Description:

For 100 years of heat development in Russia, a unique system has developed, characterized by the following aspects. First, at present, about 72% of all thermal energy is produced by centralized sources (more than 20 Gcal / h), the remaining 28% are produced by decentralized sources, including 18% - autonomous and individual sources. In addition, a minor part of the demand for thermal energy (4.5%) is satisfied due to the disposal of waste heat from technological installations, and the proportion of heat obtained from renewable energy sources is very small.

Energy strategy and the development of heat supply of Russia

Heat supply

The strategic goals of heat supply is primarily:

Reliable supply of the country's economy and the country's population;

Improving the efficiency of functioning and ensuring the sustainable development of the industry on the basis of new modern technologies;

Maximum efficient use of cogeneration capabilities.

To achieve these goals it is necessary:

Develop a heat supply reform program in Russia and create a state heat supply management system;

Revise the policies of the heat supply of cities and enterprises in terms of the optimal reduction in centralization in order to increase the reliability of heat supply and reduce the cost of transmission of thermal energy;

Develop and implement state regulation measures to ensure the commercial efficiency of the effect to preserve primary energy resources, reducing harmful emissions from energy sources into the environment, rational use of the territories of cities.

To solve accumulated problems in heat supply, which have manifested themselves in recent years, especially in the housing and communal sector and are related to the operation and further development of heat supply systems (centralized, decentralized, autonomous, individual), it is necessary to carry out a complex of measures, in particular:

1. In the field of improving the organizational, regulatory and legal framework:

Association of thermal networks of shareholders of energy and electrification and municipal heat networks within a single enterprise (from collectors of thermal energy sources to end users), which will determine the responsibility of such enterprises for reliable and cost-effective heat supply of end-consumers with all those arising from this legal, economic and technological consequences. At the same time, in the process of reforming housing and communal services, issues of creating controlled by consumers of organizational structures responsible for the population for the provision of services for heat supply should be resolved;

Update, expansion and if necessary, the creation of a regulatory framework that regulates the solution of heat supply problems by the forces and means of all manufacturers of thermal energy. At the same time, organizational and legal and economic mechanisms for the development and implementation of new complex general plans of electrical, gas and heat supply of cities, taking into account the optimal structure of energy resources, the degree of centralization of heat supply and heat, which should ensure minimization of tariffs for the production and transmission of thermal energy;

Creating an information and analytical database and the organization of monitoring of all existing heat supply systems to determine the real cost of energy resources spent on heat supply, followed by adjustment (if necessary) directions for the development of heat supply in cities, regions and the country as a whole.

2. In the development of new approaches to tariff regulation, the management of demand and development of market relations:

Introduction of the system of tariffs for thermal energy with highlighting rates for power and energy, as well as differentiated tariffs in terms of consumption, time of year, the number of hours of use of the maximum of loads, and most importantly - separately by cities (possibly, in separate sources) in order to exclude cross-subsidization non-economic sources of heat due to highly profitable;

Improving the efficiency of the functioning of power sources and thermal networks by reducing the costs of heat supply system as a whole, attracting private investments, creating conditions for the transformation of heat supply to the sphere, attractive to business;

Ensuring management in demand for thermal energy by the forces and means of consumers (and not to heat suppliers, as it is still accepted in Russia), for which the mass implementation of automatic control systems on thermal locations in the final consumers with a phased transition to independent network connection schemes and the introduction of a quantitative and quantitative and high-quality control of heat energy, which can be delivered to the network from various sources;

The development of market relations and a change in the structure of ownership, which will affect the structure of thermal energy production in the direction of decentralization and less dependence on shareholding and electrification companies.

3. In the field of technical re-equipment of the industry:

Implementation of reconstruction, modernization and development of current systems of centralized heat supply in order to maximize the use of combined production of electric and thermal energy;

Ensuring the improvement of technologies in the field of heat supply and heatfaction, a decrease in the cost of thermal energy production due to the introduction of gas turbine, vapor-gas, gas pipe and gas CHP of various power with the displacement of existing gas boilers in the area of \u200b\u200bpeak thermal loads;

Taking measures to improve the reliability of thermal networks due to the transition to pre-insulated pipes, improve the equipment used in central and decentralized heat supply systems;

Providing taking into account the harsh climatic conditions and crisis phenomena in the sector of municipal heat supply in each heat supply system of reserve capacity and fuel reserves, depending on the duration of ultra-low temperatures and their absolute value.

Since heat supply in Russia has a lot of social importance, the increase in its reliability, quality and economy is a non-alternative task. Any failures in providing people and other consumers with warmly negatively affect the country's economy and strengthen social tensions. Therefore, in the perspective of the future, the state should remain the most important subject of economic relations in the industry.

One of the most important tasks of the State Energy Policy is guaranteed to ensure the energy resources of the population, socially significant and strategic facilities at affordable prices.

A relatively high level of energy supply costs in income of low-income groups of the population, the lack of social support for reforms determine the need for an active social policy, the purpose of which is to minimize the negative consequences of increasing energy prices, including heat and hot water supply, for socially unprotected populations. .

The planned levels of heat supply, indigenous modernization and technical re-equipment of the industry will require significant investment growth (Fig. 6). The main source of capital investments will be their own funds of enterprises in the industry, state (municipal) financing, borrowed funds, including those attracted under project financing.

Creating conditions for business development in energy efficiency and heat supply is the main task. To solve it requires the development and adoption of a number of legislation.

First, the law "On Heat supply", which are governed by civil law relations, developing in heat supply, relations related to the management of the organization and functioning of heat supply, as well as the responsibility of the executive bodies of all levels for reliability, quality, efficiency and availability of heat supply . According to the work plan of the Government of the Russian Federation, the mentioned draft law should be developed in the fourth quarter of 2003.

Secondly, the introduction of changes in the law "On Energy Saving" of changes and additions specifying the mechanisms of execution of individual articles, primarily related to the federal budget sector, the legal basis for the creation of regional and municipal funds for energy saving, benefits in the implementation of energy-saving events and administrative responsibility for Ethrenal use of TER. The concept of the draft law should be represented by the Government of the Russian Federation in the fourth quarter of 2003.

These draft laws and regulatory documents necessary for their implementation, in our opinion, should be developed and adopted no later than 2004.

I. General provisions

In accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ "On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation", this sectoral strategy should determine the goals and objectives of the state and municipal control of heat supply. The reduction in one document of all major problems of the industry allows you to proceed from the practice of individual government orders to systematized work on the complex of interrelated problems.

Heat supply is substantially regulated not only by the general and its industry legislation, but also the sectoral legislation of related industries, including housing, water supply, fuel supply and electric power industry. In heat supply is not a task of increasing the volume of commercial products, since the quality of heating and hot water can be ensured in reducing the consumption of thermal energy by upgrading the connected buildings. For these reasons, this strategy considers part of the problems of related industries and industry issues of energy saving.

The strategy was developed for a period of 5 years, which is determined by the possibility of its sufficiently quick introduction to solve the accumulated problems and the need to set up after this fundamentally other tasks. To overcome the possibility of obsolescence of the strategy provisions, its annual updating is envisaged.

1.1. Russian heat supply system

For 115 years of development, the Russian heat supply system has become the largest in the world, providing more than 40% of the world centralized production of thermal energy. It consists of 50 thousand local systems serviced by 18 thousand enterprises. Consumption of thermal energy is about 2 billion Gcal per year, including 1.4 billion Gcal centralized systems. Thermal energy market is one of the largest monopproduct market markets.

Since the beginning of market reforms of the 1990s, the heat supply industry was usually considered as necessary, but minor compared with electric power and fuel industries. But gradually, the awareness of its key role in the country's economy came:

§ The production of thermal energy belongs to providing industries of the Russian economy, in the conditions of our climate, heat supply provides the possibility of the life of citizens.

§ The production of thermal energy is consumed 320 million T.UT., or 33% of the consumption of primary energy in Russia, and taking into account independent heat supply, this share is approaching 50%, which is comparable to the Russian exports of hydrocarbons.

§ The need to carry the burden of premises heating costs reduces the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. The population pays for heating and hot water supply more than all other HCH services combined.

§ The combined production of thermal and electrical energy, regardless of the type and service life of the heat equipment, has energy efficiency exceeding all the most modern and even promising methods for the production of electricity. Reducing the share of cogeneration can lead to a significant increase in the cost of electricity.

§ Heat supply is gradually becoming an investment attractive industry, in which the proportion of private owners and operators increases very rapidly.

§ The joint generation of thermal and electrical energy at the CHP refers to relatively "clean" production and its development is maintained by the developed countries on a par with a non-fuel energy. International restrictions on the use of "unclean" energy in the foreseeable future will not affect gas cogeneration, providing electricity and heat Local cities systems.

In recent years, fundamentally different models of heat supply in the country have been actively discussed.

1.2. Objective and development tasks

The purpose of the industry's development is to ensure ubiquitous qualitative and reliable heat supply in the most economical way. Due to the long period of use of a tariff model based on the cost confirmation, the industry has accumulated a significant cost reduction potential, it is important to ensure the development of heat supply without a significant increase in tariffs and flow of investments from unregulated industries.

The system of sectoral regulation should ensure the formation of an effective market for heat supply and cogeneration while respecting the interests of business entities and consumers, including the following tasks:

§ Reducing the number of regulatory acts and simplifying government regulation, ensuring the simplicity, worker and long-term legislative innovations.

§ Tariff deregulation as an anti-rapid mechanism of equalizing the tariff base, with an increase in its academic organizations by reducing organizations with an excessive tariff.

§ Creation for heat supply organizations of economic incentives to energy saving in consumers.

§ Ensuring the competitiveness of CHP, preventing them out of operation with compensation costs exceeding the cost of reconstruction.

§ Introduction of competitive formalized procedures for the supply of thermal energy from several sources into a single heat supply system, forming a queue rules at equal prices of delivery.

§ Return of regulation of ratios related to hot water supply, into legislation on heat supply.

§ Supply of the resource "On the wall" of an apartment building with the possibility of independent choice by residents of the payment distribution methodology from a set of recommended.

§ Improving the technical level of heat supply systems, the transition to a 50-year service life of newly paved thermal networks.

II. Reliability and quality of heat supply

2.1. Monitoring reliability

Since 2010, the Ministry of Emergency Situations registers in the heat supply systems from 2 to 5 emergencies per year. Compared with the 90s of the last century, their number decreased in tens of times.

At the same time, according to Rostekhnadzor, in recent years, the return process of growth in the number of significant consumer shutdes has begun. If, in the heating period of 2010-2011, Rostekhnadzor on information from the regions registered 8 emergencies, then in the season 2015-2016 there were 136 (of which 3 were investigated by Rostechnadzor), and the 2016-2017 348 (of which 8 were investigated by Rostechnadzor).

According to the monitoring results of the Ministry of Construction of Russia in the heating season 2016-2017, the emergency accident in the heat networks decreased by 40%, and hot water networks by 33%.

In accordance with the data of the "rating of the effectiveness of heat supply systems" formed by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, in 2017, in 19 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the zero accidents of thermal networks were observed (including St. Petersburg), which cannot be recognized with reliable.

According to Rosstat Russia, the number of accidents on sources of heat supply and thermal networks in 2016 amounted to 5880 against 5799 in 2015.

