Psychologists study the experiences of a person that prompt him to act. Such experiences of a person are called motive. The word "motive" is of French origin and literally means "an incentive, a reason for any action." In psychology, a motive is understood as that which induces a person's activity, for the sake of which it is performed. Motives can be needs, social attitudes, beliefs, interests, drives and emotions, ideals of people. Human needs are manifested in the motives of activity. A need is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality. The need is usually directed to some object. For example, hunger is the need for food, the object of need is food. The inability to cope with any task gives rise to the need for knowledge that is necessary to solve it. The subject of the need for this case are knowledge. Human needs can be divided into three groups: 1. Biological needs (experiencing the need for breathing, nutrition, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, the preservation of the family and other needs associated with the biological organization of man, his belonging to nature). 2. Social needs generated by society. They embody the need of the individual, for example, in diverse relationships with other people, in self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of its merits. 3. Ideal Needs: Learn the world in general and in its particulars, to be aware of one's place in it, the meaning and purpose of one's existence. The need for knowledge was noted in antiquity. The philosopher Aristotle wrote: "All people by nature strive for knowledge." Many people devote their leisure time to reading, visiting museums, concert halls and theaters. For some people, the ideal needs come down to entertainment. But even in this case, they are diverse: someone is fond of cinema, someone is dancing, and someone is football. Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. Basically biological needs in humans, unlike animals, become social.

Indeed, on hot days, many people are thirsty, but no one (unless he is in an extreme situation) will drink from a puddle on the road. A person chooses a drink that quenches his thirst and takes care that the vessel from which he drinks is clean. And eating for a person becomes a need, the satisfaction of which has many social facets: the culinary subtleties, the decor, the table setting, the quality of the dishes, the design of the dish, and the pleasant company that shares his meal are important. For most people, social needs dominate the ideal. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to occupy a worthy position in society. In some cases it is generally difficult to separate the biological, the social, the ideal. An example is the need for communication. This classification of needs is not the only one in the scientific literature. There are many others. One of them was developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow. He singled out the following basic needs: physiological: in the reproduction of the species, food, breathing, clothing, housing, physical movements, rest, etc.; existential (from a Latin word meaning literally “existence”): in the security of one’s existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, employment security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc .; social: in social ties, communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, participating in joint activities with others; prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career growth; spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression.

According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (innate), and the next three are secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied. Along with needs, social attitudes are the most important motive for activity. By them is meant the general orientation of a person to a certain social facility expressing a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to a given object. Such an object can be, for example, a family. Depending on the evaluation of the value family life, its usefulness for himself, the individual may be predisposed to creating a family, maintaining it, or, on the contrary, not disposed to create and protect family ties. His actions, his behavior depend on it. An important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs - stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds. Interests play a special role in the formation of activity motives. This word is also of Latin origin, meaning literally "to matter, important." The interests of people are based on their needs, but are directed not so much to the objects of needs, but to those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, primarily material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs. The interests of people consist in the preservation or transformation of those conditions (institutions, orders, norms of relationships, etc.) on which the distribution of benefits depends. These interests depend on the position in society of certain groups of the population. Each person belongs to several social groups. For example, a young person belongs to the group of young people who have their own interests that are different from other groups (to get an education, a profession, to have material conditions for starting a family, etc.).

He also belongs to some ethnic group and has common interests with other members of this group (the possibility of developing a national culture, language). Being a member of other groups, a person has corresponding social interests. This means that interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives for various types activities. A variety of interests interact in society: individual, group, interests of society as a whole. By orientation, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual. They find a generalized expression of the actual needs of people. Their ideals are connected with the interests of people. The social ideal is the image of a perfect society, which reflects the interests and aspirations of a certain social group, its idea of ​​higher justice and the best social order. A moral ideal is an idea of ​​an exemplary person worthy of imitation, the features of his personality, behavior and relationships with people. The moral ideal, as a rule, is closely connected with the social ideal. Needs, interests, ideals are recognized by people, that is, they characterize conscious activity. People think about activities, exercise self-control of their actions. However, the unconscious also manifests itself in activity, which means mental life that takes place without the participation of consciousness. Examples are stereotypes of automated actions in the process of solving problems or intuition, which will be discussed below. In human activity, the will is of great importance, i.e. the ability to act in the direction of a consciously set goal, while overcoming the opposite in their direction. own desires and aspirations.

