Vietnam has about 14.5 thousand Buddhist temples and pagodas. About 40 thousand ...
From childhood, we remember this strange little countdown: Eniki-beniki ate dumplings, eniki-beniki - dumplings, a drunken sailor came out on deck!
But we don't even think about the meaning behind these words. Meanwhile, counting rhymes are the oldest art form and, often, carry secret and sacred knowledge. Linguists have been trying to figure out the message for years. Here are three versions of the origin of the enika-beniki proverb.
One, two, three, four, five
One of the main ones is the version that the account is encrypted in the enik-beniks. Researcher Efim Shchup found out that ene, bene, slave, quinter, finter are close in sound to the numerals aina, peina, para, peddera, pimp. These numbers were used in the language of trade, which was invented by the Celts and the British visiting them. However, not everything is so simple ...
Game of dice
According to the linguist Eagle, the eniki-beniki came to us from the Middle Ages. They could have been invented by German knights who loved to sentence when playing dice Einec beinec doppelte, which translated into Russian means single bone doubled... Over time, this saying turned into Polish language, and then moved further east.
There is another theory that sends us further into the past, to the mysterious Greek mythology... If you follow the version of the mythological origin, counting rhymes like ene-ben, riki-taki, bul-bul-bul, karaki-shmaki, eus-deus-cosmodeus, bam, grew out of a Greek poem about Aeneas. The hero of the Trojan War, who founded the city on the banks of the Tiber, was immortalized in this Latin poem:
Aeneas bene rem publicam facit,
In turba urbem sene Tiberi jacit.
Deus, deus, crassus deus,
Bacchus! "
The children's world is mysterious and difficult to understand. How did a Latin poem or a saying of German knights form the basis of children's counting rhymes? How do they cross country borders? So far these are unanswered questions. All three versions seem tempting enough, but we still do not know the final answer. What if there is something else hiding behind the children's counting room?
According to experts, for our children, funny rhymes and funny and even sometimes incomprehensible counting rhymes turn out to be the most wonderful teachers, speech therapists and psychologists. Without the verbal play that is contained in counting rhymes, the child would have learned to master speech perfectly for a very long time.
All versions of chants, counting rhymes, teasers, tongue twisters and other "literature" help children express their feelings, thoughts and experiences. These poems, such as "eniki-beniki ate dumplings" or a little hedgehog counting rhyme from the fog, are passed down from generation to generation without any cramming. Such a strange, but easy verse is remembered by a child on the fly, used in games with friends, all children remember it and pass it on and on.
The counting rhyme is primarily a rhymed verse that can easily determine who will drive in the game. Besides such a simple function, this verse has three other psychologically important functions in it. First, he gives a feeling of good luck, whoever he points to is lucky.
The second function is that the reading room allows you to demonstrate trust to each other. Usually, the counting person touches the players in the solar plexus region, and such a touch carries a discharge of disposition and trust. Well, the third function allows you to set children up for fair play without cheating, fosters in them a sense of honesty and camaraderie.
Any rhyme, in addition to developing such necessary and useful feelings in a child, it also allows him to train his speech. Such a play verse will be understandable and close to the child, because in any counting ritual, the first place is not the plot, but the rhythm and the ability to separately pronounce, highlighting, words. So the baby will develop not only memory, imagination and fantasy, but also a sense of rhythm.
There are a huge number of examples of counting rhymes, and we give only the most popular of them.
Hush, mice, the cat is on the roof.
Whoever did not hear, he went out!
Across the river, across the bridge
Stretched out the oxtail!
We shared an orange
There are many of us, but he is one.
This slice is for a hedgehog,
This slice is for a swift,
This slice is for ducklings
This slice is for kittens,
This slice is for the beaver,
And for the wolf - the peel.
He is angry with us - trouble !!!
Run away somewhere!
Moon rover, moon rover,
On the moon goes forward.
It takes him a long time to walk there.
And now you have to drive!
A goat in a barn
Crust on bread
Who will find them,
He will lead the game.
The car was walking in a dark forest
For some kind of interest.
Inte-inte-interest.
Come out to the letter "C".
A squirrel rode on a cart,
I gave out nuts to everyone:
Some two, three -
Come out of the circle!
Tomorrow will fly from the sky
Blue-blue-blue whale.
If you believe - wait and wait
If you don't believe - come out!
About origin
How often adults are surprised, listen to the texts of children's counting rhymes. For example, I do not understand at all who are “ene, ben, slave, quinter, finter” and the like, and how they got from the nursery rhyme.
It turns out that this rhyme is very old and initially "ene, ben, slave, quinter, finter" came from the Anglo-Waley account, which sounded like "aina, peina, para, peddera, pimp". Gradually, this Anglo-Welsh account spread throughout England, where they began to use it in everyday life, and the kids altered the funny words spoken by adults for themselves, and a funny counting text was obtained.
The version-song, where some eniks ate dumplings, is known to both adults and children. But there are also less common versions, in which the eniki did not eat anything, and the rhyme itself is more like the original one:
Eniki-beniki-brooms-brooms!
Boliki-loliki-sawdust-rollers!