More reliable information is contained in the heat supply schemes of specific settlements, while at the presence of several federal information systems, it is necessary to recognize the obvious imperfection of monitoring the reliability of heat supply. It is only a reliably about large long-term disconnections, as they are widely illuminated in the media.

The overall condition of the equipment of heat supply systems can be assessed as relatively reliable. At the same time, in several major cities, the damage to thermal networks reached a level of 3-5 damage per year per 1 km. network in two-pipe calculus. Everywhere increases the average service life of trunk networks.

The problem of many settlements is the unpreparedness of the complex of power supply systems to unreal or even calculated cooling and ignoring this problem as market participants and all levels of the authorities.

The regulatoryly enshrined state and municipal reliability management system in heat supply consists of several components:

Developing and approving heat supply schemes, including reliability calculation;

Analysis and evaluation of heat supply systems by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the division of systems into highly reliable, reliable, minor and unreliable, and the definition of a system of measures to improve reliability for minor and unreliable systems;

Checks for readiness for the heating period of settlements, heat supply and heat network organizations, consumers;

The functioning of the emergency warning system, including the monitoring system, probability assessment, possible scenarios, prevention measures, evaluation of readiness for operational localization and elimination of consequences.

In most settlements, the above actions are carried out without professional support, through working groups and headquarters, and largely not fulfilled at all. In 2017, 3,736 or less than 80% were obtained by 3,736 or less than 80% from 4705 of the preparedness of the heating period of the readiness passport for the heating period, but most of them did not even be assessed by the probability of large accidents. As a result, no one knows, in which settlement there may be problems next winter.

Given the significant social and economic consequences of accidents in heat supply systems, it is necessary at the federal and regional levels to organize qualified continuous work in the following areas:

Automated monitoring and prediction of the reliability of heat supply systems with the definition of the integral indicator of reliability and assessment of essential factors affecting it;

Preparation of an annual report and operational information for authorities and organizations;

Development and maintenance of operational complexes of measures ensuring the increase in reliability in the most problematic settlements, with the priority of using internal reserves;

Development and implementation of typical improvement projects;

Operational development and maintenance of accident elimination plans;

The creation of the Institute of Anti-Crisis Governors;

Examination of schemes, programs, complexes of measures, acts of readiness for problem settlements.

2.2. Check readiness for heating period

The law "On heat supply" defines the obligation to check the readiness for the heating period of municipalities, heat supply and heat network organizations, consumers of thermal energy. The function of checking municipalities is entrusted to Rostechnadzor, and the inspection of heat supply organizations and consumers should organize municipal authorities.

The current rules for evaluating readiness for the heating period, approved by the Ministry of Energy of Russia, require evaluation of not only the volume of repair work, as was taken earlier, and willingness to perform production functions that ensure the reliability of heat supply. Municipalities were not ready to improve the quality of checks. At the same time, most heat supply organizations can provide high-quality preparation for the heating period and the reliability of heat supply without detailed verification procedures by state and municipal authorities.

To eliminate excess bureaucratic and control procedures, a risk-oriented approach should be introduced to an assessment of the readiness of subjects for a heating period, based on the results of monitoring reliability and declarations, and not on physical inspections.

In the case of the provision of an inaccurate information entity, significant penalties should be provided.

Object checks must be carried out in relation to unreliable and low-tech systems, as well as reliable systems with negative dynamics of indicators.

Preparation programs for the heating period for settlements with unreliable and low-tend-in systems should include the calculation of the prediction of reliability coefficients for the next heating period and be agreed with Rostechnadzor, to confirm the sufficiency of the planned activities. If, when testing readiness for the heating period, non-fulfillment of scheduled measures will be revealed, then further actions should be made under the regional system of preventing and eliminating emergency situations.

The obligatory part of the system of preventing and elimination of emergencies should also be the development of possible scenarios of cascade accidents beginning with restrictions in any way of energy resources. In all settlements, there should be comprehensive anti-emergency training for different scenarios of abnormal situations in power supply, with the development of possible chains of cascade development of accidents in interrelated systems of heat, electrical, water and gas supply.

Over the past 25 years, the fuel balance and structure of energy facilities in terms of integrated energy security have been conducted. Territorial balances of thermal and electrical power are not calculated for limiting conditions or complete gas supply. The presented costs of the creation and operation of devices for providing reserve fuel and the alternative development of the gas transmission system, including the use of LNG, are not compared.

At the level of the state and regions, it is necessary to fulfill the studies and develop a set of measures to correct the situation.

2.3. Complex for unreliable systems

The assignment of the heat supply system of the settlement towards unreliable usually means such a level of its condition, in which the heat supply organization itself is no longer able to turn the situation. It usually does not help the change of the operator.

For such systems, a necessary condition for recovery is the development of a high-quality heat supply scheme as an anti-crisis plan with the inclusion of a set of measures to sanitation organizations (management, priority activities, the use of internal resources) and ensuring current reliability. The schemes of such settlements should be expertise in the authorized federal authority or in the professional organization defined by it.

If it is impossible to attract external investors, the implementation of the developed activities should be involved in the budgets of all levels, the procedures for preventing emergency situations.

2.4. Industrial Safety and Technical Supervision

Federal Law No. 116-FZ dated 07.24.1997 "On the industrial safety of hazardous production facilities" is regulated by the reliability of only individual elements of heat supply systems. Most of the equipment of these systems fall under the law, as it either works under pressure, or refers to the explosive. According to the adopted classification, the overwhelming volume of equipment of heat supply systems belongs to hazardous production facilities of the IV category. For him, only the provision of information on the implementation of industrial control is obligatory.

It is necessary to clearly distinguish the concepts of reliability and safety:

The reliability of heat supply is determined by the cumulative state of heat supply systems and is a market category, and the levels of reliability should be established by those who pay it, i.e. consumers who choose accessible to payments category of reliability;

The safety of heat supply processes is determined by the technical condition of specific equipment, minimum safety requirements should be determined by the state.

For energy supplying organizations and investors, the essential factor of external risk is the unpredictability of the emergence of new requirements of supervisory authorities not provided with tariff financing. The unrealizability of these events without an additional financial source contributes to corruption.

It is necessary to introduce the procedure for linking the approval of investment programs and tariffs with the emergence of prescriptions that require substantial funding. New requirements must have a reasonable implementation period.

2.5. Requirements for the quality of heat supply, enshrined in the terms of the contract

To protect the rights of consumers, on the one hand, and to prevent unreasonable antitrust prosecution of heat supply organizations, on the other hand, it is necessary to develop typical forms of contracts, as an annex to the "Rules of Heat Organization", clearly defining the responsibility of both parties.

Reliability and quality are ensured in the interests of consumers. Consumers must order the level of quality and reliability and receive compensation in its violation. It is necessary to establish in the treaties of proportionate compensation for violations of the quality and reliability of heat supply paid directly to affected consumers. The size of these fines should stimulate heat supply organizations to maintain the necessary level of reliability and quality, including through repair campaigns, work with counterparties, system configuration, and so on.

At the same time, it is necessary to cancel all the existing other fine coefficients today, as forged and ineffective.

2.6. Additional measures to overcome negative trends affecting the reliability of heat supply

Measures are needed:

In recent years, in recent years, the number of cases of refusal of industrial enterprises from heat supply of residential areas due to the establishment of unreasonably low tariffs, as well as due to excessive state control and regulation. Municipalities are difficult to find an investor for the construction of replacement heat sources and funds to compensate for damages from continuing heat supply activities for a three-year legislatively permissible delay period of delayed output. For organizations carrying out the heat supply of third-party consumers as a non-primary type of activity, it is necessary for the right of a simplified method of tariff formation (analogue method or long-term tariff formula) and limiting the number of control checks, a maximum of one comprehensive check per year.

§ Transfer of municipal property for rent or concession regularly leads to the emergence of pseudo-investors specializing in the control of financial flows and trials with a couscant. Instead of improving reliability, local authorities have new problems and return to the municipal management. Since today, the qualitative preparation of the lease agreement or the concession agreement is a long and expensive process, it is necessary to organize free methodical assistance to municipalities including contract formation and replication of the best practices.

§ An increase in the number of unprofitable heat supply organizations determines the lack of funds for repair and upgrading equipment. An entrepreneurial profits introduced in 2015 nominally amounts to 5% of HBV minus fuel and losses, which actually corresponds to 1.5- 2% NVB. This is clearly not enough taking into account the real payment discipline, inflation and other sectoral factors. The solution to the problem is to transition to the principles of benchmarking and tariff formulas.

§ Mass impairment of the quality of heat consumption, including overestimation of the coolant consumption and the temperature of the returned coolant, lead to the corresponding unbalancement of the entire centralized heat supply system. It is necessary to normally determine the features of the application of penalties for violating consumer regimen in the form of fixed increasing coefficients to the cost of consumed thermal energy. The methodology of fixing the violations and the conditions for the release of the consumer from paying sanctions should be defined.

§ Reducing the professional level of heads of heat supply organizations has become a massive phenomenon in recent years. It is necessary to resume the concept of a "mandatory minimum knowledge" for the first managers with remote passing exams not affiliated persons, and restore qualification categories.

III. Tariff regulation

3.1. Compliance with the balance of interests of suppliers and consumers

With the Russian climate and the level of solvency of the population, it is impossible to solve the problems of heat supply only due to growth in the tariffs of the investment component. It is necessary to take all possible measures to stimulate processes that ensure a real reduction in system costs in reasonable reliability and quality:

Reduction of supplier costs including extension of equipment resource;

A decrease in the number of intermediaries, the consolidation of heat supply and heat treatment organizations;

Support for energy saving in consumers with partial tariff compensation, with a decrease in the level of payments;

Circuit optimization, including competition of projects and organizations, the development of cogeneration, reasonable decentralization, etc.

Tariff, this is the price of a unit of goods corresponding to its quality, but the entire period of state regulation of tariffs in heat supply was estimated not to product, but the cost of its manufacturing process, which led to the practical inability to stimulate the efficiency of the process itself. The specificity of the heat supply industry also affected, which is primarily in the fact that the product itself has no quality criteria itself, they are highly described through the characteristics of the coolant and systemic reliability.

In 2010, with the adoption of the 190th FZ "On Heat supply", the transition to interconnected industry legislation was launched. Despite numerous flaws, the sectoral nature of the law allowed to lay fundamental structures that do not doubt today:

The presence of several goods and services paid on their own tariffs (thermal energy, coolant, power, backup power, transmission service, connection service);

Organization of commercial accounting of goods supplied;

The concept of heat supply organization, a single heat supply organization, a heating network organization, an understanding who buys who does and for what is responsible, contractual structures between them and with the consumer;

The rights and obligations of the consumer;

The status of heat supply schemes that determine the tariff consequences of fundamental solutions to optimize the system, its development, distribution of the load, the elimination of objects, decentralization.

Given the social restrictions on the growth of tariffs, the impossibility of taking into account all the desired investment needs, the municipalities are given right through the heat supply scheme to find a balance between quality / reliability - development - price.

The law defines the principles, methods and methods of tariff control, that is, it is a full-fledged industry law, which is determined for which specifically, how much and to whom the consumer or the participant of the heat supply process pays. Attempts to return to all-sectoral universal tariffing methods must be recognized unreasonable due to the restoration of non-clear consumers' restoration of non-clear structures.

