240.

When preparing annual reports, the company draws up notes to the balance sheet and income statement, deciphering in detail information about financial investments in tables 3.1 and 3.2, included in the list of standard notes to the balance sheet.

Balance sheet is the main type of accounting reports. It shows the state (property and finances) of the organization for a certain period and/or at the current moment. It is divided into two points - liability and asset, which are necessarily equal to each other. They, in turn, are divided into sub-items, where the types of asset and liability are displayed, respectively. The structure of the balance sheet is fixed by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in 1999 under number 43n.

Short-term financial investments (SFI)

Short-term financial investments (SFI) are funds invested for a period not exceeding twelve months from the date of the last report. They are located in the “Asset” group, in the 2nd paragraph of the Balance Sheet, code line 1240. All areas of financial investments are reflected there: securities (debt), transferred loans (including %%), purchased rights, shares, contributions under partnership agreements, deposits (divided into rubles and foreign currency).

This does not include loans that are interest-free, since they are not considered an investment. If the deadline for any of the items has not been established, but it is planned to make a profit or repay the loan in less than a year, this situation is reflected in the KFV.

Directions of short-term financial investments

KFV is a method for an organization to protect free funds from inflation or to obtain additional benefits in the future. Since investments of this kind have high liquidity and are part of current assets, they become on the same level as means of payment, and their responsibilities include ensuring the financial obligations of the owner.

Most often, short-term investments are made in materials or raw materials. The advantage of this type of investment is that such deposits are least at risk of being lost because the situation in the economy can be predicted for a period of 12 months. The political situation and the exchange rate of the national currency can also be identified as influencing factors.

As for deposits of securities, here the enterprise takes a conscious risk, since in this case it is best to invest in liquid securities, which can be transferred into finance without much difficulty at any time. Only a competent specialist can predict this, perhaps even using some analytical programs. Some enterprises specifically turn to such specialists for advice. This item of short-term financial investment can be classified as liquid only if the securities have a minimal risk of falling in price and can be easily sold.

If we talk about loans, then, as a rule, loans issued for short periods are subject to higher interest rates than long-term ones (LFA). This measure will protect the company from non-refund of funds.

An enterprise has the right to transfer any monetary deposit from long-term to short-term if its purpose or intention to use it further changes. Such a clause must be provided for in the company’s statutory accounting documents.

Example In February 2010, an organization received a loan from another company for a period of 24 months; accordingly, it must repay it in February 2012. In the report for 2010, it will be displayed in the paragraph on DFV. After two years, it can be transferred to the KFV, since the time remaining for its payment is less than a year.

Short-term financial investments are indicated on account 58. This account is intended to bring together information about investments and their movements within the enterprise. Accounts may be opened, for example, 58-1 - “Securities”. Accounting is maintained by groups and types of investments of the organization, regardless of which country the funds or assets are located.

Information that must be disclosed when indicated in the accountant's reports (minimum)

1. Methods for assessing EF by their types.
2. Variants of situations possible with changes in these methods, the cost of those investments that have a defined price and those that do not have one as such, or it is not possible to determine.
3. The difference between the price today and the price indicated in the previous report.
4. The cost of those securities that are pledged, as well as those that were transferred to other companies or individuals (excluding sales).
5. Information on reserves against depreciation of deposits, indicating the type, amount of reserves, and the amount for which they were used in the specified year.
6. Data on loans and debt securities provided (discounted value, methods of discounting).

- a security certifying the amount of the deposit with a written certificate from the bank about the deposit of funds.

Types of financial investments and their assessment

The implementation of financial investments should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the market for financial assets, which facilitates the selection of the optimal option that ensures the reliability and profitability of the investments made.

Financial investments— investments in and securities of other organizations, acquisition costs; funds lent on the territory of Russia and abroad; deposits in credit institutions; receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc.

In accordance with PBU 19/02 “Accounting for Financial Investments”, the following assets must be included in the financial investments of an organization for accounting purposes: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and cost of repayment determined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies); loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.

The contributions of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account as part of financial investments (Table 12.1).

Composition of financial investments

• the presence of correctly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;
• transition to organizing financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of debtor insolvency, liquidity risk, etc.);
• the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends, or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value, as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market value, etc.).

• own shares purchased by the joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;
• bills issued by the organization-issuer of the bill and received by the organization-seller when paying for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered (in payment for these goods (works, services), if the payer for them is the buyer himself;
• investments of an organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income, i.e. assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets that are not financial investments;
• precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables acquired for purposes other than normal activities.

The accounting unit for financial investments is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control over their availability and movement. Depending on the nature of financial investments, the order of their acquisition and use, a unit of financial investments can be a series, batch, etc., a homogeneous set of financial investments.

The organization maintains analytical accounting of financial investments in order to provide information on the accounting units of financial investments and the organizations in which these investments are made (issuers of securities, other organizations in which the organization is a participant, borrowing organizations, etc.).

