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Oxygen is a gas that is odorless and colorless. Thanks to him, a person can not only breathe, but receive energy from nutrients. Without oxygen, cells cannot multiply, the immune system suffers, and other important physiological processes go wrong. The older the person, the less this beneficial gas enters the body. Oxygen and various diseases interfere with the flow of oxygen. However, whatever the reasons, the result is one - a significant deterioration in well-being and the appearance of unpleasant symptoms.
Signs of a lack of oxygen
There are a lot of them, so we will list only the main ones. These include:
- lethargy;
- fatigue;
- distraction, inability to concentrate on work or study;
- sleep disturbance;
- hypoxia and, as a result, the appearance of problems in the tissues.
Oxygen production methods
It has long been known about oxygen starvation, scientists are constantly developing new methods to combat it. Previously, the use of an oxygen cushion was considered the most effective, radical way to replenish the oxygen supply. Pure oxygen or with the addition of carbon dioxide is now used for intoxication, weakened breathing, during the period after the operation.
Often also in clinical conditions resort to HBO (hyperbaric oxygenation), or oxygen treatment in specially equipped pressure chambers. This method allows you to very quickly saturate the human body with oxygen, it is simply indispensable in resuscitation. In combination with other types of treatment, it helps with vascular and cardiological diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, plastic surgery, narcology, neurology and gynecology.
Have you ever tried? We are sure that yes, but they probably did not know how doctors call this method of prevention and treatment of oxygen starvation. The name is rather tricky - enteral oxygen therapy. It sounds serious, perhaps even frightening, but in reality this therapy is very pleasant, tasty and healthy. It is used when it is necessary to improve metabolic processes, support the cardiovascular system, and relieve the symptoms described above.
It is this method that is gaining in popularity today. Why? The explanation is very simple: if you purchase, you can prepare a healthy drink at home. Nothing complicated and huge health benefits.
How to prepare an oxygen cocktail
First, you need to connect a cocktail to the oxygen concentrator - a device with which foam is formed from the liquid (base). Any drinks are suitable as a basis: decoctions of herbs, syrup, fruit juice. The latter option is the best, since it does not require additional preparation, has a complex of vitamins and minerals, and has a pleasant taste. A little foaming agent is added to the drink, after which they turn on the concentrator, open the flow of oxygen - and after a few minutes enjoy a delicious foam.
What is the benefit of an oxygen cocktail?
Having eaten only one portion, you will get the same effect as if you had walked through a forest or a sunlit meadow. Pure oxygen will enter your body, which means that tiredness, apathy, nervousness and insomnia will leave you.
Regular use of an oxygen concentrator and natural juices will restore the intestinal microflora, speed up the process of cleavage of nutrients. This is an excellent prevention of various diseases, a good way to maintain immunity and vitality. Future mothers and people who move a little, spend most of the day at the computer and rarely walk in the fresh air should use oxygen-containing foam.
Oxygen cocktails are also needed for children. They help schoolchildren cope with the teaching load, less likely to get sick with SARS, grow and develop normally.
This drink will make you look young and beautiful. It rejuvenates the skin, reduces hunger, helps to eliminate toxins and toxins from the body.
There are a huge number of chemical elements on our planet that can be used by humans in a variety of ways. And one of the most common substances is oxygen. Scientists have proven that such an element is part of more than one and a half thousand compounds in the earth's crust. In a free state, oxygen is present in air. Such an element is extremely important for nature, and people actively use it in industry. Let's talk about what constitutes oxygen, consider the properties and discuss its use in medicine.
Oxygen properties
Oxygen has the chemical formula O2 and is inherently a colorless gas with neither taste nor smell. This substance is slightly heavier than air and has the ability to dissolve in small amounts in water. Oxygen is a sufficiently strong oxidizing agent, which, when heated, is capable of reacting with many metals and non-metals. When exposed to iron, such a substance provokes rust, which can also be classified as slow oxidation. In air, it is oxygen that supports the combustion processes of many elements, rot and respiration.
Where does oxygen find use?
People use oxygen in the chemical as well as in the metallurgical industry. These are burners with an oxygen-air mixture, welding and flame cutting of metals, rocket fuel. In addition, it is often used in medicine.
