Word order after wenn in German. Ways of expressing time. Inversion with DER (DIE, DAS, DESSEN)

First of all, you need to indicate the unions that draw up additional subordinate clauses and subordinate clauses of the reason:

• ass - what
• ob - whether
• weil - because
• da - as

And now the fun begins. In the main clause, everything is as usual, but in the subordinate clause, the word order changes in a special way. The subject stands immediately after the union, and the variable part of the predicate takes last place:

• Ich weiß, dass er in zwei Wochen nach Deutschland fährt. - I know that he is going to Germany in two weeks.
• Ich möchte wissen, ob wir am Samstag Unterricht haben. - I would like to know if we will have classes on Saturday.
• Sie kommt heute nicht, weil sie krank ist. - She will not come today because she is ill.

It looks even more original if a complex tense form, a construction with a modal verb, etc. appears in a sentence:

• Ich weiß, dass er vor zwei Wochen nach Deutschland gefahren ist. - I know that he left for Germany two weeks ago.
• Ich weiß nicht, ob sie das Auto gekauft haben. - I don't know if they bought a car.
• Sie lernt Englisch und Deutsch, weil sie zwei Fremdsprachen beherrschen will. - She is studying English and German because she wants to speak two foreign languages.

If we compare this with the direct order of words: "Er fährt ...", "Sie ist ...", "Sie will ...", then you can see the frame construction, where the frame is formed by the subject (at the beginning of the subordinate clause) and " predicate set "(at the end).

The negation in the subordinate clause comes before the predicate or before the unchangeable part of the predicate - in a word, not in the last place, because the last place is always "reserved" for the changeable part of the predicate:

• Ich habe gehört, dass er nach Deutschland nicht fährt. - I heard that he is not going to Germany.
• Ich habe nicht geantwortet, weil ich diese E-Mail nicht bekommen habe. - I didn’t reply because I didn’t receive this e-mail.

Separated prefixes and components of verbs in subordinate clauses are not separated:

• Ich denke, dass ich mitgehe. - I think I'll go with you.
• Wir wissen nicht, ob er mitfährt. - We don't know if he is coming with us.
• Ich habe die Lampe ausgeschaltet, weil ich fernsehe. - I turned off the lamp because I am watching TV.

The reflexive pronoun sich appears in the subordinate clause after subject, if the subject is expressed by a pronoun:

• Ich habe gehört, dass Sie sich mit diesen Problemen beschäftigen. - I heard that you are dealing with these problems.

But if the subject in the subordinate clause is expressed by a noun, then sich usually stands before subject:

• Ich weiß, dass sich unser Freund mit diesen Problemen beschäftigt. - I know that our friend is dealing with these problems.

Additional subordinate clauses can be introduced not only with the dass union, but also with a question word:

Ich habe nicht gehört, was er gesagt hat. - I didn't hear what he said.

Ich weiß nicht, wann er kommt. - I don't know when he will come.

Können Sie erklären, warum Sie sich immer verspäten? - Can you explain why you are always late?

Wissen Sie, Herr Doktor, was ich heute Morgen geschossen habe? - Do you know, Mr. Doctor, what I shot this morning?

Ja, das weiß ich. Ich habe ihn heute Mittag behandelt. - Yes I know. I examined him during the day.

Play a role in such proposals and pronominal adverbs... They are formed by joining wo (r) - or da (r) - to the corresponding preposition:

• Er fährt mit dem Bus. - Womit fährt er? - Er fährt damit. - He's on the bus. - What is he riding on? - On it (\u003d on the bus).
• Ich interessiere mich für Fremdsprachen. - Wofür interessieren Sie sich? - Ich interessiere mich dafür. - I am interested in foreign languages. - What are you interested in? - I'm interested in this.
• Sie warten auf den Zug. - Worauf warten sie? - Sie warten darauf. - They are waiting for the train. - What are they waiting for? - They are waiting for him (\u003d train).

Pronoun adverbs can introduce additional relative clauses:

• Er fragt, wovon ich das weiß. - He asks how I know this.
• Man hat mich gefragt, womit ich mich beschäftige. - I was asked what I do.

Union da - as usually introduces a subordinate clause if it comes before the main clause. That is, in this case, all our argumentation begins with the conjunction da. The variable parts of the predicate in the main and subordinate clauses tend to each other and are located at the junction:

Da er ein junger Wissenschaftler ist, hat er ein Forschungsstipendium bekommen. - Since he is a young scientist, he received a research fellowship.