Needs. Everyone knows in general what it is - what each of us wants to have and receive. Basically, right. But let's state the essence of this topic in a scientific language: what are needs and what they are.

What are needs?

Needs- this is a perceived need of a person in something, in what he needs to maintain the vital activity of the organism and develop his personality. In my opinion, a fairly simple and easy to remember definition.

However, not all needs benefit a person. Therefore, from the point of view of necessity and usefulness, needs are:

• genuine (reasonable, true)- these are needs without which a person either simply cannot live (food, housing, society, because it is among people that he becomes a person), or are necessary for his improvement, development (spiritual).
• False (irrational, imaginary)- these are needs, without which it is not only possible, but also necessary to live, they lead to the destruction of the personality, and the person degrades both physically and mentally (alcoholism, drug addiction, parasitism)

Types of needs

There are several classifications of needs. The most common are the following types of needs:

The American psychologist A. Maslow built needs in the form of a kind of pyramid: the closer the need is to the base of the pyramid, the more necessary it is. All subsequent ones are needed when the previous ones are satisfied.

Maslow's Needs Pyramid A.Kh.

• Primary Needs:
• Physiological(satisfaction of natural instincts, these are: thirst, hunger, rest, reproduction, breathing, clothing, housing, physical activity)
• existential( from lat. existence, this is the need for security, security, this is confidence in the future, insurance, comfort, job security)
• Secondary Needs:

• Social(the need to live in a society, to belong to a certain social group: communication, affection, attention to oneself, caring for others, participation in joint activities)
• Prestigious(the need for respect, recognition, career growth. It is not by chance that A. Maslow singled out prestigious, since the opinion of society and others is very important to a person. Any praise is pleasant to people, there is a desire to do something even better.
• Spiritual(self-expression, self-realization through creativity, knowledge, teaching, self-affirmation, etc.)

Human needs have a number of features:

• all needs are interconnected
• impossible to meet all needs
• infinity of needs
• needs should not contradict the moral foundations of society.

A person changes - some of his needs become different. Even in a single society, at a certain stage of development, there may be needs. Needs are determined by both the natural and social essence of a person.

Yes, human activity and actions are driven by the desire to satisfy their needs. It is important to set priorities for yourself, to clearly know what a person wants and why he needs it. And we should not forget that a person's needs are limitless, it will not be enough to satisfy everything 100% throughout life. So the choice of envy is from everyone, from the level of his upbringing, development, from the environment in which he lives, from those values ​​that are important for his environment. It is important that the needs are genuine, do not let the imaginary needs take over your soul and mind, guys. Live, enjoying life, giving joy to loved ones and loved ones.

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna

Human needs.

Lack of motivation is the greatest spiritual tragedy that destroys all life foundations. G. Selye.

Need It is a need, a need for something for human life.

The manifestation of needs in animals is associated with a complex of corresponding unconditioned reflexes called instincts (food, sexual, indicative, protective).

The most striking example of human needs are cognitive. A person seeks to know the world not only in his immediate environment, but also in remote areas of time and space, to understand the causal relationships of phenomena. He seeks to explore phenomena and facts, to penetrate into the micro- and macrocosm. In the age development of a person, cognitive needs go through the following stages:

Orientation,

Curiosity

directed interest,

tendencies,

Conscious self-education,

Creative search.

Need - the state of a living being, expressing its dependence on what constitutes the conditions of its existence.

The state of need for something causes discomfort, a psychological feeling of dissatisfaction. This stress forces a person to be active, to do something to relieve stress.

Only unsatisfied needs have motivating power.

Needs Satisfaction- the process of returning the body to a state of equilibrium.

Can be distinguished three types of needs:

Natural, or physiological, or organic needs, which reflect the needs of our body.

Material, or subject-material,

Spiritual - generated by life in society, associated with the development of the individual, with the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of.

The first who developed and understood the structure of needs, identified their role and significance, was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. His teaching is called the "hierarchical theory of needs" A. Maslow arranged the needs in ascending order, from the lowest - biological, to the highest - spiritual.

This scheme is called "Pyramid of Needs" or "Maslow's Pyramid"

1. Physiological needs - food, breath, sleep, etc.
2. The need for security is the desire to protect one's life.
3. Social needs - friendship, love, communication.
4. prestige needs - respect, recognition by members of society.
5. Spiritual needs - self-expression, self-realization, self-actualization, self-realization.