The current system of containing the growth rates of tariffs for utility resources without the practice of system analysis of the tariff values \u200b\u200bthemselves led to negative consequences for both consumers and heat supply organizations:

In some settlements, communal consumers (population) were completely not protected from tariffs established on an inadequately high level, since the state holds first of all tariff growth rates, and not its value;

In other - heat supply organizations were delivered under the conditions for constant underfunding of repair and investment programs;

Industrial consumers are forced to carry the burden of cross-subsidization due to artificial limitation of utility tariffs.

Today, despite all innovations, the main approach in the tariff regulation remains the indexation of certain types of expenses in percentage of the achieved level. Such a system financially encourages the worst organizations already having a high tariff. There is an anti-grade rule, according to which it is necessary to constantly maintain a low level of reliability and high levels of expenses to substantiate the further growth of the high tariff. High rates provoke no improvement, but the need to maintain large costs. The basic principle of equity level of tariffs, according to which a higher rate must correspond to a higher level of quality and reliability.

All this dictates the need to transition to fundamentally different methods of tariff formation based on the principles of understandable to the consumer and perceived by him as fair.

3.2. Basic principles

The basis of pricing in the industry should not be the regulation on the basis of the historically established tariff base, when the regulator is the main thing, and the formulation of tariff formulas that allow the consumer or the municipality to choose the tariff menu and guaranteeing the quality of tariffs for the level of quality and reliability of heat supply. In this case, the procedure for approval of prices (tariffs) is radically simplified, with the exception of the essential part of the bureaucratic processes.

It is possible to form a tariff formula based on:

Comparisons with existing analogues corresponding to the level of quality and reliability;

Rationing of the cost of fuel, electricity, equipment service life and other parameters (reference costs), for example, a double rate: the energy rate is calculated from the agreed specific consumption of fuel, electricity and water to implement (or leave) a unit of thermal energy; The rate for power is determined by the standard per unit service (m³, m² of connected buildings or the number of service units);

The limit of the possible price for consumers, based on the cost of alternative methods of heat supply or heat supply in this particular system.

Additions to the law "On Heat Supply" with pricing on the Alternative Boiler room model made the beginning of the legitimacy of pricing on tariff formulas. Moreover, several types of tariff formulas are introduced simultaneously in price zones:

Restriction of the price of thermal energy for consumers with a settlement level;

Indexation prices for heat transfer services in proportion to the change in the limit level of the price of heat energy (in the presence of disagreements);

Restriction of the price of heat energy purchased for the purpose of compensation for losses in thermal networks, by price level for end users;

Determination of thermal energy prices, coolant and transmission services based on economically reasonable expenses in accordance with the legislation on accounting accounting (when suspending the output from operation);

The establishment of prices for thermal energy and heat carrier from sources, taking into account only the cost of fuel and annual indexation in proportion to the change in fuel prices (for the term of consideration of disagreements in court).

Effective pricing should be based on the fact that the rate of the tariff, on the one hand, should be sufficient to ensure the competitive quality of heat supply, on the other, it should not provoke the consumer to search for alternatives. For each system of centralized heat supply, there are several hazardous levels of tariffs when the competition of various types of alternative heat sources (starting with hot water heaters), that is, there is a tariff range in which the trends on shutdown from the CT are shown. The cost of alternative methods can also be considered as a tariff indicator - the limit level above which prices in the heat supply system cannot be installed.

The use of tariff formulas and indicators should contribute to the emergence of real incentives to reduce costs, and various tariff formation methods will be optimal for different heat supply systems.

§ The reference cost method works well on maintaining the current level of systems, but bad for development and sanations as it eliminates incentives for heat supply organizations to development costs with a decrease in the number of service units. An attempt to take into account as a whole, the organization is not realized due to the infinite variety of specific features (load density, water treatment diagram, the volume of decentralization on DHW and heating, a complex of types of fuel consumed, degree of redundancy, piezometer, climate, etc.), so it is possible to normalize the reference Costs only on the reference state of a separate system Heat supply with an additional tariff structure for accounting for investment costs to achieve a reference state. All transient processes (sanitation, upgrading, increasing system power) cannot be estimated by analogue method, as they are determined by many competitive technical and managerial solutions.

§ The "alternative boiler room" method is well suited for settlements with the only heat supply organization, since in that case there is no conflict of interest. It is necessary to organize monitoring of the implementation of the model for the operational fixation of possible risks of abuse of the monopoly position, evaluating the effectiveness of procedures for consideration of disagreements between market participants and reducing the investment activity of organizations that have not received the status of ETO.

§ The method of analogs or limit indicators, with simplified design procedures, is preferable for small organizations that do not have the ability to competently carry out a tariff company.

Mixed structures can be used, for example:

§ The cost of operation of one conditional unit of the thermal network using the method of reference expenses (the length of the heat networks per unit of load depends on the objective parameter - the density of the development), forming rates for transmission services;

§ Fuel costs and the cost of exploitation of energy sources according to the method of analogs - indicators achieved on similar equipment.

It is necessary to legally provide for the possibility of applying different methods of tariff formation. It is also required to introduce voluntary long-term regulatory contracts in the form of tariff and investment agreements between heat supply and heating systems, a regulator and a body of municipal or regional authorities, providing for the fixation of the tariff formula without government restrictions on its type and design.

3.3. Tariff subsidies

Legislation on limiting the limit indices of citizens' fees in its current form implies an artificial limitation of tariffs for all citizens with compensation at the expense of the budget of the difference between the reasonable tariff size and the size that is conventionally recognized available. In this form, compensation is provided to all consumers of the resource, regardless of whether they need in support or not.

To eliminate the above disproportions, it is necessary to ensure the transition to an exclusively address system of social support for those in need of citizens in providing housing and utilities, the fee for which is mainly formed by payments for heat supply and DHW.

Only the address support system provides a number of key advantages compared to the tariff holder system adopted today for all citizens:

A clear understanding of the number of citizens in need of support, which makes it possible to carry out more optimal budget policies and more effectively distribute limited funds, and this is especially important in periods of decline in economic activity;

Maintaining the cost of resources at the real level stimulates an increase in energy saving, and with total subsidies of the tariff, the savings mechanisms will never be quite effective.

Only the transition from the subsidies system to address subsidies will ensure a relatively painless transition to a reasonable level of tariffs in cities with an understated level of the tariff base.

The procedure for obtaining subsidies for those who need them must be as simplified as much as possible and become an integral part of the current housing subsidy system.

3.4. Fuel distribution in the production of thermal and electrical energy at the CHP for tariff regulation purposes

Since excessively low rates are mostly installed for large heat supply systems based on CHP, energy companies use all available methods to increase them, in particular the "physical" method of separation of fuel costs in combined heat and electrical energy production. With this transition, formally fuel consumption for the production of thermal energy is often higher than on a modern boiler room, which prevents the expansion of heat reference zones in heat supply schemes. The introduction of modern tariff structures with the transition to the real level of tariffs will allow you to abandon the designs contrary to the laws of physics.

The distribution of fuel, in terms of the combined production of thermal and electrical energy, is advisable to be carried out on the following principles:

§ To ensure the long-term competitiveness of centralized heat supply, the specific costs of fuel on the production of thermal energy should be lower than on the best boiler room.

§ To ensure the competitiveness of the CHP in the electric energy market, the specific costs of fuel on the production of electricity should be lower than the actual specific costs of the best condensation PSU TPP.

Only in this case the CHP will be competitive in both markets.

Practically, this task is solved by fixing the specific fuel consumption for electricity, with the calculation of a specific consumption on thermal energy according to the characteristics of the station equipment.

When operating a part of the equipment of the CHP in the boiler room (without electricity generation), the specific costs should be accepted as for boiler room and "not to remember" with common. This today leads to a "paper" increase in the specific cost of fuel to generate electricity and the output of alleged inefficient equipment.

For condensation electricity generation at CHP, specific costs should be taken as for condensation GRES.

3.5. Double tariff

Currently, a single-stand tariff is installed in the overwhelming part of settlements on thermal energy.

The introduction of double tariffs (rates for thermal energy and power) will achieve solutions to several relevant tasks for heat supply systems:

Optimization of the cost of the thermal infrastructure, withdrawal from the operation of excess generating capacity and thermal networks;

Consumer stimulation to the alignment of the contractual and actual attached power with the release of power reserves that can be used to connect new consumers without creating redundant infrastructure;

Alignment of financial flows of heat supply organizations due to the "power" rate, evenly distributed by year;

Simplifying the transition to tariff the tariff formula that does not require annual coordination;

Stimulating heat supply organizations to energy saving in consumers;

Translation of boiler rooms in the peak mode of operation with the CHP without losses for their owners and with a substantial system-wide savings.

When transferring a small part of the cost of fuel from a variable to a fixed part of the tariff, you can get the result unusual for heat supply organizations - the smaller the heat consumes the connected buildings, it will be better for the supplier, that is, it really becomes interested in energy saving.

There are no methodological studies for the mass implementation of double tariffs. It is necessary to implement them and create opportunities for choosing from three, fundamentally different types of tariffs. The generals of them are only a variable rate, proportional, mainly specific fuel consumption by 1 Gcal.

Options for the implementation of the two tariff:

With a rate of power proportional to thermal load (maximum power consumption);

With a rate of power proportional to the maximum circulation flow of network water;

With a bet for the power, proportional area (or volume) of the premises of the connected buildings.

It is necessary to analyze the pros and cons of the options and develop a methodology for establishing double tariffs that take into account the choice of the option in accordance with the specifics of the settlement.

In the rate for power, it is necessary to take into account the availability of a working backup fuel system.

It is also necessary to obviously recognize the actual losses in networks with their assessment according to the objective method with the simultaneous introduction of lowering indicators by year.

3.6. Connection fee

For a long time, the method of issuing individual specifications for the implementation of them by the plug-in person, took into account all the costs of connecting a specific consumer. For many developers, expenses were excessive, but for others low. The developers with a high board were often chosen by the construction of local heat sources or adjustment of the apartment heating. Averaging rates for connecting within a reasonable (normalized) distance from the connection point provides transparency and predictability of the developer's costs and reduces the number of failures from connecting to central heat supply.

Today, the system of standardized tariff rates, depending on the diameters and types of newly paved heat networks, has not led to averaging connection fees. With the same plug-in power and length of the network, the board may differ at times depending on the specific design (a set of diameters, channel and chamberless gasket), which contributes to the emergence of corrupt agreements.

The transition to standardized rates, depending on the plug-in power, will ensure the elimination of the above deficiencies. Introduction of additional boosting coefficients, when the connection point is disturbed to the point of attachment of a more installed standard length, will prevent economically inappropriate connections and reduce the number of failures in connection.

The introduction of a averaged connection fee can be undoubtedly attributed to positive solutions. It can be installed on a "fair" level, that is, not strongly overwhelmed tariffs for thermal energy (not fully shifting the problems of business on social consumers), and without a competitive fee of the cost of construction of a competitive local heat source.

It is necessary to enter a typical distinction of work performed by the connection board and at the expense of tariff earnings. In the connection board, take into account the costs of:

Building branch to the consumer;

An increase in the diameters of quarterly thermal networks (up to 300 mm) from the chamber of the removal on the trunk networks;

Construction of new main thermal networks substantiated only by connecting new consumers.

When dividing types of objects funded from the connection board and from the tariff, there will be no problems with the need to adjust long-term tariffs.