Da er dieses Stipendium bekommen hat, fährt er nach Deutschland. - Since he received this scholarship, he travels to Germany.

So let's talk about German unions! Let's take and analyze the German unions that help us express the reason. German unions reasons weil, da, denn (all translate as: because / because / because).

What is the difference between them?

Grammatical difference between weil and da

Difference between weil and da grammatically none. Weil can very easily be replaced by a union da,especially when we start a sentence with this union, i.e. we put the subordinate clause at the beginning.

Weil and da clause under construction equally, let's see it with examples\u003e

• Eva ist abends total kaputt, weil (\u003d da) sie im Büro viel telefonieren musste. (Eva is very tired in the evenings because / since she had to make a lot of calls in the office)
• Ich gehe in die Sprachschule, weil (\u003d da)ich Deutsch lerne. ( I go to a language school because I'm learning German.)

As you can see, after alliances weil or da the verb goes to the end of the sentence.

You can also swap parts of the sentence by putting the subordinate clause at the beginning \u003e\u003e

• Weil (\u003d Da) Eva im Büro viel telefonieren musste, ist sie abends total kaputt. (Since / since Eva had to make a lot of calls in the office, she is very tired in the evenings)
• Weil (\u003d Da) ich Deutsch lerne, gehe ich in die Sprachschule. (Since / since I am learning German, I go to a language school.)

And a couple more examples with the weil union:

• Lily möchte Fotomodell werden, weil sie dann viel Geld verdient. (Lily would like to become a fashion model because then she can make a lot of money.)
• Weil / Da Lily viel Geld verdienen will, möchte sie Fotomodell werden. (Since Lily wants to make a lot of money, she would like to become a fashion model.)
• Weil Rosaline Kopfschmerzen hat, nimmt sie eine Tablette. “Since Rosaline has a headache, she takes the pill.
• Rosaline nimmt eine Tablette, weil sie Kopfschmerzen hat. - Rosaline is taking the pill because she has a headache.
• Herr Henning konnte nicht arbeiten, weil er Fieber hatte. - Mr. Henning could not work because he had a temperature.

P.s. Weil most often used in oral spoken language, but the union da preferred in written speech.

Semantic difference between weil and da

Well, in terms of meaning, there is a slight difference, and I'll tell you about it. German Union Da draws attention to the fact that your interlocutor already knows the reason. But using union weil, tyou point to a reason that your interlocutor did not know about. And therefore, we cannot answer the question "why" with the help of the union da!

• Warum möchte Lily Fotomodell werden? - Weil (da) sie dann schöne Kleider tragen kann... (Why would Lily want to become a fashion model? - Because then she can wear pretty dresses.)
• Warum gehst du nicht zum Basketball? - Weil (da) ich keine Zeit habe... (Why don't you go to basketball? Because I don't have time.)
• Warum konnte Herr Henning nicht arbeiten? - Weil (da) er Fieber hatte... (Why couldn't Mr. Henning work? Because he had a fever.)

!!! It is also important not to confuse conjunction da (since / since) with identical spelling word da (here / here)which is a minor member of the sentence:

• Ich bin da! - I'm here!
  

Denn and Weil Conjunctions

Now let's deal with the union denn (\u003d since)! Union weil can also be replaced by a union denn, but only on condition that the subordinate clause comes after the main clause (in short, it is used in the second part of the sentence).

And then with the word dennthe word order is completely different from weil and da! In this case, with denn the verb does not end. On the contrary, the word order remains direct, i.e. after denn first the subject, then the verb and the rest of the sentence.

Let's consider some examples:

• Ich gehe nicht zum Basketball, dennich habe keine Zeit. - I will not go to basketball because I have no time.
• Wir gehen heute spazieren, denn es ist sonnig. - We're going for a walk today, as it's sunny outside.
• Ich gehe heute nicht zur Arbeit, denn ich bin krank. - I don't go to work today because I'm sick.
• Hanna ist glücklich, denn sie hat Urlaub. - Hannah is happy because she's on vacation.
• Marcus hat keine Zeit, denn er muss arbeiten. - Markus has no time, as he has to work.
• Du musst die Rechnung nicht bezahlen, denn der Kaufvertrag ist ungültig. - You do not have to pay the invoice as the purchase / sale contract is invalid.