There are various classifications of human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:

primal needs (innate) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for security, dependent needs (purchased) social, prestigious, spiritual. From Maslow's point of view, a need of a higher level can appear only if the needs that lie at lower levels of the hierarchy are satisfied. Only after satisfying his needs of the first level (the most voluminous in terms of content and significance), a person has needs of the second level.

Needs are only one motive for activity. Allocate more:

1. social settings.
2. Beliefs.
3. Interests.

Under interests It is customary to understand such an attitude towards an object that creates a tendency to pay attention to it.
When we say that a person has an interest in cinema, this means that he tries to watch films as often as possible, read special books and magazines, discuss the films he has watched, etc. It should be distinguished from interests inclinations. Interest expresses a focus on a certain subject, and propensity to a certain activity. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity). For example, an interest in cinema does not necessarily entail the opportunity to work as a film director, actor, or cameraman.
The interests and inclinations of a person express orientation his personality, which largely determines his life path, nature of activity, etc.

Beliefs- stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds

German scientist Max Weber notes that differences in actions depend on wealth or poverty. personal experience, education and upbringing, the originality of the spiritual make-up of the individual.

Lecture:

What are needs and interests?

Needs and interests occupy a special place in the structure of activity. First, let's define the terms of the lesson:

Interest- this is an increased attention to something, directly prompting a person to realize a need.

Need - this is a state of dissatisfaction (need), due to a deficit of something and causing discomfort.

So, from the definitions it follows that the interests of a person are dependent on his needs. If there is no need, then there is no interest. Imagine the situation: A good person does not do anything and is not going to do anything, because he has everything and he does not need more! It looks like fantasy, doesn't it? In reality, this is impossible. A person must drink, eat, dress, build housing, communicate with people. He cannot do without modern technological advances: mobile phone, computer, washing machine, etc. Yes, before people calmly managed without these items. But the world is changing, and human needs are changing with it. Needs arise again and again, forcing a person to look for ways to satisfy them. They are closely related to emotions. At the time of the need, negative emotions are felt, and after it is satisfied, positive emotions are felt. Realizing the need, a person sets a goal, chooses ways and means to achieve it. The needs of people are different, they depend on the living conditions of a person and the level of his abilities.

Types of needs by level of complexity

There are several classifications of needs. According to the level of complexity, the needs are divided into:

1. Biological - these are the needs that ensure the physical existence of a person and reflect the biological essence of a person. For example, the needs for air, food, water, clothing, shelter, sleep, etc. They are satisfied in the first place, because, for example, a hungry person cannot think about work or communication.

2. Social These are the needs that reflect the social essence of a person. They are connected with the fact that a person lives in society and he needs to participate in social life, work, communicate, receive recognition and respect.

3. Spiritual- these are high needs, they are not characteristic of everyone. These include the need for knowledge of the surrounding world and self-knowledge, in creative activity and self-realization.

Pyramid of Needs by A. Maslow.

The most common classification of needs is the pyramid of the 20th century American psychologist Abraham Maslow.

At the very base of A. Maslow's Pyramid of Needs lie physiological needs . Their satisfaction is necessary for the physical existence of man. As you understand, these are the needs for oxygen, water, food, rest, sleep, housing. One level above are existential needs They are also called security needs. To live in peace, a person needs to be sure that: if he gets sick, the doctors will cure him; the police will save you from criminals; it will not be hit by a meteorite; tomorrow there will be no war, etc. In general terms, this group includes the needs for stability, security, security. At the next level are social needs . What does a well-fed, dressed, confident person need? That's right, he needs to have a family, friends, finish school, enter the university of his dreams, find a job he likes. Above social needs prestigious. This is the desire for power, career growth and wealth. At the highest level spiritualneeds : in cognition, achieving harmony and beauty, creativity and self-realization. Their satisfaction contributes to the development of personality, spiritual growth and perfection.

Psychologists classify human needs into real and imaginary. Genuine needs include reasonable needs that bring benefits to a person and society (for example, the needs for food, work, knowledge). And imaginary are unreasonable needs, leading to the degradation of a person (for example, the need for smoking, alcohol).