As an alternative way to determine the connection fee, you must enter a method based on the use of 2 indicators defined by the results of the annual study:

§ The country of the average real value of the connection of 1 Gcal / h load (base cost and increasing coefficients on the load density, climate, seismicity and distance).

§ The limit level of the connection fee equal to the country's average cost of construction by the developer of autonomous heat source (basic cost per gkal / h and increasing coefficients on the type of fuel, power, seismicity and distance). The indicator acts as a natural regulator: if the input fee will be larger, then consumers will build their own source.

The connection fee in a particular settlement can be installed as a basic (according to the first indicator) multiplied by inflation coefficients; load density in the connection zone; climate; seismicity; Remote, with the upper limitation of the value of the board on the second indicator (price formula).

The failure criterion in the connection will serve more than two-time excess of the distance from the punch point to the plug-in compared to the accepted base value. When connecting objects at a larger distance, the TSO can set a fee for connecting the above base rate in proportion to the distance or, if interested in connecting, save it at the base level.

When connected, the consumer must have the right to choose between one-step connection charge or installment mechanism: a reduced (or zero) connection fee, but the obligation to the long-term consumption of thermal energy at a fixed free price (variable by the price formula).

It is necessary to cancel the installation rate for the connection of 550 rubles. When connecting buildings with a load of less than 0.1 Gcal / h. Unlike the electric power industry, it has no social sense, but, on the contrary, leads to an increase in payments of socially unprotected consumers, through the tariff of paying connection costs:

Individual residential buildings whose owners have a financial opportunity to build them directly in large settlements;

Small buildings whose heating is advisable to carry out non-centralized heating devices (their centralized heat supply is unprofitable and in the process of further operation).

With a comprehensive development of the territories, a competitive procedure for determining the thermal energy supplier is preferred. The problem is that the criterion of the minimum connection fee is not an objective indicator of the quality of the challenger's proposal for the exercise of the thermal supply of the Constive District. It is necessary to focus on the costs, taking into account the cost of supplying thermal energy. The criterion of choice can be the best offered long-term formula for thermal energy at a fixed connection board. Model conditions for such contests should be developed with the definition of participating requirements and the conditions of applications.

With the current model today, in the absence of a technical capabilities of joining, the developer must choose the option of waiting for the adjustment of the heat supply scheme or the consent to pay for the costs of personal specifications. The choice must be done without possessing information or about the timing of the adjustment of the scheme, nor on the probability of introducing the necessary changes to it, nor the magnitude of the board on the first and second options. It is necessary to determine the procedure for ensuring the developer information necessary for the specified selection.

3.7. Cancel regulation

When joining industrial sources, sources of organizations for which energy supply is not the main activity, and heat supply systems built without taking into account investment tariffs, you can cancel the state tariff regulation. The new consumer has the right to build its heat source, to join the overall heat supply system or an undergraduated source of industrial enterprises at a free price and an unregulated connection board. Such a solution will increase the level of competition of heat supply systems.

IV. Ensuring the fullness of payments for thermal energy

Decisions to increase the investment attractiveness and development of heat supply systems cannot be fully implemented without increasing the payment discipline of consumers.

4.1. Debts of residents of apartment buildings

In any settlement there is a part of residents who do not pay utility services. If you do not take steps to ensure the high level of completeness of citizens' payments, then any tightening of the responsibility of the management companies and heat supply organizations in front of each other will not provide a solution to the problem. Debt will accumulate from those or others, depending on the change of legal norms.

Abroad, the problem is usually solved by the tough position of the courts when making a decision on the compulsory eviction of citizens for debts. Television reports in such cases lead to an instant result - recovery of payments.

Disable electricity

The most effective and operational method of stimulating the inhabitants to timely payment is to disable the communal service. But today it turns out that:

Heating and cold water can not be disconnected, hot water and gas is difficult;

A real time from non-payment, before turning off the resource is at least 3 months;

When limiting the electricity, a resident can pay only for it and require inclusion;

On the unauthorized re-connection, it is possible to send materials to the court, which will inherent a fine of 1 thousand rubles and only the results of several appeals to the court include a defaulter arrest for up to 15 days.

It is necessary to finalize the model of controlling non-payment in the MKD, successfully used in Kazakhstan 25 years ago - related payments (a single payment document) without the right of non-complex payment, as well as the disconnection of electricity in apartments in the non-payment of any kind of resource.

Ensuring the possibility of full collection of payments by managing companies

Organizations providing housing and communal services at the expense of the maintenance and repair fee must be provided with not only compensation of costs, but also a fair yield corresponding to the risk level of this type of activity and other market factors.

Currently, the lack of opportunity to legally earn pushes management organizations to illegal schemes and attempts to save the quality of services provided to the detriment. The transition of resource-supplying organizations to direct payments of citizens increases their costs, complicates the entire settlement system, actually removes responsibility with the management companies for the accuracy of accounting.

The MKD management contract must be enshrined the rights, obligations and responsibilities of each owner of the premises for the content of the MKD in order and managing the general property of the house, to pay for utility resources.

By decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, a typical form of the management contract must be established, and basic (initial) conditions of such a contract must be recorded, which are used by the default, if the owners have not accepted other solutions. Including a typical agreement establishes the requirements and procedure for payment of resources set on the border.

These initial (basic) conditions of the standard contract determine the procedure for executing owners of the duties for the main property, as well as all major aspects of the interaction of citizens, performers of housing and communal services and resource-supplying organizations, including the procedure for distributing resources for generalic needs, debt repayment procedure in case of Non-submission of mandatory payments by anyone from tenants, for example, through the formation of a special insurance fund, etc.

Such initial conditions must imply the maximum level of protection of citizens with the corresponding tax rate. These conditions will encourage owners to accept responsible and independent decisions.

By purchasing an apartment in the MKD, the owner automatically joins the contract acting in such an MKD.

It is important to make a complete collection of payments beneficial for management companies. The current regulatory acts are determined that when setting tariffs for heat supply organizations, 2% of the non-payment of the population is taken into account. It is necessary to bring the mechanism to a logical completion and, in case of responsibility of the management company for the completeness of the collection, to regulatoryly define them as a commission of the Criminal Commission for providing 100% of the collection of payments.

Sanctions for non-payment regarding the management company should be linked to effective sanctions against non-payers - individuals. The Criminal Code should be able to collect payments.

Necessary measures:

Increase the size of punishment for unauthorized electricity connection after disconnection.

Multiple increase in the size of the penalties for repeated unauthorized power on electricity;

Upon exceeding the total debt of an individual to pay for all types of resources of 100 thousand rubles. consider cases in criminal office;

The introduction of prepayment in violation of payment terms;

Permission for sale for debts not only municipal, but also privatized apartments, or forced transfer by the debtor's ownership of an apartment (increasing in further non-payment), accrual interest and rent for use of someone else's property.

Must get widespread memo for residents in time of the introduction and types of sanctions for late payment.

Since any ways to distribute the payment of utility resource between the MKD residents have drawbacks, it is necessary to provide the right to choose from several distribution options to the residents themselves, by solving a general meeting. In the absence of choice, a basic option is taken defined by the "Rules for the Company's Communal Services".

Communal resources suppliers must be responsible for the supply of goods at the entrance to the house (with appropriate payment) and not to participate in their distribution.

4.2. Debt of budget consumers

The adjustment of budget legislation has been normally providing for the obligation of the adequacy of allocated limits to pay utility resources. They cannot be less than the level of consumption for previous years.

The unresarously bloated list of "unconviable consumers" should be radically reduced. According to really untrociable consumers, the procedure for confirmation of the need for such status with the provision of bank guarantees for payment under the subsidiary responsibility of the relevant budget is to be submitted.

Responsibility for violations of heat supply during non-payment must be carried by non-payers or the one who introduced them to the list of untouched.

Currently accumulated multi-billion debts by organizations, controlled by the state and municipalities (GUP, MUPS, etc.). The restructuring of their debts itself does not solve anything if the financial source of their repayment is determined. Today, the main method is the bankruptcy of the heat supply organization and the "forgiveness" of all debts.

It is necessary to produce a widespread analysis of the structure of the debts of heat supply organizations and the reasons for their education, dividing by type. For each type, to develop typical models of repayment or write-off. Since the essential part will be attributed to hopeless debts, it is necessary to find solutions and on them, otherwise the procedure for bankruptcies of debtors will be repeated infinitely.

Options:

Forced sale of municipal property for debts;

Tax breaks for the organization of the lender;

The preservation of the level of costs taken into account in tariffs, with a decrease in costs for a period, significantly greater than the payback period.

The main mechanism is the subsidiary responsibility of the budget for the debts of subordinate enterprises or budget guarantees.

V. State reporting of heat supply organizations

Heat supply organizations provide more than a thousand reports per year in various authorities. These reports are not synchronized in any other way, may contain different in the form of the value of the same indicators. In this case, the primary indicators that are used to calculate most of the data for these reports are only about fifty.

It is necessary to radically change the system of sectoral reporting of heat supply organizations. In order to minimize the costs of reporting, it is necessary to ensure that one unified primary indicators database is necessary, and any other can be defined on them. At the same time, a ligation should be ensured with GIS systems, GIS Houshs, GIS Energy Efficiency, Tariff Body Databases, Rosstat and Municipalities. It is necessary to organize the primary automated verification of the reliability of information.

As a task for 3-5 years, the transition to the use of united for all business entities and all authorities of the information platform (database) functioning on the principle of multitables should be enshrined. Such a platform should replace all existing reporting forms and to ensure automatic mode the possibility of collecting and updating data, as well as their aggregation and conversion to the tasks of the authorities and other interested parties with different levels of access, in any forms and for any period.

This will eliminate the duplication of information and determine the source and understandable source of reliable data to all participants. The process of collecting and processing information will also be radically simplified, the costs of economic entities and authorities are reduced.

It is clearly excessive to the amount of information represented in GIS housing and utilities, given the number of objects on which information and time spent on the identification of each input of information is transmitted, the system in the previously conceived volume will not be able to work. It is necessary to create a distributed system based on typical municipal and regional databases and settlement models.

Vi. Development of heat supply systems

6.1. Quality of heat supply schemes

The federal law "On Heat Sun" laid the principle of development planning through approved heat supply schemes and investment programs of heat supply organizations.

The primary process of developing heat supply schemes is mainly over. According to the results of their mass inspection in the quality system of NP "Energy-efficient city", the relevant state requirements can be considered less than 10% of the total. But the main success is necessary to recognize the very appearance of heat supply schemes. Openness of information, formulating problems and even low quality schemes, as an indicator of the inability of specific municipalities and heat supply organizations to ensure the effective development of heat supply systems.

The task is to ensure the regulatory dates of the actualization of schemes and their quality processing.

As a tool of state and municipal regulation in the field of heat supply, the schemes must comply with the overall goal of this regulation - to provide high-quality, reliable heat supply in the most economical way. Since quality and reliability can be provided in a variety of options, it is observance of an efficiency condition creates competition of development projects and determines the possibility of assessing the quality of the heat supply scheme.

The main complexity for the authorized federal and municipal authorities is to ensure not only the monitoring of the timing of schemes, but also their high quality corresponding to the goal. It is understood not just a formal availability of a document and compliance with the state requirements of all sections of schemes, and creative work on finding the best options.

