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Pyatnitsky Church was built by the landing people of Chernigov on a Pyatnitsky trading field, which used to be used for the sale of various goods. The construction project was developed by architect Peter Millogue.
The construction of the church was carried out in the late XII - early XIII centuries, so the Pyatnitsky Church belongs to the ancient structures. However, for the entire period of its existence, the church in Chernigov was destroyed many times and was repeatedly burned in the period of hostilities on the attacks of the enemy to the city, so the structures were repeatedly changed.
After that, the Pyatnitsky Church was repeatedly restored, but at the same time rebuilt and significantly changed its appearance. Therefore, on this moment According to the style of architecture, the temple refers to the style of the XVII - XVIII centuries. High sauna, numerous stucco decorations and modern proportions - this is precisely this fully characterizes the exterior of the building.
In 1941, a fascist bomb hit the church, and as a result of this, the building was completely destroyed. However, according to another version, the church was destroyed as a result of the plaque of Soviet aviation.
After that, there was only one - the only bell tower remained the whole, but after 20 years she was dismantled to build materials that were decided to use to restore the building of the Church. But despite this, the Pyatnitsky Church remained destroyed for a long time.
Later, the restoration of the initial appearance of Pyatnitsky Church was entrusted to the well-known Soviet and restorer historical monuments P. D. Baranovsky. After studying all existing residues of the destroyed church, restoration works were launched, which continued for a long time.
Research suggests that the church was not similar to all known ancient Russian cult facilities. The building has a small size, only 16 m x 11.5 meters in the plan, with four octal pillars inside, three apsides and a high bath.
Composition of Pyatnitsky Church is extremely dynamic: pink color The outer decoration of the walls is harmoniously combined with white fields of decorative niches and multi-colored ornaments on the portals.
Inside the church resembles a tower, and it affected the uniqueness of the design. The artistic effect of fresco painting is enhanced by multi-colored outdoor coating of ceramic tile green, dark cherry and yellow color. All construction is built in one breath.
Currently, Pyatnitsky Church is a small building, a four-headed single-eyed temple building. Pyatnitsky church has similar features with the architecture of the Middle Ages.
To date, the church is acting - she has been held in it. Pyatnitsky Church is under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian Orthodox Patriarchate.
Pyatnitsky Church in Chernigov (End XII - beginning of the XIII century)
The fate of this monument is unusual. There was a small Pyatnitsky Church on the Chernigov shopping area. (Parashen Friday has long been considered a patronage of trade). High dome, numerous stucco decorations, elegant proportions of the church - all these features, no doubt, gave reason to attribute the structure to the style of the Ukrainian baroque XVII-XVIII century. An unusual was only its central discusing composition. Researchers argued that under the baroque cover the forms of the ancient Russian building are hidden.
During the Second World War after the bombing in 1941, Pyatnitsky Church suffered greatly, during restoration work managed to reproduce all forms of construction, one of the most prominent monuments of the Old Russian architecture.
The church was not at all like all the old Russian structures known to us. All testified that this is a monument of a new architectural style that was formed in Russia at the end of the XII century, during the time "words about the regiment of Igor."
It is known that at this time, the historic arena came out the ancient Russian cities, artisanism and trade were growing rapidly, there were crafts and trade corporations, that is, the same socio-economic process was occurring, which led to the development of Gothic architectural style in Europe.
Charger Pyatnitsky Churchit is in the center of the ancient Ukrainian city of Chernigov. The three-pone single-oiled building has a rattling tower composition. The church is small in size (16 x 11.5 m in terms of), with four octalized pillars inside, three apsides, a high dome, exclusively slim by proportions, with an unprecedented refined and harmonious composition. In contrast to static forms of buildings of previous times, the composition of the Pyatnitsky Church is dynamic. Her walls rapidly grow up three arches over the main volume. The vertical of the structure is emphasized by profiled pilasters. Vertical and curvilinear elements that dominate the compositions are equalized by horizontal tiers of the second floor windows, rows of decorative niches of different shapes and a scale, a meander frieze resembling the architecture of XI Art., Mesh ornament on apsides. Vertical profiled pilasters at different heights are completed short, but energetic pannies strokes.
The most important new feature of this structure is the picturesque nature of decorative techniques - mesh ornaments of bricks ("towns") and meander friezes, again appeared on the facades instead of dry roman arkatura. The rational brickwork "boxes", the quarter-cut arches and vaults, the transfer of the main vertical retrace from the walls, on the outdoor pillars, which resembles the principles of the gothic structural system, are of unusually interesting. The researcher of the monument P. D. Baranovsky was put forward by the hypothesis that the Knevsky architect Peter Millueg could be the builder of Pyotnik Church. This thought has repeatedly repeated in the literature. According to one of the versions, the building was built by local Chernihiv masters, although, it is likely that they were influenced by the creativity of the famous Kiev architect. In another version, the church built at the beginning of the XIII century, a mixed Kiev-Smolensk Artel, who worked in different cities Ancient Russia.