Exercise: Guys! The next question I like to ask my students. I'll give it to you too. Why Maslow placed needs in a non-square, circle, or whatever geometric figure, namely in the pyramid? Share your thoughts in the comments.

P.S. A hint in the text, who carefully read the lecture, will quickly find the answer to the question!

Social science. Full course preparation for the exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.6. Needs and Interests

1.6. Needs and Interests

Need - the need of a person for what constitutes a necessary condition for his existence. In its most general form, a need can be defined as an objectively necessary condition for the existence or development of its carrier. This is an objective condition, a prerequisite for the existence of a subject (individual, group, organization, etc.).

Conscious need- this is the representation of the subject about what he needs for existence and development. An unsatisfied physiological need is manifested in sensations that act as a stimulus for certain actions. Conscious needs are often far from objective or directly opposite to them.

Individual needs- it is objective the necessary conditions human existence. Being a natural-social being, a person has two groups of needs: some are generated by his physiology and psychology, others are designed by society.

status needs These are objectively necessary conditions for maintaining and developing a status position. The work of a person is often one of the powerful factors in the formation of status needs. Another source of status needs is the subculture of the environment to which the individual belongs. Here the status need is intertwined with the psychological need to belong to a group.

Classification of needs

1. Law of the rise of needs (Marxism): a) biological(organic, material); b) social-needs to interact with other people social activities, in public recognition, etc.; in) spiritual(ideal, cognitive). Biological, social and spiritual needs are interrelated. Basically biological needs in humans, unlike animals, become social. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones: the need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to occupy a worthy position in society.

2. Hierarchy of needs ( A. Maslow).

1) Primary (congenital):

– physiological needs(hunger, thirst, reproduction of the species, etc.). For human existence, these needs must be satisfied at least at a minimum level, their dissatisfaction can have devastating consequences for the body. Physiological needs also include some needs constructed by culture, human life in a certain environment, repetitive patterns of behavior: the need for food can be transformed into gluttony, gourmetism, fastidiousness, disgust, etc.

– existential needs(from Latin exsistentia - existence): in security and protection (long-term survival and stability), comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc. This category also includes the need for stability, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, in structure, order, etc.

2) Secondary (acquired):

– social: in social ties, communication, affection, caring for another person and attention to oneself, participating in joint activities; Needs of belonging and love (attachment and acceptance). Group affiliation becomes dominant. Being unsatisfied, this need causes pangs of loneliness, severe feelings of rejection. Both nationalistic and patriotic feelings grow on this need.

– prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career growth. Self-esteem needs (meaning, competence). Self-esteem implies, firstly, the need for competence, confidence, independence and freedom. Failure to meet the needs for self-esteem leads to feelings of inferiority, weakness, dependence, passivity.

– spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization. The need for self-actualization (realization of potential) is the desire of a person to become what he can become, and therefore, to reach the top of potential.

It should be remembered about the reasonable limitation of needs, because, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, the needs should not contradict the moral standards of society. Reasonable Needs- these are needs that help develop in a person his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc. Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations. False, imaginary needs- needs, the satisfaction of which leads to the physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society.

Interest - a need attitude or a motivational state that encourages cognitive activity.

The interests of people are directed to the objects of needs and those social conditions that make material and spiritual goods more or less accessible, ensuring the satisfaction of needs; determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society; are realized to varying degrees by people and are the most important incentives for various types of activity. Thus, the interests of a person express the direction of his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activity, etc.

Classification of interests: a) according to their carrier: individual; group; the whole society; b) by focus: economic; social; political; spiritual.

Objective Interest - this is an objectively optimal way to satisfy a need and a set of means, things, services that allow it to be satisfied.

Objective social interest is an objectively optimal way to satisfy the need for social space. An attribute of a status position is both a status (a set of rights, obligations, conditions) and a set of interests specific to this position.

Conscious interest is the subject's idea of ​​how best to satisfy his need. This interest may coincide with the objective one, differ from it, or may lead in the opposite direction. It is conscious interest that is the direct cause of human actions.

Realizable Interest - this is the path of the subject to satisfy the needs that the subject has gone. It can coincide with conscious interest and contradict it.

Interest must be distinguished inclination - the selective orientation of the individual to a certain activity, which encourages him to engage in it. It is based on a deep, stable need of an individual for some kind of activity, the desire to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. The appearance of an inclination is usually a prerequisite for the development of corresponding abilities. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity).

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