In this lesson, we will continue to familiarize ourselves with subordinate clauses in German, namely those in which the following conjunctions are used:

dass - what

ob - whether

weil - because

da - as

Formation of subordinate clauses

As you remember, the variable part of the predicate takes the final position in the subordinate clause, that is, it is placed at the very end. For example: Ich wusste nicht, dass du zu Hause warst... I didn't know you were at home. The same happens with complex temporal forms: Ich wusste nicht, dass du meinen Brief nicht bekommen hast. “I didn’t know that you didn’t receive my letter.
In place dass question words can also be used.

• Ich habe nicht gehört, was sie gesagt hat... “I didn't hear what she said.
• Er sagt nicht, wenn er kommt. - He doesn't say when he comes.

It is also possible to use such adverbs as wovon and womit:

• Ich weiß nicht, wovon Sie sprechen. - I don't know what you are talking about.
• Er fragt, womit er dir helfen kann. - He asks how he can help you.

Union da, as a rule, used if the clause comes before the main clause. Do not forget that the reverse word order is used in the main sentence - inversion:
Da sie kein Geld hat, geht sie nicht zum Konzert... - Since she has no money, she will not go to the concert.
The same idea can be expressed with weil,but in this case the clause can stand and after the main proposal, and before him:
Sie geht nicht zum Konzert, weil sie kein Geld hat. - She will not go to the concert because she has no money. - Weil sie kein Geld hat, geht sie nocht zum Konzert.
Concerning ob,then this conjunction with in the German sentence is translated as "whether":
Ich white nicht, ob er kommt... - I don't know if he will come.
Er möchte wissen, ob sie nach Berlin fahren. “He would like to know if they will go to Berlin.
In general, everything is not so difficult, the main thing is to remember the translation of conjunctions and the capricious "da", which stands only for first location.

Tasks for the lesson

Exercise 1. Make one of two sentences using da or weil.

1. Ich habe keine Zeit. Ich gehe ins Kino nicht.
2. 2. Sie ist nicht gekommen. Sie ist krank.
3. 3. Ich konnte dir nicht antworten. Ich war sehr beschäftigt.
4. 4. Es regnet. Wir bleiben zu Hause.
5. 5. Ich darf nicht heute Alkohol trinken. Ich fahre mit dem Auto.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentence.

1. Meine Schwester sagte, (that she goes to the movies).
2. Ich weiß nicht (will he come tomorrow).
3. Der Lehrer fragt, (what I'm interested in).
4. Ich kann nicht sagen, (is this correct).
5. Ich weiß, (that you understand everything).
6. Ich muss viel arbeiten, (since I want to buy a new house).

Answer 1.

1. Da (weil) ich keine Zeit habe, gehe ich ins Kino nicht. (Ich gehe ins Kino nicht, weil ich keine Zeit habe.)
2. Da (weil) sie krank ist, ist sie nicht gekommen. (Sie ist nicht gekommen, weil sie krank ist.)
3. Da (weil) ich sehr beschäftigt war, konnte ich dich nicht antworten. (Ich konnte dich nicht antworten, weil ich sehr beschäftigt war.)
4. Da (weil) es regnet, bleiben wir zu Hause. (Wir bleiben zu Hause, weil es regnet.)
5. Da (weil) ich mit dem Auto fahre, darf ich nicht heute Alkohol trinken. (Ich darf nicht heute Alkohol trinken, weil ich mit dem Auto fahre.)

Answer 2.

1. ... dass sie ins Kino geht.
2. … Ob er heute kommt.
3. … Wofür ich mich interessiere.
4. … Ob es richtig ist.
5. ... dass du alles verstehst.
6. … Weil ich ein neues Haus kaufen will.

In complex clauses, subordinate unions are used to link subordinate clauses to the main one. Subordinate clauses, as a rule, perform the functions of secondary members - definitions, additions, circumstances. Conjunctions are used to connect with the main clauses in the role of additions and circumstances; attributive clauses are attached to the main thing using relative adverbs and pronouns. Subordinate conjunctions have a special effect on the word order in the subordinate clause (dependent on the main). Their use dictates a strictly defined word order in the subordinate clause, which looks like this: “subordinate conjunction + subject + (additions, circumstances) + predicate: non-conjugated part + predicate: conjugated part (last place), for example:

• Während ich (subject) das Material (object 1) für meinen Bericht (addition 2) durchsah (predicate), erinnerte ich mich an ein ganz wichtiges Detail. - While I was looking through the material for my report, I remembered one very important detail.