It is necessary when you actualization of schemes to find development options in real conditions, and not justify the maximum volumes of investment. Maximum effect must be achieved within the competitive level of tariffs. Understanding the availability of problems with financing the implementation of already developed schemes, municipalities can organize contests for their updating with the payment of performers for reducing costs while maintaining planned effects.

It is necessary to ensure the continuity of schemes, introducing the obligation to analyze the reasons for the failure of the key indicators planned in the previous scheme and the overall efficiency of heat supply in dynamics from the base year adopted during primary development.

It is also necessary to introduce the requirement of compliance with investment programs with heat supply schemes.

For heat supply systems, recognized in accordance with the "Rules of Heating Organization" by unreliable and incomplete, in the scheme there should be a set of measures to ensure the operational achievement of a reliable level.

It is also necessary to solve the problem of protecting investors' interests who have begun to implement investment programs when changing investment conditions of heat supply schemes.

In practice, some municipalities consciously either delay the development and approval of the schemes, or easily overcome the procedure of public hearings and makes schemes with significant violations, preferring the preservation of existing practices:

Regular bankruptcy of MUUs without liability for accumulated debts;

Distribution of load and budget assistance in favor of controlled organizations;

Property for rent to one-day firms, followed by their replacement to the same;

Operational control of heat supply with the control of financial flows.

Administrative punishment was introduced into the Administrative Punishment for violation of the requirements for schemes and the timing of their development. At the same time, it is necessary to protect the municipalities from unscrupulous developers of schemes that benefit contests at the expense of price dumping. Development of schemes It is necessary to consider R & D with the relevant qualifications requirements of the performers.

Tariff indicators can also be used to form technical tasks for the development or actualization of heat supply schemes, with the instruction of the developer to find a development option with the tariff indicator below.

If the scheme did not take timely annual updating and in it for the coming year the overestimated loads of consumers are indicated, the corresponding losses of the heat supply organization from incorrect tariffing should be compensated from the budget of the municipality.

It is necessary to cancel as an unreasonable provision entered for price zones on the heat supply schemes of individual heat supply systems, which there are dozens and even hundreds in the city. Without considering the settlement as a whole, it is impossible to find effective solutions for individual districts.

6.2. Antimonopoly Development Planning Regulation

The development plans for the heat supply systems of settlements substantiated in the heat supply schemes are very often implied to limit the activities of one or more business entities, including the limitation of the load and planned investments. Any development plan approved by the authorities limits the possibilities of competition based on excess capacity belonging to different owners.

In the logic of the law "On heat supply", competition of constructed capacity should be compensated by the competition of projects, the choice of which occurs on the basis of one criterion - the smaller value of heat supply with an equal effect on reliability and quality.

The violations of equal terms of competition of projects include the versions of artificial understatement of the amount of estimated investment costs for the implementation of specific projects:

All types of budget assistance to specific heat supply organizations;

Construction or reconstruction of heat and networks and networks at the expense of the budget with gratuitous or preferential transmission of constructed objects of heat supply organization on any legal basis;

Construction of block-modular boiler rooms with minimal costs and with a small service life;

Understate the cost of connecting to gas networks for heat supply organizations affiliated with fuel companies, and even a complete refusal to connect to other market participants;

Understanding the investor-developer of the cost of boiler rooms and thermal networks for new construction objects, in order to unconditional inclusion in their heat supply scheme, instead of developing existing centralized systems.

Other methods of project competition restriction are also observed:

With equal or controversial economic conditions, the choice of the construction of boiler rooms with violation of the legislative principle of the priority of cogeneration;

Explicit errors in the calculations of the effects of specific projects and the choice of development option at all without economic calculations;

Ignore the unequalities of projects in terms of the reliability of heat supply, including the availability of backup fuel, reservation by sources, independence from external electrical networks;

An inefficient distribution of heat load in annular networks between heat sources belonging to different owners used, including to substantiate the ineffectiveness of the existing source and the need to build a new one;

Creating obstacles to the market for new business entities offering their own development projects.

The introduction of the anti-monopoly regulation under consideration prevents the need to attract qualified experts and the established stereotype on the availability of competition only in commodity markets.

Violations in heat supply schemes are often so obvious that there are no difficulties in the evidence base, but the practice of pseudo-competitives is constantly being improved. At the same time, in some cases, new objects are built at all without justifying the schemes.

The methods of combating such violations include not only the expertise and antitrust prosecution, but also limit the level of tariffs and places for connecting on indicators and tariff formulas, improving the requirements for the procedure for developing and approving schemes, contests for the right to connect the load in annular networks and in the mass Development, expert analysis of the effectiveness of the use of budget funds.

6.3. Integrated development planning

It is necessary to ensure co-planning for the development of heat supply systems and other life support systems (power supply, gas supply). In particular, the CIPRs of the regions should evaluate the volumes and maxima of electrical installation, the possibility of replacing it with other methods of heating, or the use of heat pumps and heat recorders of different types.

The mutual influence of heat supply systems and power supply systems in Russia is huge and does not have world analogues. The heat supply schemes determine not only the development of thermal networks, but also the construction of the CHP. A critical analysis of the amount of thermal supply schemes in general by the region will predict the volume of input of distributed generation. In fact, the organization of planning from the needs of the city will allow to switch to fundamentally to other methods of the country's energy planning, not "from above" - \u200b\u200bby covering the need for energy resources at the expense of large federal stations and networks, and "below" - by predicting the needs of each settlement, determining local generation prospects and Attending the federal level only to ensure the missing need.

The planning technology applied today is immediately at the level of the single power system leads to excessive investments, creating excess power in all elements of power system and maintaining a low level of efficiency of the entire Russian energy.

In gasified areas, the development of heat supply systems cannot be provided without coordination with the development of gas supply systems. At the same time, today's procedure for connecting to gas networks of new or reconstructed heat sources is extremely long and opaque.

It is necessary to simplify the bureaucratic procedures and for scarce regions to identify the rules of the queue, including the priority of the redistribution of the released gas as a result of the implementation of energy-saving measures and optimizing the structure of energy sources.

The following questions should also be solved.

The fee for the non-ownership of the gas and the increase in the coefficients for its overruns, manifested under climatic reasons and as a result of energy saving at the facilities of the heat supply organization and consumers;

There is a study of requirements and incentives for the presence of backup fuel in power sources in the presence of a system-wide redundancy;

The comparative options for creating the production and reserves of liquefied gas instead of backup fuel in boiler houses and gas turbine installations are carried out;

It is eliminated by cross-subsidization of household gas prices below prices for boiler rooms, when residents receiving heat from a centralized heat supply system compensate for the low cost of gas for residents who have their own household heating and hot-made boilers (with objectively higher cost).

Planning the development of heat supply systems should be carried out taking into account energy saving in consumers. You must enter the requirements for linking the power saving programs and heat supply schemes.

The mass development of the heat supply schemes of settlements confirmed the problem of overestimated investment needs necessary to ensure the quality of heat supply and connecting new consumers. Stripping from the existing situation of overestimated coolant expenditures, excessive heat loss in networks and connected buildings, in the schemes it is planned to increase the power of power sources and diameters of thermal networks.

Simultaneously in energy saving programs, it is planned to reduce the heat consumption of connected buildings and losses in networks, and the power release is usually significantly cheaper than creating a new one. It would be logical to give the priority of the implementation of energy-saving measures, but the existing system of state regulation makes it difficult to combine replacement processes.

The principles for the introduction of rates for power released in the process of carrying out energy-saving activities should be determined. Rates must correspond to the demand in demand for reuse or with the conclusion of the output of part of energy facilities.

It is necessary to create a register of released power as a result of the demolition of buildings, their overhaul, replacing windows on double-glazed windows, etc. The register of potential power release projects is even more useful, which can be implemented when needed. The identification of this potential and the definition of redistribution zones should become one of the main tasks of energy audit and energy saving programs.

6.4. Energy supply isolated areas

Up to 70% of the territory of Russia is not covered by federal electrical networks, respectively, these areas are priorities for the development of small energy, as there is simply no alternative for it. The cost of production of thermal and electrical energy in these areas is extremely high and is determined mainly cost of imported fuel. Currently, the supply of such districts is almost completely reaching the funds of the federal budget.

It is in these areas that the use of local renewable energy resources, the use of opportunities for cogeneration and energy saving in consumption. However, the Budget Code currently does not allow to take into account the savings from the implementation of such events, at least for the payback period plus 2 years.

It is necessary to make changes to the Budget Code, allowing the economic effect to take into account the savings of the upper level budgets distributed through intergovernmental transfers.

6.5. Individual thermal points

The development of heat supply systems should be carried out taking into account the installation of the ITP and the gradual elimination of central thermal points.

The transition to the ITP with an independent closed connection scheme from the consumer and high-quality automatic automatics that takes into account the effect of heat dissipation, sun, wind and rain, provides:

The possibility of selecting the temperature schedule of the coolant personally for each building and ensuring the basic law of regulation - feedback, for example, by air temperature in the characteristic room or the temperature of the reverse heat carrier, with the exception of unluck and passages;

Self-definition of the start and end of the heating season;

Improving the quality of hot water;

Preventing the penetration of hydraulic blows from the heating network to the connected buildings.

However, today heat supply organizations cannot be established in investment programs for energy saving costs from consumers, even if it is beneficial to them.

Despite the obvious benefits, the ITP Installation is often not supported by the owners of the premises. The problem is that the ITP is often not paid off by reducing the level of payments from reducing consumption. Since, in accordance with the Housing Code, ITP is the shared property of apartment owners, the cost of their operation and repair should be paid by residents on a secure cost of expenses - service of the house, with its significant increase, which is perceived sharply negatively and is not associated with energy saving and even with Some possible reduction in tariffs for thermal energy. As a result, the implementation of the project implementation of consumers without budget financing is extremely rare.

The project is not supported by the majority of managers due to the lack of predictable rates for the operation of the ITP, responsibility for the safety of complex equipment, greater accuracy of determining the volumes of coolant plums inside the building and the fear of the occurrence of nonbalans on heat-containing hot water.

Effects from the implementation of the project from the heat supply organization significantly more:

Elimination of hot water pipelines with an appropriate reduction in repairs and heat loss costs;

Reducing the length of the remaining quarterly heating networks;

Significant reduction in hypertensive costs (with the "closing" of the open scheme);

The ability to vary the temperature and hydraulic modes in the heat sector with transmission to the existing networks of greater power and unloading circulation pumps;

The possibility of the operation of heat networks with variable modes and qualitative and quantitative regulation, which will ensure smaller mechanical loads on the pipelines of the heat networks, in large systems, to bring part of the pumping stations in large systems and translate boiler rooms into peak mode together with CHP;

Reducing the hazardous effects of hydraulic shocks;

The possibility of organizing relatively cheaper and reliable accounting;

Real control and prevention of coolant and hot water plots;

An increase in the sale of hot water with the replacement of electrical apartment water heaters massively installed due to the poor quality of hot water in open systems;

Elimination of the need for expensive reconstruction of the CTP when connecting new buildings;

The possibility of using low-power, reliable equipment, which leads to a decrease in total operating costs in the event of the operation of the ITP to the heat supply organization;

Remove the premises of the CTP and adjacent land.

Creating perfect heat supply systems without regulatory systems in connected buildings is impossible. All successful modernization projects were implemented simultaneously in heat supply, and in heat consumption.