The use of oxygen in medicine
Adequate oxygen supply to the body is extremely important for the normal functioning of all our organs and systems. This chemical element should make up about twenty percent of the air around us. But in practice it turns out that in modern cities and apartments its quantity is much less. or oxygen starvation Is hypoxia.
Such a shortage negatively affects our health and can trigger the development of COPD, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxygen-deficient people suffer from headaches, insomnia, depression, decreased immunity, muscle and joint diseases. In addition, such a deficiency is fraught with premature aging of the body, circulatory disorders and metabolic processes.
To compensate for the lack of oxygen, you can spend time in the fresh air - in park areas and coniferous forests. Such treatment is effective, but it takes some time. If you need to speed up the process, then oxygen is used in medicine to treat hypoxia. It is stored in blue metal cylinders that can withstand high pressures up to 15 MPa (150 atm).
To replenish human oxygen, a special oxygen concentrator can be used, which is located in medical institutions. This device is designed for and can be used in intensive care units. In this case, it is a source of pure oxygen and is intended for the treatment of patients with bronchial asthma, already mentioned, cardiovascular ailments, as well as intoxications. Such a device helps to cope with suffocation in case of trauma, shock conditions, as well as in case of failure in the activity of the kidneys.
An oxygen concentrator can be used in inpatient departments and even at home for the treatment of patients who suffer from bronchopulmonary and other ailments that require sufficient intake of clean air.
Also, such a device is actively used in many child care facilities, clinics, sanatoriums, sports clubs, at home and in inpatient departments in order to prevent a variety of ailments, as well as to strengthen immunity. With its help, special oxygen cocktails are still being prepared.
Oxygen therapy
This procedure is considered one of the most popular in modern medicine. They resort to it in the treatment of bronchial asthma, obstructive bronchitis, pneumonia, as well as tuberculosis and many allergic diseases. The use of oxygen therapy in medicine is also advisable also for intoxications and many other pathological conditions that are accompanied by oxygen starvation. Such treatment involves the saturation of the cells of the respiratory system, as well as blood with active oxygen. A similar process is carried out using special masks and tubes through which oxygen-saturated air enters the body. A course of such treatment helps to get rid of shortness of breath and a debilitating cough, improve sputum discharge and eliminate wheezing.
In many health centers, as well as sanatoriums, not only inhalations are carried out, but also oxygen baths, cocktails and special pressure chambers are practiced.
So, for example, oxygen baths perfectly improve overall well-being, optimize blood pressure, eliminate insomnia, establish metabolic processes and relieve a person of headaches. In addition, such procedures can significantly improve the condition of the skin and calm the nervous system.
As for oxygen cocktails, they look like airy foam, saturated with oxygen bubbles. They are prepared in various children's institutions, clinics and resorts, as well as in many health camps and inpatient departments. The cocktail is based on juice or herbal decoction, giving the product a taste and color. The consumption of oxygen shakes helps to improve immunity, increase efficiency, and optimize the functioning of the digestive tract and cardiovascular system.
Also, oxygen chambers are very popular. They are actively used in maternity hospitals to care for premature babies and babies with respiratory problems. In addition, pressure chambers can be used in surgical departments to operate on patients with respiratory problems.
Thus, oxygen, the properties of which allow you to "eat" the metal, is an extremely important element for a person who is actively used in medicine.
Ekaterina, www.site
P.S. The text uses some forms characteristic of oral speech.
Oxygen is used in the human body to exercise more
parts of redox reactions. Using these reactions, you
the energy needed to provide vital
cessov. Thus, life is impossible without oxygen.
Oxygen enters the human body from the air, average content
oxygen in the air necessary for normal human breathing - 21%.
In violation of the mechanism of oxygen supply to the human body or
the processes of its transportation and use in the tissues of the human body
oxygen starvation develops - hypoxia.
The process of moving and using oxygen in the human body
proceeds as follows. Oxygen in the air through openings
nose and mouth gets into the upper respiratory tract, passes the larynx, tra-
hey, bronchi, from large to small, and enters the alveoli of the lungs. Alveo
ly - the smallest thin-walled bubbles covered with a dense network of capillaries
The smallest blood vessels. Here through the wall of the alveoli
there is an exchange between the air mass entering the lungs and blood.