An organization needs to keep analytical records of financial investments. An organization can generate in analytical accounting additional information about the organization’s financial investments, including by their groups (types).

Paragraph 6 of PBU 19/02 separately stipulates what information about securities should be disclosed in this case. For government securities and securities of other organizations accepted for accounting, analytical accounting must contain at least the following information: name of the issuer and name of the security, number, series, etc., nominal price, purchase price, expenses associated with acquisition of securities, total quantity, date of purchase, date of sale or other disposal, place of storage. Features of the assessment and additional rules for disclosing information on financial investments in dependent business companies in financial statements are established by a separate regulatory act on accounting.

Receipt and initial assessment of financial investments

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, securities are movable property of the organization. Like any other property, they are subject to mandatory monetary valuation and are reflected in accounting. When accepted for accounting, financial investments are divided into two groups: by which the current market value can be determined and by which this cannot be done. The first group includes quoted securities, shares (if the founder of the mutual fund regularly publishes their price), as well as other financial investments, the current value of which is documented. In this case, financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost.

The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee from other organizations is recognized as the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees).

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;
• amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets. If an organization is provided with information and consulting services related to making a decision on the acquisition of financial investments, and the organization does not make a decision on such acquisition, the cost of these services is included in the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of operating expenses) or an increase in the expenses of a non-profit organization of that reporting period when the decision was made not to purchase financial investments;
• remuneration paid to an intermediary organization or other person through which assets were acquired as financial investments;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring financial investments, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of financial investments.

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments can be determined (decrease or increase) taking into account the amount differences that arise in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) before accepting the assets as financial investments in accounting.

If the amount of costs (except for the amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller) for the acquisition of such financial investments as securities is insignificant compared to the amount paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller, the organization has the right to recognize such costs as other operating expenses of the organization in that reporting the period in which the specified securities were accepted for accounting.

The initial cost of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The initial cost of such financial investments as securities received by an organization free of charge from the founders or other organizations and persons is recognized as:

• their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. For the purposes of these Regulations, the current market value of securities is understood as their market price, calculated in the prescribed manner by the organizer of trading on the securities market;
• the amount of funds that can be received as a result of the sale of received securities on the date of their acceptance for accounting - for securities for which the market price is not calculated by the organizer of trading on the securities market.

The initial cost of financial investments acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization, the value of financial investments received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost at which similar financial investments are acquired in comparable circumstances.

The initial cost of financial investments contributed to the contribution of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the partners in the simple partnership agreement.

The initial cost of financial investments, the cost of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is determined in rubles by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date of their acceptance for accounting.

Securities that do not belong to the organization by right of ownership, economic management or operational management, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the agreement, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the agreement.

The initial cost of financial investments at which they are accepted for accounting may change in cases established by law and these Regulations.

For the purposes of subsequent assessment, financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the manner prescribed by these Regulations, and financial investments for which their current market value is not determined.

Financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the prescribed manner are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly.

The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of operating income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the financial investment account.

Financial investments for which the current market value is not determined are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.

When purchasing financial investments using borrowed funds, the costs of received loans and borrowings are taken into account in accordance with the Accounting Regulations PBU 10/99 “Organization's Expenses” and the Accounting Regulations PBU 15/01 “Accounting for Loans and Loans and the Costs of Servicing Them.”

One of the main components of financial investments are securities. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the following types of securities are allowed for circulation on the Russian stock market: government bonds, bonds, bills, checks, deposit and savings certificates, bearer bank savings books, simple and double warehouse receipts (and each part thereof), bills of lading, shares, privatization securities, housing certificates, as well as derivative securities - option certificates.

All securities must contain mandatory details. Their absence or non-compliance entails the invalidity of the transaction made through them.

Purchase of securities

• amounts paid to the seller;
• the cost of information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these securities;
• intermediary remuneration;
• other costs directly related to the purchase of securities.

This list does not include interest on loans received for the purchase of securities (clause 3.2 of Order No. 2 of the Ministry of Finance dated January 15, 1997). From January 1, 2003, interest on such loans does not increase the cost of financial investments (securities) reflected in balance sheet account 58 “Financial investments”. They should be classified as operating expenses (subaccount 91/2 “Other expenses”).

The only exception is when the company uses the loan received for prepayment. Then the receivables must be increased by the amount of interest (clause 15 of PBU 15/01). But this must be done before the papers are accepted for accounting. Also, the costs of purchasing securities do not include general business expenses (unless they are directly related to this purchase).

Example. The organization purchased 100 bonds from a third party. The price of each bond is 450 rubles. The brokerage commission amounted to 540 rubles. (including VAT - 90 rubles).