Submissive unions in German

indem "Ihr könnt euren Planeten retten, indem ihr der Umwelt helft. - You can save your planet by helping the environment.

"Without, so ... not - ohne dass" Er verliess den Zuschauerraum, ohne dass er jemanden störte. - He left the auditorium without disturbing anyone. "By the fact that - dadurch dass" Er stört mich dadurch, dass er ständig pfeift. - He bothers me by whistling all the time.

After studying the material in this lesson, you will be able to:

• ask for a restaurant recommendation
• ask where you can have lunch (dinner)
• find out where the restaurant (cafe) is
• ask when the restaurant (cafe) is open

Learn words and phrases for dialogue

Pay attention to the form and use of words

Verb empfehlen "recommend" is the same as sprechen, nehmen and etc. (see lesson 1, lesson 4 and lesson 5, lesson 1) changes in the 3rd person units. root vowel numbers -e on the -i:

1. Adverb nämlich "precisely" can have a different meaning, expressing the reason for what was said in the previous sentence. In this case, it is translated "since", "the fact is that ...":

   Ich muß jetzt gehen. Es ist nämlichsehr spat.
   I have to leave now, as it is very late.

   In the expression einen Imbiß zu sich nehmen"snack", "snack" pronoun sichchanges in the 1st person unit. numbers on mir:

   Er nimmt einen Imbiß zu sich, but: Ich nehme einen Imbiß zu mir.

   Noun die Gaststätte has the general meaning of a public catering establishment and is translated in different ways: "restaurant", "cafe", "canteen", etc.

Remember the following ways of word formation (1,2,4)

selbst + die Bedienung \u003d die Selbstbedienung self-service
das Frühstück + en \u003d frühstücken have breakfast
zu Mittag essen \u003d das Mittagessen lunch
zu Abend essen \u003d das Abendessen dinner

Practice reading individual words

Ich möchte zu Mittag essen

Grammar explanations

In German, as well as in Russian, there are subordinate clauses. However, while in Russian the word order in the main and subordinate clauses is the same, in German the subordinate clauses have a certain word order, namely:

and. the predicate is located at the end of the sentence;

b. the variable part of the predicate (auxiliary verb in perfect, modal verb, linking verb) is in the very last place;

in. the detachable prefix is \u200b\u200bwritten together with the verb.

There are different types of subordinate clauses. In this lesson, you got acquainted with the subordinate clause of the condition that is introduced by the union wenn "if a". Moreover, the main sentence often begins with the word so or dannfollowed by the predicate of the main sentence:

Wenn er mich anruft, so sage ich ihm das.
Wenn er kommen möchte, dann muß er mich anrufen.
Wenn es schon spät ist, muß ich nach Hause gehen.

You already know that a predicate can be expressed in German by a linking verb sein and a noun or adjective (see lesson 2, lesson 2)... The participle II can also act as the nominal part of the predicate. Such sentences express the result of a completed action;

Das Formular ist ausgefüllt... The form (form) is filled in, etc.

A predicate in German can be expressed by a stable phrase. In this case, the verb is put in the second (in the question and in the imperative sentence - in the first) place, and the rest is at the end of the sentence:

zu Mittag essen-Ich esseheute im hotel zu Mittag.usw.

Word order in the relative clause

Wenn er heute abend kommt, (dann) ruft er mich an.
Wenn er morgen abreist, gibt er mir seinen Reisepaß.
Wenn er heute kommen kann, (so) sagt er uns das.
Wenn er das Fobmular ausgefüllt hat, liegt es im Hotel.
Wenn er nach Berlin gekommen ist, besucht er uns bald.
Er ruft mich an, wenn er morgen abreist.

1. You are asked if you did what you promised. Answer yes to the question. Ask a similar question to your interlocutor.

2. You will be able to fulfill the request under certain conditions. Tell about it. Ask if the other person will be able to fulfill your request.

3. The interlocutor is interested in when you go to a cafe. Answer the question. Ask the other person about the same.

4. Explain to the interlocutor why you are going to the cafe. Ask the interlocutor where he is going now.