One of the options for implementing projects for installation of ITP with the liquidation of CTP is the conclusion of energy-service contracts between the TSO and the management organization. To do this, it is necessary to develop an economic model and the type of contract that ensures that all positive and negative effects arising from the implementation of the project in consumers, management companies and heat supply organizations.

Since there are thousands of ITPs owned by heat supply organizations in the country, the issue of permission to heat supply organizations of gratuitous accommodation in residential buildings and other consumers of heat control and hot water control devices should be urgently resolved. The consumer, if possible, should not have the right to prevent such devices in its buildings due to the heat supply organization.

6.6. Digitalization of heat supply systems

The peculiarities of heat supply are the rigid mutual influence of heat supply and heat consumption modes, as well as the plurality of points of supply of several goods (thermal energy, power, coolant, hot water). The goal of heat supply is not to provide generation and transport, but maintaining the quality of these goods for each consumer.

This goal was achieved relatively effectively with stable coolant costs in all elements of the system. The "high-quality" regulation used in Russia is implied by changing only the temperature of the coolant. The emergence of buildings with adjustable consumption ensured the unpredictability of hydraulic modes in networks due to changes in the cost of entering the connected buildings. Complaints in neighboring houses had to eliminate overestimated circulation and appropriate mass passages.

The hydraulic settlement models used today, despite their periodic calibration, cannot be taken into account the deviations of expenses on the inputs of buildings due to changes in the internal heat generations and consumption of hot water, as well as the effects of sun, wind and rain. With the actual qualitative and quantitative regulation, it is necessary to "see" the system in real time and provide:

Control the maximum number of delivery points;

Minimize current vacation balances, losses and consumption;

Control impact with an invalid violation of modes.

The control should be maximally automated, otherwise it is simply impossible to implement. The task was to achieve this without excessive costs of control points.

Today, when in a large number of buildings there are measuring systems with flow meters, temperature and pressure sensors, use them only for financial calculations is unreasonable. The "digital" control system of heat supply should be built on a generalization and analysis of the information "from the consumer".

When creating ACS, typical problems of obsolete systems were overcome:

Dependence on the correctness of calculating the instruments of accounting and reliability of data in inflammable archives;

The impossibility of information of operational balances due to inconsistent measurement time;

The inability to control rapid processes;

The discrepancy between the new requirements of the information security of the Federal Law "On the Safety of Critical Information Infrastructure of the Russian Federation".

Modern heat management systems allow us to provide simultaneous technological and economic management with effects that significantly exceed the cost of creating them. To ensure the operational introduction of such systems, it is necessary to enter the appropriate section in the heat supply scheme.

6.7. Service life of new heat networks

The real level of tariffs provides today to replace about 2% of thermal networks, which requires a change in fundamental approaches to the quality of structures and the construction of heat networks, with the transition to a 50-year term of their service.

In Russia, a significant negative experience of the operation of heat networks in the insulation PPU has been accumulated, which shows that during moisturizing isolation, the corrosion processes of steel pipelines occur significantly more intense than when using other structures. Since such networks are laid at shallow depth and without a reinforced concrete channel, damage to them occur with the release of hot water to the surface, which is extremely dangerous.

Realizing the problem, the leading energy supplying organizations have formed their own increased requirements for the related design. PUPP - PPU insulation - shell and procurement in accordance with them. Most manufacturers are not able to fulfill these requirements due to the imperfection of the technological process and challenges the results of contests, including in antitrust structures, justifying claims comply with the compliance with the requirements of the GOST. The best manufacturers perform these requirements, and without increasing the cost of products.

Detailed actualization of guests and arrangements of rules defining the requirements for the manufacture, design and construction of thermal networks are required, with the introduction of additional requirements providing a long service life.

VII. HOT WATER SUPPLY

7.1. Legislative regulation of hot water supply

Hot water supply directly from the heat sources, from central thermal points (CTP) and from individual thermal items owned by heat supply organizations, has always been considered as an integral part of the heat supply process. Heating of tap water in individual thermal clauses Legally as commodity production was not regulated (Tarispensing, accession, investment, etc.).

With the adoption of December 7, 2011 of the Federal Law "On Water Supply and Water Control", the hot water supply in closed systems began to be governed by the said law, and in the Open-Act "on heat supply". This innovation led to the emergence of many problems in all areas of activity of heat supply organizations, usually carrying out and hot water supply:

Organizational, including those associated with the emergence of two types of contracts (heat supply and hot water supply) with the problem of distribution of supply of thermal energy between them;

Investment related to the assignment of certain objects at the same time to heat supply and hot water systems with an appropriate confusion in investment programs of various organizations and in the areas of responsibility;

Tariffs, including complex and incomprehensible consumers, the methodology for calculating tariffs for thermal energy and DHW, beware for small organizations.

The practice of applying the Law "On Water Supply and Water Control" confirmed the overwhelming of the above contradictions.

It is necessary to return to the original semantic design: to abandon the concept of the hot water resource (with maintaining a hot water supply service) and transfer the regulation of centralized hot water into the legislation on heat supply, where they were in due time.

7.2. Accounting hot water

Hot water consists of several components: cold water or heat carrier and heated thermal energy.

The methods of separating the difference between the thermal energy taken into account in hot water consumed and recorded by a general-friendly metering device, lead to the fact that the total cost of hot water in neighboring houses may vary at times.

It is necessary to establish that the thermal energy and heat carrier (cold water) on the MKD border must be paid to the resource-supplying organization for accounting devices, regardless of the further objectives of using these resources (hot water supply, heating or water supply, respectively).

The owners of the premises should have the right to decide which way to determine the cost of the hot water service provided, provided that the entire volume of communal resources assigned to the house (thermal energy, coolant / water) will be paid by resource-supplying organizations. At the request of the consumer, additional metering devices can be installed to highlight from the entire volume of purchased thermal energy that is spent on heating water. However, other options are possible, without the installation of expensive redundant metering devices.

In connection with the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which created the precedent of full refusal to pay for the cost of heat for losses in risers and heated towel rails, it is urgent to refuse to bind these losses to the hot water m³, as an innumerable "physics". In regulatory documents, thermal energy consumption on the DHW should be distributed to 4 components:

In water, pouring out of the water treatment crane. Its specific heat-containing is very stable, when withsting the regulatory temperature of hot water, it depends only on the temperature of the cold water and on average the country is 0.05 Gcal / m³.

Water actually used for general work and filling system, its heat generation is the same as the whole hot water;

Thermal energy used for cooling in risers and heated towel rails, it is very stable in absolute value at any time of the day and year, is some characteristic of the building and depends on the area of \u200b\u200bpipes and heated towel rails;

Thermal energy is attributed to nonbalance between apartment water metering and a dormitory hot water accounting device (accounting errors, poor-quality water meters, theft of hot water, plums).

In the presence of public records of hot water, it is necessary to take a simple method of distribution of it through the MKD residents: the heat energy on the DHW is calculated according to the real stable standard of its heat-containing, and the remaining part is distributed as for heating on m².

7.3. Transition to closed heat supply systems (hot water supply)

In accordance with the legislation, the ubiquitous transition to the closed scheme must be carried out until 2022. At the same time, the source is not fixed to finance projects for the closure of existing open systems.

To ensure payback of projects, it is important to identify the mechanisms that would create economic incentives for both consumers and heat suppliers on the installation of individual thermal points (ITP).

In particular:

Identify the price of heat for consumers connected through ITP, at a level lower than for consumers without ITP;

The ability to establish the ITP at the expense of heat supply organizations, conclusions of contracts with consumers by analogy with energy service companies, when the TSO has the opportunity for the payback period of the ITP installation to maintain the current level of payments for thermal energy;

The tariff rate for the coolant should take into account all the real costs of its preparation and be significantly higher than the tariff for cold water water, up to the introduction of the mechanism for increasing the tariff at the DHW with an open circuit, similar to how to increase thermal energy coefficients.

7.4. Norming hot water temperature

The current requirement to maintain the temperature of hot water at the point of water at level is not lower than 60 ° C predetermines serious technical problems in many heat supply systems. These are deposits and corrosion in the entire chain from the heating of hot water to the waterproof crane.

In other countries with centralized heat supply systems, sanitary standards allowed to maintain hot water temperature at 50-55 ° C, with a short-term magnification at night to the level of 65-70 ° C for anti-epidemiological purposes.

Since the tests of such a method, in the Russian conditions, the profile organization has already been carried out and received a positive result, it is necessary to make changes to sanitary standards. This requires broad explanatory work in the media, the benefits of innovation for the people of residents (savings, burns, reliability).

7.5. Reducing hot water shutdown time

The required duration of disconnection of a specific area of \u200b\u200bnetworks for hydraulic tests can be calculated taking into account the following factors:

Length and configuration of networks;

The number of jumpers;

Reservation by sources;

Damage in previous years;

The amount of prophylactic measures;

Planned network replacement.

It is necessary to develop a method for determining the necessary duration of summer discs and determine the need for such calculations in the annual actualization of heat supply schemes.

In most DHW settlements in the summer, unprofitable. It is necessary to make the early inclusion of hot water cost-effective, and not at the expense of the consumer. The solution may be the introduction of double tariffs. Revenues from early inclusion will grow several times compared with the single-time tariff option, respectively, long summer shutdowns will become economically unacceptable.

With long networks, the absence of jumpers, unsatisfactory state of networks, option is possible when the normative time of the shutdown in a particular area may not be enough for high-quality preparation for the heating season. It is necessary to normally limit the average for the settlement of the disconnection, with the possibility of variation in different areas.

On the other hand, it is necessary to urgently abandon the unprepared reduction of the shutdown time, since real practice shows that it provokes a sharp increase in the damage to networks during the winter period.

VIII. Cogeneration

8.1. Problems of cogeneration

In Russian energy legislation, a rather rare tool for direct indication of the priority of a particular technical solution is the combined production of thermal and electrical energy (cogeneration). At the same time, legislation providing the implementation of this priority, there are practically no share of combined production on the thermal power plants of general use for 25 years decreased by a third. The decrease in the supply of thermal energy of the industry was not compensated by the connection of the load of the buildings under construction connected, mainly to the boiler room. Accordingly, electricity generation on thermal consumption has decreased.

Today, 528 thermal power plants having a heat efficient equipment produce 470 million Gcal of thermal energy per year, which is 36% of the total centralized heat supply (1285 million GKAL / year). The rest of the heat comes from 96 thousand heating and industrial and heating boiler rooms with an average power of 4 Gcal / h and the average efficiency of only 75%.

Even the introduction of modern PGUs of the blocks did not allow the Russian energy industry to achieve the level of 1994 in the magnitude of the efficiency of the useful use (WHC) of fuel energy at the thermal power plants of the country (57% in 1994 against 54% in 2014). At the same time, it is the CHP, which have whale at the level of 58 to 67%, ensure the overall energy efficiency of thermal power plants. The whale of the most common steam turbine equipment without heat is from 24 to 40%, which is at least twice as lower than in a purely thermal mode of operation of the worst CHP itself.

Cogeneration recognized worldwide as the most effective technology of electricity and heat production was today the most "launched" sector in the United Energy System of Russia. A significant part of the CHP chronically unprofitable and large energy companies are trying to get rid of them. The essential part of the generating equipment deployed from the market for competitive power (com) procedures is also focused on the CHP, and the power units under DPM are mainly operating without a heating of thermal energy.