The accountant must make the following entries:

• debit of account 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets”, credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 90 rubles. — VAT on brokerage services is reflected;
• debit of account 58/2 “Debt securities”, credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 45,450 rubles. (45,000+
  + 540 - 90) - bonds are credited to the balance sheet.

In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, securities are not subject to VAT, so there is no need to record input VAT on them.

The purchase and sale agreement may provide that securities (as well as services for their acquisition) are paid in rubles at the foreign currency exchange rate on the day the buyer transfers money. In such a situation, the purchase price is adjusted (increased or decreased) by the amount of the amount differences. True, this can only be done before the papers are accepted for accounting.

As a rule, the largest part of the purchase costs is the actual cost of the securities. If the share of all remaining costs does not exceed 5% of the amounts paid to the seller, then they can be recorded as operating expenses.

Example. Let's use the condition of the previous example.

Other costs for the purchase of bonds amounted to 1% (540 rubles - 90 rubles) / 45,000 rubles, which is less than 5%. Therefore, the accountant can take them into account either in subaccount 58/2 “Debt securities” or in subaccount 91/2 “Other expenses”. In the second case, you need to make the following entries:

• debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, credit of account 51 “Settlement accounts” - 45,000 rubles. (100 pieces * 450 rubles) - money was transferred to pay for bonds;
• debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, credit of account 51 “Settlement accounts” - 540 rubles. — the brokerage company’s remuneration has been paid;
• debit of account 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets”, credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 90 rubles. — VAT on brokerage services is reflected.

Financial investments, depending on the time period for which they are made, are divided into 2 types: long-term and short-term.

The return period for long-term financial investments exceeds 1 year. Such investments include contributions to the authorized capitals of other organizations, including expenses abroad for the acquisition of shares, interest-bearing bonds, and the provision of loans.

The period for return or repayment of short-term financial investments does not exceed 1 year. This type of financial investment also includes investments in securities for which the maturity date is not set and without the intention of receiving income for more than one year.

Account 58 “Financial investments” is intended for accounting of financial investments.

The procedure for recording loans in loan accounting accounts is as follows:

• debit account 58/3 "Loans provided",
• credit account 51 "Current accounts";

• debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors,
• credit to account 99 "Profits and losses";

• credit account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors."

The party receiving borrowed funds is obliged to pay value added tax to the budget.

When repaying loans received, the following accounting entry is made:

• debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
• credit account 58 "Financial investments".

The financial activities of each enterprise are closely related to investments in various projects and assets. Financial investments include both securities and contributions to the authorized capital of organizations. The main condition for such investments is their focus on making a profit.

What assets are classified as financial investments?

Similar investments are made by every active organization. The concept under consideration is contained in both accounting and reporting. The organization's financial investments include:

• various securities with fixed maturities and redemption values;
• contributions to the capital of other enterprises and organizations;
• issued loans (except interest-free) and deposits;
• acquired receivables, etc.

The conditions for including these assets in the concept under consideration are as follows:

• mandatory documentary evidence;
• bearing certain risks (up to and including losses) associated with such investments;
• the focus of investments on making a profit (for example, receiving dividends, increasing the value of assets, etc.).

According to the law, financial investments include both short-term and long-term investments.

Long-term investments include investments for a long period (more than one year). These could be, for example:

• equity participation in the capital of other organizations;
• provision of interest-bearing loans to other organizations;
• acquisition of securities (shares, bonds, etc.) with a long maturity.

Accounting for such financial investments is carried out on account 58, and in the balance sheet they are reflected in line 1170.

Short-term financial investments are investments whose circulation or repayment period lasts up to one year. These may be securities of other legal entities, finances in time deposit accounts of credit institutions, etc. Such assets are characterized as liquid and most easily sold. In the reporting they are indicated in line 1240 of the balance sheet.

Such investments are characterized by increased risk, and their management is difficult due to the lack of a large amount of time. Such assets are prone to depreciation. Reserves are created for them, and financial investments are also periodically checked for depreciation. Analytical accounting is created for accounting account 59 “Provisions for impairment of financial investments”. The cost of investments in respect of which such a reserve has been created corresponds to the balance sheet minus the corresponding reserves.

In order to competently manage investments for all of these types, it is necessary to determine the profitability of financial investments.

Cost and disposal of financial investments

To determine the current market value of financial investments, all available sources of relevant information are used. If financial investments are not traded on the securities market and their current market value is not determined, they are accounted for at the reporting date at their original cost.

The initial cost of debt securities, the current market value of which is not determined, may be changed to nominal values ​​during the period of their circulation. This is done evenly depending on the amount of income on such securities.

Regardless of the purpose for which financial investments are made, their disposal is subject to accounting when:

• repayment;
• sale;
• gratuitous transfer, etc.

The disposal of the corresponding asset for which the current market value is not determined is accounted for:

• or at original cost;
• or at the average initial cost;
• or using the FIFO method.