The pink color of the walls is combined with white fields of decorative niches and multicolored ornaments on the portals. Inside the church resembles a tower.
In the interior, the central bribing space is dominated in the interior. The internal structure is reflected in the memberships of the facades, but deviations about the origin of decorative trends have emerged in individual elements. The artistic effect of fresco painting is enhanced by a varicolored floor of yellow, green and dark cherry glazed tiles. Unlike Kievskaya Sofia, where a composite topic develops into a whole symphony, everything is built on the Pyatnitsky Church on one, so to speak, melodies. This is a joyful song about beauty, where the engineering genius of the builder was combined with the poetry of folk art. Pyatnitsky Church in Chernigov is sometimes called the "word about the regiment of Igor" in architecture. And indeed, the landmark of the Old Russian architectural is not only a contemporary of the ingenious poem, but also close to the "Word" in the nature of its poetics, according to the perfection of the form, in the folk spirit and ideological orientation (
Pyatnitsky Church
Monument to the ancient Russian architecture of the Domongolian period.
Pyatnitsky church. History
Pyatnitsky Church was built at the end of 12 - at the beginning of the 13th century by the landing Chernihiv officials on the Pyatnitskaya field, which since ancient was the place of trading (trade).
The Pyatnitsky Church was named after Paraskeva Paraskeva Friday. Until 1786, the church was the main construction of Pyatnitsky Monastery.
From other churches of Chernigov, Pyatnitsky Church was distinguished by the completed finish of the facade with all kinds of architectural ornament and compositions of the architects under the drum.
Throughout its existence, the church was repeatedly destroyed and fires during the attacks of enemies to the city.
For the first time, Pyatnitsky Church was destroyed during the Tatar-Mongolian invasion in Chernihiv in 1239
During restoration work at different times, it was significantly rebuilt and changed their appearance. Up until 1941 looked from the point of view of architectra as the temple of the XVII century in the style of the Ukrainian baroque of the XVII-XVIII centuries. It was unusual only her centrist pingy composition. The researchers argued that under the baroque robe, the forms of the ancient Russian building were hidden.
First restoration. 1670 year
The first restoration work was carried out in 1670, passed in the style of Ukrainian baroque and on the means of Chernihiv Colonel V. Vadunina-Borkovsky. In the 90s, the 17th century on the Eastern and Western facades, baroque frontons were prescribed, and the bath received a multi-tiered end. The coat of arms of the hetman Ivan Mazepa drew on the East Baroque Frontone.
In 17-18 centuries. at church acted conventwhich burned down in 1750. Significant were the restructuring after the fire of 1750 and the 19th century, when the Pyatnitsky Church turned into a seven church. In 1818-20, Rotonda Bell Tower (1963 disassembled) was attached to the architect A. Kartashevsky (1963).
During World War II, the church was seriously destroyed in the investigation of aerial bombing.
In 1941, the church was destroyed almost completely. The bell tower miraculously survived, but later (in 1963) she was dismantled - according to one version I interfered with the construction of the regional drama theater. Shevchenko, on the other - on a brick to restore the temple. For a long time The church remained destroyed.
Restoration. 1943.
Immediately after the German troops were knocked out of the city of Chernigov (in 1943), a thorough study of the remains of Pyatnitskaya Church began with the aim of further recovery. The result of the research was sensational - the archaeologists researchers found the temple, embodied the highest achievements of the Old Russian architecture of the Domongolian era. Everything said that this is a monument of a new architectural style, which was formed in Russia at the end of the XII century, during the "words about Igor's regiment". It is known that at this time, the historic arena was published ancient Russian cities, their craftsmanship and trade were growing rapidly, trade corporations, that is, the socio-economic process was occurring, which led to the development of Gothic architectural style in Europe. For a long time it was believed that the Russian architecture began to develop only in the XIV century after the Mongol-Tatar invasion when architects Kievan Rus They moved away from Byzantine traditions. But the study of the rovel "Words about Igor's regiment" - Pyatnitsky Church - showed that the processes of formation of national architecture took place for a half century earlier.
In 1943-45, conducting urgent conservative and emergency operations under the direction of the architect-restorer P. D. Baranovsky saved a monument of architecture from the final death. The church was thus restored in its original form.
During the restoration, lateral seats and annexes of the XVII-XIX centuries were not restored. And the Rotonda Bell Tower was dismantled.
For 10 years, P. D. Baranovsky restored Pyatnitsky Church, thoroughly folding bricks to brick. As a result, the researcher managed to reproduce all forms of structures, one of the outstanding monuments of the Old Russian architecture with great accuracy. Subsequent studies have discovered many other structures of this architectural style.