At the same time, outside the single power system, consumers in increasing volumes are built for the own needs of the CHP with characteristics significantly lower than that of equipment derived by com. There is a danger that the market will gradually leave most of the major electricity consumers, which will lead to an increase in the tariff load for the social sector.

The paradoxical situation was: in the market of OREM generators, where the consumer is replaced by regulators (the market of the market, the system operator, FAS, MINEnergo), the CHP turned out to be unbalanced, and their own consumers in the market of available technologies choose cogeneration.

The reduction in the competitiveness of the "big" energy in the Russian conditions is due to the refusal to use the benefits of cogeneration, technology, in its essence, intended for countries with a cold climate and local high population density. The problem consists not just in the imperfection of the rules for the functioning of the electric power market, but in the improper formulation of the primary goals and principles that ensured the economic discrimination of the CHP.

The elimination of the essential part of the CHP of common use will be a serious blow to the country's economy due to the increase in the cost of thermal and electrical energy, substantial one-time costs for the construction of replaceable capacities and an increase in the capacity of the gas transmission system. Today there is no systemic assessment of the consequences of the output of the CHP from operation. The problem, without having a solution at the federal level, is "reset" by the regions in the form of payment of "forced" generation and construction of replacing boiler rooms.

At the same time, it is the development of cogeneration that can be considered as an anti-crisis measure that ensures the availability of energy resources for consumers. It is necessary to understand that, despite its own problems, cogeneration is today the only way that has been allowed to ensure the anti-crisis containing the growth of tariffs for heat and electricity.

The cardinal change of attitude to cogeneration will allow:

Weaken the problem of the deficit of natural gas with strong cooling, since during this period the heat generation of heat increases, including on backup fuel, and equipment for a large electric load is loaded in a cost-effective heat mode, with maximum fuel savings;

Provide the necessary increase in electrical power directly in the current consumption nodes, without excessive costs for high-voltage networks, with the creation of a maneuverable CHP with the possibility of deep control of electrical power without exiting the heat regime;

Ensure the power supply of cities in emergency shutdowns of electrical and gas supply systems (work on the dedicated electrical load, including life support objects, the possibility of using backup fuel, guaranteed heat supply);

By reducing the cost of production of thermal energy to free up funds for the modernization of thermal networks.

Russia already has a powerful structure of the CHP and can provide their priority development with the essential effects of reducing the cost of thermal and electrical energy. The scenarios implemented today lead to the degradation of CHP and their closure, often with the costs of replacing measures above the cost of possible upgrades.

The development of cogeneration should be in our conditions a more priority project compared to the RES, for which there are gigantic areas of use - the absence zone of centralized energy supply. Over only in them, Russia will solve the problem of energy availability for remote settlements and objects, as well as ensure the absence of technological lag, with the distribution of only economically sound technologies in other territories.

It is necessary to evaluate the period during which the technologies of RES can become more profitable for Russian conditions. This will determine the priorities for energy engineering and the industry as a whole, including the assessment:

Necessary time to extend the resource of existing power plants;

The in demand of its own production of powerful gas turbines and new coal power units;

The pace of digitalization of energy.

8.2. Required changes in the electricity market model for the effective functioning of the CHP

The current market model defines the principle of equality of generators, regardless of the transmission distance of electricity from the power plant to the consumer. CHP, located near the consumer, actually reach the development and content of interregional electrical networks required to transmit electricity from GRES, HPP and NPP. In other countries, even with a much lesser territory, this circumstance is taken into account by additional preferences for the CHP, the more they are necessary and are economically justified in our conditions.

In the Soviet period, the task of reducing the cost of electricity transmission was solved precisely by building CHP directly in the centers of loads, in cities and in large industrial enterprises. Even the Moscow region was provided by external power supply only to a third of the need. The CHP provided loads in the cities of the location, the reliability of the power supply of particularly important objects, the reservation of fuel, reliable heat supply.

As a result of the reform of the electric power industry, the CHP began to carry out the unusual functions of the electricity and the power of the wholesale market. As a result, the transport component in the final tariffs has grown, becoming comparable to the cost of electricity production. If you do not take into account the cost of fuel, the cost of transmission of electricity exceeded the cost of generation, determining the high level of tariffs for end users.

The savings received from the competition of power plants on the OREM today is levied by the costs of developing networks to ensure this competition.

At the start of whom, the principle of the need to output ineffective power was adopted, without taking into account the circumstance that the same equipment of the CHP can be ineffective in condensation mode, and in the heat efficient, with any service life of the equipment, to have economics unattainable when applying any other most modern technologies .

It is necessary to solve the problem of market stimulation and technical provision of the possibility of using the most economical modes of energy sources operating in a combined cycle, with the solution of the tasks of modernizing the part of the CHP, comprehensive accounting of the system-wide effects, the demand management and optimization of the ratio of basic and peak capacities.

Today, the Commission does not take into account that CHPs have objectively high costs for power maintenance, at a lower cost of electricity in the heat cycle. Accounting for cumulative objective costs would show much greater economic efficiency of CHP. According to the results of the long-term com, in 2019, the CHP will receive in the form of payment of capacity by 10% less than in 2011. This moves energy companies to attempts to have lacking funds in the heat market, which, in turn, can destroy the centralized heat market, reducing its competitiveness compared to local heat sources.

The separation of the previously single trading platform between PBX (electricity) and the "system operator" (power) eliminated the possibility of optimizing the total prices in the interests of the consumer. Moreover, the "system operator" received the right to load the power plants within the selected power, not bearing responsibility for the economy of generation modes.

It is necessary to determine the conditions under which the CHP may enter into direct contracts with consumers. The most profitable consumer for the CHP is the one who consumes both electrical and thermal energy at the same time, that is, the population and industrial enterprises using technological steam. The variable tariff menu on a comprehensive delivery would move consumers to disable their own boiler rooms.

Such long-term comprehensive treaties could conclude with consumers both the owners of CHP and heat supply organizations that simultaneously perform the functions of energy-free in terms of electricity. These long-term contracts could be the main tool for reducing the risks of investors carrying out the modernization of CHP and reduce the risk value of investments.

Today, you can enter into direct retail agreements on the supply of electrical energy only from CHP with a capacity of less than 25 MW, which puts them in a privileged position with larger general CHP (electricity consumers are not charged a network tariff for high voltage networks). Today, small CHPs, even having the worst performance and energy efficiency indicators, benefit due to the lack of a network tariff. In the country, small CHPs are built with technical characteristics at the level of the beginning of the last century, and the equipment of the more advanced CHP is displayed through the coma procedure, or is deprived of thermal load.

In Eastern European countries, the problem of economy of cogeneration sources has long been solved by creating special market rules. CHP in these countries, as a rule, work in the heat mode. Condensation is considered to be "forced generation", and it is necessary to obtain a special permit.

Owners of the CHP can serve electricity for direct retail agreements, or participate in the market. On all electricity produced in the combined cycle, subsidies are issued with the help of "green certificates" provided by increased environmental payments for the use of uneconomical power plants.

It is fundamentally important that the majority of EU countries have reached such success of development in the last decades. The EU Directive on Energy Efficiency determines the obligation to have a national cogeneration plan. It is necessary to study the possibility of applying this experience in Russian conditions.

At the first stage, it is necessary, at a minimum, to identify the criteria for assigning the CHP to cogeneration settings and allocate a qualified cogeneration capacity. For each CHP to work the opportunity, the need and technical restrictions for work on thermal graphics. It is also necessary to evaluate the possibilities and consequences of a more substantial loading of heat stations with large boiler rooms in parallel operation.

It seems necessary to take the following comprehensive solutions that ensure the real priority of cogeneration.

To develop a script for the development of the country's energy based on cogeneration, the calculation of the system-wide potential of savings and consequences for consumers;

Develop amendments to the laws "On Electric Power Engineering" and "On Heat Repair", aimed at coordinating the rules for the operation of electricity and thermal energy markets, the General System for the Development of Electric Power Engineering, Heat Repair and Energy Development Systems;

To make changes to the Rules of the OREM, allowing to create conditions for the possibility of working CHP on thermal graphics;

Ensure the application of the mechanisms for financing the MODERNIZATION of the CHP in the presence of intersystem savings, ensuring the preservation of the current tariffs for consumers for electrical and thermal energy;

Introduce a mandatory procedure for consideration of projects for the development of cogeneration, as an alternative to major projects for the construction of electrical networks, boiler, condensing stations;

Take into account the developed changes in the rules of conducting the system-wide effects of the operation of the CHP;

Develop typical solutions and specific business projects for the development of CHP, allowing to achieve the balance of interests of the country's single power system and specific municipalities.

8.3. Organization of joint work of CHP and boiler

Quantitative regulation, adopted in Western European countries, made it possible to use the collaboration scheme of CHP and boiler houses. When cooling, the flow rate of the coolant from the CHP, and then the boilers are launched, which ensure the missing amount of the coolant, by pumping it with its pumps into a common network.

As a result of the mass application of "temperature cut", we also have at low outdoor temperatures not high-quality, and quantitative regulation with an increase in flow rate (the diameters of the pipelines of thermal networks, calculated on the overestimated contractual loads, this usually allow). A competently selected temperature cutting level will allow in many cities at high costs to implement the collaboration schemes of CHP and boilers working today separately, without the construction of expensive highlighted thermal networks.

Often, to ensure such a scheme, it turns out to be enough to use backup jumpers already available in heat networks, only a serious adjustment of hydraulic modes is required. The massive application of the project is constrained by the absence of specialists, the omissions of the operators of the power companies and the absence of double tariffs.

To widely disseminate the project, it is necessary to solve the problem of summation of transport tariffs of several heat supply (heating light) organizations in the intersystem transmission of heat by forming a common tariff to the transmitted volume of thermal energy.

IX. Coordination of heat management

In accordance with Article 14 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ "On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", the organization within the borders of the region of heat supply of the population relates to local issues, that is, this task is assigned to local authorities self-government.

Under the "Health Organization" should be understood to create conditions for the reliable and safe operation of heat supply systems within the framework of the federal level of rules. This term should be disclosed in regulatory acts.

The main task of federal authorities is the creation of a unified regulatory and regulatory environment, which provides the most economical way safe, reliable and high-quality heat supply. The powers of state authorities include state regulation (tariff, antitrust and so on), control and supervision.

At the same time, actually activities in heat supply, or in any other industry, is regulated to the details. Moreover, not only in accordance with the legislation on heat supply, but also on regulatory acts in electric power, housing and communal services, water supply, etc.

Heat regulation is distributed between the federal, regional and municipal authorities. The unified body responsible for the functioning of the industry is not defined. Even at the federal level, these functions are divided between the Ministry of Energy of Russia and the Ministry of Economics of Russia. Coordination is carried out through the procedures for the coordination of regulations and regularly created working groups on heat supply problems with federal authorities. Such an approach did not even provide an objective analysis of problems and qualitative regulatory regulation.

There are no and non-state organizations capable of performing the functions of the industry coordinator.

Given the social significance of heat supply and its defining role in ensuring the vital activity of the country's population, it is necessary to determine the federal authority, which is a general coordinator of the issues on heat supply and heat consumption.

The main tasks in the field of heat supply should be:

Development and implementation of the methods of regulating and deregulation of the industry;

Determination of requirements for the reliability of heat supply as a market process.