Oxygen passes from the air into the blood, from the blood into the lumen of the alveoli
carbon dioxide is blowing. Blood oxygen combines with red hemoglobin
blood cells - red blood cells. Then, oxygen flows through the blood stream
the body, reaching the capillaries in organs and tissues. There is an exchange
between blood and tissue fluid. From blood to tissue fluid,
oxygen, and from there into the blood - carbon dioxide. Oxygen in the cells
ghana and tissue is used for oxidation processes. Process disruption
oxygen transfer or transfer at any stage causes hypoc-
The most sensitive to oxygen deficiency are cells
ki of the central nervous system, they are the first to feel the violation
exchange of oxygen. As a consequence of this, the central nervous system
divides the actions of all organs and systems to correct the situation. For example
measures, increases blood pressure in the circulatory system and accelerates
heartbeat, thereby trying to increase blood oxygen saturation
and, accordingly, increase its delivery to organs and tissues.
Hypoxia can be the result of a variety of negative processes in
human body: diseases, injuries, congenital pathologies. Study
hypoxia scientists involved in various fields of medicine: therapists,
anesthetists, pathophysiologists, etc. Among them are forensic doctors, who
using the achievements of other fields of medicine, they solve the problem
assessment of the nature of injuries and death from hypoxia.
There are several types of hypoxia (according to V.N. Kryukov et al):
1) Exogenous hypoxia (external) - develops as a result of a decrease
partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air. In practical
law enforcement hypoxia of this type are found in the form of:
oxygen deficiency arising at high altitude
seas; oxygen deficiency in confined spaces without access
air; and some others.
2) Respiratory hypoxia (respiratory) - is a consequence of the mechanical
obstacles to getting air into the lungs of a person.
This type of hypoxia occurs as: airway closure on
at one level or another with foreign objects or liquids, e.g.
drowning in water, with aspiration of vomit, when closing the openings of the mouth
and nose; narrowing or complete obstruction of the airways due to
diseases, for example, with diphtheria.
3) Circulatory hypoxia - a consequence of impaired blood movement
the bloodstream. Among hypoxia of this type, hypoxia is more common
individual parts of the body or parts of organs. For example, head hypoxia
brain, due to compression of the vessels of the neck, hypoxia of the inner
an organ called a heart attack, there may be heart attacks of different organs, but
heart attacks are more well known, as they often lead to death.
4) Hemic hypoxia (blood) - as a result of reducing acid
native blood capacity. Decreased blood oxygen transfer capacity
yes, it can be caused by various reasons. The most frequent law enforcement
good practice: massive blood loss due to mechanical damage
human organs and tissues; sustained blockade of hemoglobin of blood due to
intake of large amounts of carbon monoxide (formation
carboxyhemoglobin); when blocking hemoglobin by some chemically
substances (e.g. nitro compounds) by irreversible conversion
formation of hemoglobin into methemoglobin.
5) Tissue hypoxia - a consequence of the violation of the processes of use
oxygen directly in the tissues and cells of the human body. The most
the manifestation of cellular oxygen deficiency during
the action of cyanide poisons.
6) Mixed hypoxia - observed with the simultaneous development of non-
sharp mechanisms of hypoxia. For example, in case of fire in smoky rooms-
at the same time hypoxia acts from a lack of oxygen in the air
(exogenous) and hypoxia due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin (hemi-
The development of hypoxia can proceed quickly - such hypoxia is called
acute, they develop within a few minutes (for example, with aspi-
radios of a foreign body). If the development period extends over several
hours, then hypoxia is called subacute (for example, hypoxia when
man’s vision in a confined space without access of air from the environment
general environment). Chronic hypoxia called developing
a long time - months or more (for example, hypoxia in chronic
anemia).
In forensic medicine, different types of hypoxia are considered in different
sections. For example, hemic hypoxia from the effects of carbon monoxide at times
poisoning, and respiratory hypoxia that occurs when closing a hole
foreign pathways in the section of mechanical asphyxia.