In 1962, the restoration of the Friday church was completed on the project of the architect P. D. Baranovsky and M. V. Hostaine. Restored in the original form, the construction reproduces the highest stage in the development of the architecture of the Kiev Rus.
Architecture In this way modern view The church is the reconstruction of the temple of the Architecture of the Times of Kievan Rus.In the basis of its plan - a four-rolling cross-dome church. The constructive and composite feature of the Pyatnitsky Church is that the pillars that carry with the help of a high bathing arches are spread wide, and the side oils are narrow, therefore, on the facade, the arched conclusion has only the central incomara, the side has sides have cholecircular coatings. Thus, the facades are completed with a trilobat curve. The transition from the main massif to the suburbants is developed into a complex composition of three tiers of stepped arches, thanks to which the temple is perceived as an amazing tower post. This impression is enhanced by bundle pilasters and semi-colonges of the suburban. The facades of the building are decorated with all kinds of architectural ornamenty. In the dark church reminds the tower. The artistic effect of fresco painting is enhanced by a varicolored floor of yellow, green and dark cherry glazed tiles. Unlike Kievskaya Sofia, where the compositional topic is developed in a whole symphony, in the Pyatnitsky Church, everything is built on one, so to speak, melodies. This is a joyful song about beauty, where the engineering genius of the builder united with the poetry of folk art. Pyatnitskaya Church in Chernigov is sometimes called the "word about the regiment of Igor" in architecture. And indeed, the landmark of the Old Russian architecture is not only a contemporary of the ingenious poem, but also close to the "Word" in the nature of its poetics, according to the perfection of the form, in the People's Spirit and ideological orientation. Architectural features that first appeared in the Pyatnitsky Church were further developed in Russian , Ukrainian, Romanian temple construction. The Pyatnitsky Church was erected much earlier than all Moscow tents churches of the XVI century. It is very similar to the Moscow Church of Ascension, built in 1532 in the village of Kolomensky, which is the first tent stone structure of Muscovy. In Russian architecture, the competitions turned into Kokoshnikov. Zakomara is a constructive architectural element, an external arc of the arch. Kokoshnik is the element purely decorative, it is a flat plate, in shape similar to the flower petal or with the headdress of Russian women (hence the name). And another interesting and important item. The construction of the construction works perfectly used decorative possibilities of bricks, ornamental laying Pyatnitsky church is an early example of the decor, which later received development in Novgorod and Pskov. The contemporary "Words about the regiment of Igor" - Pyatnitsky temple embodied high folk ideals, the consciousness of the strength and spiritual beauty of the people, his artistic and aesthetic views. In 1972, Pyatnitsky Church was opened as a museum.
Cathedral of the Chernigov Monastery, more famous called Pyatnitsky Church, one of the most ancient monuments of architecture of the Chernihiv region, built in the XII century.
The architecture of the temple gives a scientist reason to assume that Peter Millueg was erected - the architect time of ancient Russia, the founder of the Grodno school of architecture. One of the four architects of the Domongolian period, whose names are preserved in written sources.
The temple is similar to the fortress - very thick walls, booster windows, massive columns. There is a legend that when the Tatar-Mongols have already captured the city of Chernihiv, one Pyatnitsky Church remained to stand, in which monks, women, children were defended and defended. Despite all the attacks, the invaders could not take it in any way, and most of the troops went to Kiev. When the last reserves of bread and water ended, the monk defenders rose to the upper part of the temple and jumped into a spear of nomads.
The temple is distinguished by a rapidly elongated composition, dynamically "taking off" up. For the sake of this, the architect radically changed the constructive system of arches and arches. It was an unprecedented innovation in the traditional Old Russian temple architecture. The wizard decided to lay out the arches, percked through the poles, not lower, as usual, and above the archives. Thus, the drum, relying on the arches, is significantly rising above the walls.
The church is characterized by an underlined kind of facades and the overall harmony of proportions. Apxides are decorated with vertical traction, upstairs with a decorative lattice belt and a frieze of niches. Three windows are located in the central apse, and in the side one by one. The portals of the Pyatnitsky Church are made with a profiled framed, there are brings over them. Above is the frieze of a brick meander, even higher decorative niches, in which the remains of plaster are preserved. Over them belt from the "Runners". Complete the central stranger triple windows.
A skillful use of brick attaches special expressiveness, plasticity and beauty. The laying of the temple was carried out by two brick walls with filling the gap between them with stones and brick fights on the solution. After 5-7 rows, the masonry was carried out solid, after which they again moved to the technique of forge.