Monitoring and analysis of the reliability of heat supply based on a single technique;

Research problems of heat supply, law enforcement practice;

Monitoring, analysis and generalization of the practice of improving enterprises in the crisis (pre-breaker) state, ensuring the availability of information on the methods of improving activities, the dissemination of successful regional experience;

Development of business models of the organization of heat supply, the development of competition in the weakening of state regulation;

Finding the balance of interests of suppliers and consumers;

Preparation of projects of regulatory acts;

Organization of coordination of heat supply schemes with circuits and programs for the development of electrical and gas supply systems, ensuring their quality;

Development of typical improvement projects in heat supply systems, including systematization of available information, the implementation of the necessary R & D and testing, the development of quality standards and methodological materials, the development of economic models of "tied" to the project, the elimination of barriers that prevent its massive use and further monitoring of application;

Control of the organization of work in the subjects of the Russian Federation to identify complexes of measures and the organization of work in settlements with unreliable heat supply systems.

X. Criteria for the choice of single heat supply organizations

For the effective functioning of heat supply systems, the concept of a single heat supply organization (ETO) as a single window for consumers, with responsibility to them for the quality, reliability and development of the system, interacting with consumers and contracts with suppliers inside the system was legally introduced.

It is imperative that the selection criteria ensure the necessary protection of the interests of both thermal energy consumers and thermal energy suppliers and transmission services.

ETO status should be assigned to organizations owning the largest thermal assets in the heat supply system and financially sustainable, which guarantees fulfillment of obligations to consumers and suppliers.

The main technological criteria, which must be complied with a full-fledged ETO:

The ability to control the hydraulic and temperature modes in the heat supply system (the presence of measuring instruments and the possibility of using these testimony);

The ability to regulate hydraulic and temperature modes in the system in order to maintain the necessary parameters in all consumers;

Availability of service mode;

Availability of dispatching service controlling heat supply regimes;

Availability of operational personnel to eliminate heat dissipation;

The presence of a communication system and consumer alert;

The presence of an electronic model of the heat supply system and personnel can work in it;

The possibility of prompt response to consumer complaints.

The powers of this should be more clearly spelled out. Indicator of the ineffectiveness of the activities of this is the refusal of industrial enterprises from the heat supply of residential areas with the need to build replacement heat sources, the refusal of developers from connecting to the CT, disabling existing consumers, reducing reliability indicators.

Today, the main stimulus to obtain functions is the control over financial flows. When solving the problem of non-payment, these functions can turn into a burden. Already today in many, even large settlements, there are no applicants for the status of ETO.

It is necessary to pay for the performance of the functions for coordinating the operation of the system, highlighting the appropriate costs in the tariffs and introducing regulatory requirements for coordination agreements, with the emergence of appropriate rights and obligations. If it is refusing functions of all major heat supply organizations (or deprivable from this status), the municipality will be able to hire a third-party qualified organization for the fulfillment of functions. Such right also needs to be provided in regulatory documents.

It is necessary to eliminate the contradiction between the law "On Heat supply", providing for the appointment of the heat supply system and the "Rules of Heat Supply", providing for the right to appoint it to several systems. Despite the priority of the law of the law, the municipalities are appointed by several systems and even at all settlement to organize the averaging of consumer payments. If the regulatory documents enter the norms allowing the "boiler" in other ways (banking methods, the use of EERC), then it will eliminate the unusual functions of the "boiler", returning to the initial purpose of the coordinator in the associated heat supply system. In isolated systems with one heat supply organization, the appointment is deprived of meaning.

A separate decision requires the issue of appointment of this in heat supply systems located in several municipalities, or even two subjects of the federation. The actual presence of two ETOs in such systems leads to the presence of two tariffs for the transmission of thermal energy and summarizing them in the supply of heat from the neighboring municipality or region.

Xi. Concession and rent

In the transitional period from socialism, the weakening of the role of the state was not compensated by the development of market mechanisms, which was the cause of the heat supply crisis, primarily as a result of a sharp decrease in financing. Reducing income due to the simultaneous decrease in production and share of state funding could not be accompanied by an adequate decrease in costs in the same pace. The state lost the possibility of a concentration of funds to maintain the health of the ineffective heat supply system and, even more so, has no funds for its technical upgrades. At the same time, the need to ensure the reliability of heat supply predetermines in many cases the need for significant investments, which is possible only when ensuring market conditions of management.

It is necessary not only to extend the importance of the coming of serious investors, but also to ensure predictable interaction through regulatory contracts, the inadmissibility of excessive requirements for the investor, otherwise they occupy financial speculators. The speculative behavior of potential investors also contribute to contradictions in legislation and non-market tariff regulation.

At the same time, heat supply can well be successfully operated under different types of organization, but general principles are united: the public sector must be adapted to market conditions, and in the private sector the state should provide framework regulation in the interests of all members of society.

In order to eliminate corruption, preparations and holding of concession competitions and lease are advisable to transfer from municipalities to third parties to organizations with specialists entered into the operating "State Register of Specialists in the Organization and Bidding".

In many cities, the presence of a "boiler" tariff ensures its acceptable level due to the high tariff component of the municipal enterprise and low in a private heat supply organization. The transfer of municipal property to the concession with the condition of long-term tariff deprives the municipality of the possibility of system optimization with a design decrease in costs in the "expensive" part of the heat supply system and the redistribution of released funds to the underfinancing part of the system, to increase its reliability. Conditions of contests for the right of concession should provide priority to such optimization projects.

XII. Sectoral science

During the last 25 years, scientific support of activities in the heat energy was completely eliminated. It caused great harm to the country's economy. The sectoral scientific school in heat supply today does not exist. Attempts to use competitive selection of organizations or state management organizations were unsuccessful. For such tasks, the problem is not a choice of performers, but the search for personalities and the formation of a research team.

At the state level, it is necessary not only to organize the search and support for already partially implemented developments for the industry (this principle is guided by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia and Rosnano), and formulate new tasks for feasibility studies.

It is necessary to move on to solving comprehensive problems that require simultaneously technical, economic and management decisions, including:

Study of the problem and formulation of promising tasks;

Formation of minimum technical requirements;

Assessment of the capacity of the market;

Organization of project management.

In today's conditions, it is difficult to expect substantial government funding for sectoral scientific research, as heat supply, as well as the entire energy industry is not attributed to the state priorities of scientific and technical policy. The financing of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation carried out through the mechanisms similar to DPM, partially replacing the cessation of payments on newly constructed objects.

Source: www.rosteplo.ru.

Approaches to the development strategy of heat supply approved by the Working Group

• June 7, 2016
• 733

"Currently, there are a large number of issues in the field of heat supply, the solution of which should be provided at the legislative level ...", "said Yuri Lipatov, First Deputy Head of the United Russia faction.

The State Duma held a meeting of the Working Group on the development and adoption of the "Strategy for the development of heat supply and cogeneration in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020."

Opening the meeting, First Deputy Head of the United Russia faction, Yuri Lipatov stressed: "Currently, there are a large number of issues in the field of heat supply, the solution of which should be provided at the legislative level. One of the main problems requiring an urgent solution is the issue of working CHP in modern market conditions. Currently, the activities of the thermal electrical monitoring, which per unit of fuel give out two products: heat and electricity, is not resolved between the laws "On Electricity" and "On Heat Sun". As a result, the effectiveness of the CHP operation is lost. In this regard, the Government needs to coordinate actions and establish cooperation between the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation to address this long-standing issue. "

Expressing its opinion in support of the Strategy Approach, Deputy Director of the Department of State Regulation of Infrastructure Reform Treasies and Energy Efficiency of the Ministry of Economic Development Dmitry Vakhrukov, drew attention to the need for greater disclosure in the strategy to solve problems of municipal heat supply.

Vice-Chairman of the Board of the NP "City Council" Vladimir Katov noted that Vice Prime Minister A.V. Dvorkovich in the Ministry of Energy of Russia returned to finalizing the project "Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2035" due to the lack of, according to the Deputy Prime Minister, understandable the prospects for the development of energy for the 5-year horizon.

According to V. Capack, to link together all programs for the development of energy systems - the task of the future, and now it is necessary to develop and make strategies for individual sectors and it is very correct that in the draft development strategy for heat supply and cogeneration in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 It is proposed to link the work of the electric and thermal energy markets through the solution of the CHP problem.

Summing up the meeting, Yu.A. Lipatov noted that the problems of heat supply, which always appear at the junction of interaction of departments, the Government of the Russian Federation in the coordination of their activities is not active. Under these conditions, the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the largest party faction in the State Duma is forced to pay attention to the attention of managers and federal executive bodies and the Government of the Russian Federation.

This year, February 4, in the State Duma of the Russian Federation passed the second meeting of the section on the legislation of heat supply of the Expert Council under the Energy Committee, where the "strategy for the development of heat supply in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020" was discussed.

The editorial board proposed for discussion as a whole approved all participants in the meeting, therefore it was proposed to create a working group as soon as possible from representatives of the FOOV and experts of the professional community to refine the provisions of the strategy and adopt it as an official government document.

Commenting on the results of the meeting, the head of the section, the First Deputy Head of the United Russia faction, Y. Lipatov noted: "Today, it was discussed extremely important issues for the industry. The first edition of the project of the heat supply development strategy, posted on the website www.rosteplo.ru for a broad discussion, caused great interest from both professionals and the public. Taking into account the outcome of the discussion in early February of this year, the second edition of the strategy was prepared. Discussion participants were united that, firstly, it is necessary to form a base for the degree of reliability of heat supply systems in regions, settlements and various districts of the Russian Federation.

Secondly, it is necessary to develop an adequate model of long-term tariff regulation. After all, at present, the existing model is formed on the basis of the already established base of tariffs, which does not always reflect the required level and sufficiency of tariff solutions. If the heat supply organization is underfunded today, then no long-term model will be able to bring it on break-even activity. Therefore, the principles of the formation of a tariff base should be clearly defined.

Another issue requiring an immediate decision, by the general opinion of experts, is the need to register the transition system from the state of underfunding into a state of sufficient financing. An option to solve this issue may be the introduction of the index system in absolute value. And here the main goal is that the heat supply organization should become a single center for ensuring the reliability and quality of supplying heat in a particular settlement.

Also an important topic, which was comprehensively discussed today at a session meeting, became strategic issues of cogeneration development. At one time, the combined production of thermal and electrical energy was focused on the maximum overall effect for consumers who were in the heat supply zone of CHP. However, the rules of the electricity market do not take into account the technological features of the CHP and the overall effect of combined production for consumers.

The efficiency of electricity generation today is achieved when the CHP is working on thermal graphics. The main complexity of the work of the CHP in the power system is a significant difference in the consumption of electric and thermal energy, both during the year and during the day (seasonal and daily).

The current rules of the wholesale electricity market and capacity regarding the issues of the decommissioning equipment are not taken into account the features of the work of the CHP in the heat market. If you do not solve this problem now, then in the near future we can face that the work of heat and power station will be simply disadvantageous. This will gradually lead to the gradual conclusion of CHP from exploiting and universal "kotelnization" of the country. Attempting to compensate for the Losses of the CHP from working in the electricity market due to the growth of the heat value will lead to the non-competitiveness of the CHP in the thermal energy market. Of course, this question cannot be solved simultaneously. It requires gradual and step-by-step work, which will continue. And, I hope, by the end of the spring session, legislative initiatives will be offered to solve these issues. "