In the practice of law enforcement, hypoxia, developing from
mechanical effects on the respiratory tract, commonly referred to as mechanical
by asphyxia, these include: strangulation asphyxia from compression
neck loop when hanging, while strangling the loop and strangulation with hands; comp
spring asphyxia with compression of the chest and abdomen; aspiration asphyxia
from getting a variety of solid and liquid substances in the respiratory tract.
The term aspiration comes from the Latin aspiracio - inhalation,
sometimes this type of asphyxia is designated as obstructive, from Latin
obturacio - clogging. In some forensic works to as-
pirated include asphyxia resulting from ingestion of
solid pathways of liquid and semi-liquid substances, and asphyxia to obstructive ones
due to blockage of the respiratory tract with pieces of solids.
Mechanical asphyxia with complete airway closure quickly, in
within 6-7 minutes, lead to death due to death of the cerebral cortex
brain. In people suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system,
death may occur earlier due to reflex cardiac arrest.
In the practice of internal affairs bodies, asphyxia can occur in the form
suicides, accidents and killings. Forensic Opportunities
with the differentiation of mechanical asphyxia according to the kind of death will be considered
they are applied to certain types of asphyxia in the following chapters.
During the transition from a state of rest to intense muscular activity, the need for oxygen increases many times. Oxygen delivery rate is one of the most important factors determining the energy supply capabilities of working muscles.
Air oxygen through the walls of the pulmonary alveoli and blood capillaries enters the blood through diffusion due to the difference in partial pressure in the alveolar air and blood. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is 100 - 106 mm RT. Art., and in the blood flowing to the lungs at rest - 70 - 80 mm RT. Art., during muscular work, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is even lower.
Most of the inhaled oxygen in the red blood cells binds to hemoglobin, which turns into oxyhemoglobin; and, as shown above, each hemoglobin molecule is able to bind four oxygen molecules:
The blood of an adult contains about 16 g of hemoglobin. It is estimated that 100 g of hemoglobin can bind 134 ml of oxygen (at 0 ° C and at atmospheric pressure), hence it is easy to determine blood oxygen capacity - total amount of oxygen bound by blood. It is 21-22 ml of oxygen per 100 ml of blood (provided that the blood is completely saturated with oxygen). Temperature and blood pH influence the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen: the lower the temperature and the higher the pH, the more oxygen hemoglobin can bind.
Blood enriched with oxygen enters the large circle of blood circulation. The heart at rest pumps 5 - 6 l of blood per minute, therefore, transfers from the lungs to tissues 250 - 300 ml of oxygen. During intense muscular work, the volume of transferred blood increases to 30 - 40 l / min, and the amount of oxygen transferred by blood - to 5 - 6 l / min, i.e. increases by 20 times.
An increase in carbon dioxide and an increase in blood temperature in the capillaries of muscle fiber create conditions for the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin. Since the concentration of free oxygen in tissue capillaries is higher than in the intracellular space, it diffuses into muscle cells, where oxygen is exchanged by myoglobin. Myoglobin binds oxygen and transfers it to mitochondria, where it is used in processes that occur under aerobic conditions. In addition, myoglobin can deposit oxygen, and with intense muscle work - give up its oxygen supply.
With uniform operation, if the heart rate (HR) does not exceed 150 beats per minute, the rate of oxygen consumption increases until a steady state of metabolic processes occurs, when oxygen consumption reaches a constant level and at any given time exactly matches the need organism in it. This steady state is called true . Chemically, it is characterized by a sharp predominance of respiratory ATP resynthesis over anaerobic. With more intensive work (heart rate - 150-180 beats per minute), a steady state is not observed, and oxygen consumption can increase until the maximum consumption (MPC) is reached. Upon reaching the IPC can be observed false steady state, characterized in that for some time the oxygen consumption is maintained at a constant (maximum) level. This happens not because the body’s oxygen demand is fully satisfied, but because the cardiovascular system has been exhausted in delivering oxygen to tissues. The maximum level of oxygen consumption cannot be maintained for a long time. With prolonged use, it decreases due to fatigue. Let us dwell on the definitions of some terms that we will use in the further presentation of the material.
· Oxygen request - the amount of oxygen that the body needs to fully satisfy energy needs through aerobic processes.
· Oxygen supply - real oxygen consumption during intense muscle activity.
· Oxygen deficiency - difference between oxygen demand and oxygen supply.