The monument irrefutably proves that the Russian architecture has not only moved away from the recognized Byzantine canons to the Domongallic Epoch and became the path of independent development, but by the end of the XII century. Already gave the works of the well-established peculiar and independent style. The emergence of such a monument as Pyatnitsky Temple is an organically natural event in South Russia, where the interactions of various cultures at the crossroads of paths were created naturally: from the North-Eastern Zalesski Rus to Western Europe through Galich and from the North-West Novgorod Russia to Byzantium and the Caucasus Through Polovtsy. Chernigov in the XII century. There was no less cultural center than Kiev. In this regard, naturally, there are exactly here new forms and a new architectural type.
The cathedral belongs to the number of those monuments of the ancient Russian architecture, which, due to later major rearrangements, changed their appearance many times. Magnificent processing of the XVII century, involuntarily attracted attention to his spectacular, pompous style of the Ukrainian baroque. This kind of cathedral acquired at the end of the XVII century. When restructuring on the means of a well-known patron and a leader to restore the monuments of the Chernihiv Starina, Colonel, General Oboy Vasily Dunin-Borkovsky. Before these rebuildings about the Pyatnitsky Monastery and his cathedral, there are very scarce information, and then relating only to the middle of the XVII century.
End of the XVII century. There was an epoch of cultural and national rebirth in Ukraine and especially in Chernigov, near the city of the city. Pyatnitsky Cathedral, who had a traditional planning plan for a dome building, was leaving three sides to the annexes. Chapter was prescribed (which increased the initial height of 8 meters), were supported above the walls massive and lush baroque gear frontones, windows were expanded and pierced new, pylons inside the temple are made by drying thinner, and the walls are plastered, the facade treatment is cut, and from the outside of the wall , like the chapter, received cladding and plaster in the forms inherent in Baroque. All this has significantly enlarged the temple, but almost completely erased the external traces of its antiquity.
From the further history of the monastery, it is known that the temple building was subjected to changes after the fires that happened in 1750 and 1862
In 1786 the monastery was closed, all of his construction, except for the cathedral, were demolished, and the cathedral existed already as the parish Pyatnaya Church with a bell tower attached in 1820 and in 1850 - new feathers.
On August 23, 1941, with the German offensive, Pyatnitsky temple burned out of the incendiary bombs. September 26, 1943, after the liberation of Chernigov, the bombardment was destroyed by three-quarters of the Western and South Walls of the building, two Western pilons were collapsed, most of the arches and dome. The bell tower survived, but in 1963 he was dismantled.
For a long time the church remained destroyed. In 1962, he was restored in the initial Old Russian style on the project of the architect P. Baranovsky and M. Hostainene. In the time of the USSR, the temple was used as a museum "Word about the regiment of Igor". Currently, the temple is acting - transferred to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kiev Patriarchate.
The Church of Paraskeva-Friday, or Pyatnitsky Church, the former Chernigov Monastery Cathedral, is one of the most ancient monuments of the architecture of the Ukrainian city of Chernigov. The church constructed in the XII century with very thick walls, windows-brainsets and massive columns resembles the fortress. Her architecture gives scientists the opportunity to assume that Peter Milluga was architect, the architect time of ancient Russia.
As a result of numerous rearrangements, the cathedral changed his appearance many times. It was rebuilt and prescribed in the XVII century, the building was subjected to changes after the fires that occurred in 1750 and 1862. In 1786, the Chernihiv monastery with all the buildings was demolished, the cathedral remained and continued to exist already as a parish Pyatnitsky Church.
During the war, the church was destroyed. It began to be restored in 1943-1945, in 1962, under the leadership of Architects P. D. Baranovsky and M. V. Hostaine, it was restored in its original form, representing a sample of architecture of the times of Kiev Rus.
Inside the temple is decorated with fresco painting, the floor is posted with multi-colored glazed tiles.
Currently, the church is valid.
Church of Introduction to the Temple of the Most Holy Virgin
The introduced church is part of the Trinity-Ilinsky Monastery. The refectory was erected in 1677-1679, even before the construction of the Trinity Cathedral - the main building of the ensemble. The church is a true masterpiece of Ukrainian architectural style that has influenced the other, later, monuments.
From the West to the main premises of the temple, the dining room with kitchen and warehouses is adjacent - everything is located in one line. The inner space of the two-headed church is made using wooden architecture techniques. One chapter is intended for the altar, the other is assigned to praying. The housing of the refectory with a cylindrical arch is a unique sample of the interior of the 17th century structures. The harmony of the main facade is created by its energetic vertical rhythm, deep window openings and characteristic triangular front-thinkers over them.
The original iconostasis was lost in the Soviet period, modern - created in the late 80s of the last century. Today, the church fulfills the role of "student" - refers to the spiritual school of regents, classes and credits are held here. At the same time, the temple is both the refectory.