As can be seen from the definitions, the oxygen supply is always less than the oxygen demand; this is the reason for the oxygen deficiency of the body. Under conditions of oxygen deficiency, anaerobic processes of ATP resynthesis are activated, which leads to the accumulation of anaerobic metabolism products in the body. When a steady state is established, the level of metabolites of anaerobic metabolism may decrease due to aerobic reactions; the rest of the metabolites is eliminated in the recovery period. Summing up the above, it can be stated that the degree of oxygen supply to the body is the most important regulator of the pathways of ATP resynthesis consumed during muscular activity.
In the physiology of sports, it is customary to distinguish and subdivide muscle activity by power zones: maximum, submaximal, high and moderate. There is another division of work: in the anaerobic, mixed and aerobic zones of energy supply.
In any muscle work, first of all, it is necessary to distinguish between its initial (starting) phase and the subsequent continuation. The time of the starting phase depends on the intensity of the work: the more intensive the work, the longer the starting phase and the more pronounced the biochemical changes caused by it in the muscles. In the first seconds of work, the muscles receive less oxygen than they need. The created oxygen deficit is the greater, the higher the intensity of work, the more the demand for oxygen increases (oxygen demand). Therefore, in the starting phase, ATP resynthesis occurs exclusively by anaerobic pathways (creatine kinase reaction, glycolysis).
If the intensity of muscle work is maximum (and the duration, of course, is short-lived), then at this starting phase it ends; therefore, the oxygen request will be unsatisfied.
When the submaximum intensity is used, but longer, the biochemical changes in the starting phase will become less sharp, and the starting phase itself will be shortened. Oxygen consumption reaches the maximum possible values \u200b\u200b(MPC), but these amounts of oxygen are not enough to satisfy the oxygen demand of the body, which is very large; Under these conditions, the body experiences an oxygen deficiency. The value of the creatine kinase pathway will decrease, glycolysis will still be quite intense, but the respiratory regeneration of ATP will also start to a certain extent. The glycolysis substrate will be not so much glucose obtained from the breakdown of muscle glycogen as glucose brought by blood from the liver.
With muscular activity of even lower intensity and longer duration after a short start-up phase, ATP resynthesis by aerobic mechanism is of paramount importance, since the balance between oxygen demand and oxygen arrival is gradually being established. The level of ATP in the muscles rises (but not to the initial values) and stabilizes; the level of creatine phosphate also rises, but to a lesser extent than ATP.
If, with the continuation of muscular work, its power is sharply increased, then to a certain extent what is observed in the starting phase will be repeated. Since an increase in work power entails an increase in oxygen demand, and it cannot be instantly satisfied, the anaerobic mechanisms of ATP resynthesis will again be included in the energy supply of muscle activity.
And once again, we consider the sequence of switching on various pathways of ATP resynthesis from the standpoint of satisfying the body's oxygen demand: for the first 2–3 sec, the energy supply of muscle activity is achieved by splitting ATP muscles; then its resynthesis begins (from 3 to 20 seconds) - mainly due to the breakdown of creatine phosphate, after 30 - 40 seconds glycolysis reaches its maximum intensity; then gradually the aerobic mechanism of ATP resynthesis — oxidative phosphorylation — is increasingly prevailing (Fig. 38).
Fig. 38. The participation of various energy sources in the energy supply of muscle activity, depending on its duration ( by N.N. Yakovlev, 1983): 1 - ATP cleavage; 2 - decay Kf; 3 - glycolysis; 4 - aerobic oxidation
The power of aerobic energy production is estimated by the value of the IPC. Table 14 shows the IPC of athletes and sportswomen of various specialties, the analysis of which leads to the conclusion about the contribution of the aerobic mechanism of ATP resynthesis to the energy supply of muscle activity in the process of performing exercises of various duration and power.
Table 14
MPC athletes and athletes (ml / min · kg)
Systematic physical activity leads to an increase in the number and relative volume of mitochondria in the muscle cell, as well as to significant changes in their inner membrane: it increases the number of cristae and the ensembles of respiratory enzymes that make up them; the activity of respiratory enzymes increases, which creates advantages for a trained body in relation to a more complete use of oxygen entering the cells and energy storage.