Full version
Of course, no one can say with certainty what the original counting room was, which was used by children for the first time. This is the so-called "oral creation", which was spread without recording
There is one complete, Russian version, where mysterious beniks ate varnichki:
Eniki-beniki ate dumplings
Eniki-beniki - dumplings!
A Soviet sailor came out.
And there is an even more incomprehensible, confusing and mysterious counting rhyme, which is more similar to the original one that came to us from England across Europe.
Eni-beni-res
Quinter Winter Jess
Ene-ben-slave
Finter quinter toad.
“Ene, ben, slave, quinter, finter” - many see some kind of distorted numbers in this counting room, but which ones? Efim Shchup dug up an old English-language monograph dedicated to children's counting rhymes of the peoples of Europe, and found out the origin of the "Enik-Beniks"!
Now there will be a slight disruption of the veil from the riddle that has periodically surfaced in the community since 2005. It will go about "Ene, beni, slave, quinter, finter" and "enikik-benikah"
In the discussions, it was repeatedly noted that these were, most likely, some kind of distorted numerals, but it was not possible to establish the original language. I came across on the Internet an old English-language monograph devoted to children's counting rhymes of the peoples of Europe and their origin.
Bolton, speaking in the last chapter about the common origins of European counting rhymes, refers to an even older article by a respected member of the British Philological Society, the author of which, Ellis, discusses in detail the original source of counting rhymes.
Apparently, "ene, ben, slave, quinter, feint [er]" goes back to the so-called Anglo-Welsh score (in the original - "Anglo-Cymric Score", that is, "Anglo-Kimrian twenty")
What is the Anglo-Welsh account and why is it so little known? We are talking about a kind of pidginized number of numerals used in barter transactions between persons of Celtic nationality and visiting Anglo-Saxons (as well as Danes, Norwegians and speakers of other, incomprehensible Celtic languages)
More modern sources hypothesize that the Anglo-Welsh account was not originally Anglo-Welsh, but served as the oldest unified set of numerals in the communication of the aboriginal Celtic peoples of the British Isles, in whose native languages their own numerals over time began to sound too dissimilar due to tangible phonetic shifts.
In his monograph, Bolton quotes Ellis, comparing one of the variants of the Anglo-Welsh account borrowed from his article with the modern Welsh number, taken from the official grammar of the Welsh language of the time.
Here are the Anglo-Welsh pidginized numbers: "Aina, peina, para, peddera, pimp, ithy, mithy, owera, lowera"
And here are the numerals from the original language with recognizable Indo-European roots: "Un, dau, tri, pedwar, pump, chwech, saith, wyth, naw"
If you look closely, in the Anglo-Welsh account, a kind of "optimization" clearly appears - the seven (mithy) is clearly secondarily formed from the six (ithy) by a simple addition of a consonant, the nine (lowera) is likewise secondarily formed from the eight (owera). The five (pimp) and four (pedwar) clearly influenced the three (para) and two (peina) with their initial consonants [p], replacing their initial vowels by analogy with [p]. But "Peina, para, peddera, pimp" it is much easier to remember as "pseudo-ablated" forms of a certain paradigm, united by alliteration of the initial consonant.
Remember the love of the Anglo-Saxons for alliteration in the names of characters (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and dozens of other lesser-known characters whose parts of the name begin with the same consonant - this tradition is much older than the era of animation). Remember all these "gehen, ging, gegangen" and "do, did, done" of the Germanic languages - I think the mnemonic benefits of modification "Peina, para, peddera, pimp" it will immediately become clear.
For all the dissimilarity of the Anglo-Welsh numerals and the Welsh numbers, the undoubted origin of the first from the second becomes clear if you look at the formation of numbers from 15 to 19.
Anglo-Welsh: "Bumfit, ain-a-bumfit, pein-a-bumfit, par-a-bumfit, pedder-a-bumfit"
Welsh: "Pymtheg, un-ar-bymtheg, dau-ar-bymtheg, tri-ar-bymtheg, pedwar-ar-bymtheg"
The tradition of the formation of numbers after fifteen, which is unique for the Welsh language, as complex forms of the form "one-and-fifteen, two-and-fifteen" is fully preserved in the Anglo-Welsh account, not to mention the numbers from 10 to 14:
Anglo-Welsh: "Dig, ain-a-dig, pein-a-dig, par-a-dig, pedder-a-dig"
Welsh: "Deg, un-ar-ddeg, denddeg, tri-ar-ddeg, pedwar-ar-ddeg"
Now let's take a look at the whole row of numbers in their entirety:
Thus, we are talking about an ancient rhyme that grew on a completely specific semantic basis and pursued a very specific pragmatic goal: to remember as easily as possible and, in the event of intense intercultural contacts, to ensure a mutually understandable score aloud when it came to the exchange of prisoners, livestock trade, etc. NS.
But this was just the beginning of the story. The mysterious Anglo-Welsh account first spread rapidly, first across England, where even grandmothers counted knots when knitting on this "hair dryer", shepherds counted sheep, and boys incorporated what seemed to them amusing gibberish into their own counting rhymes.
Later, "eine-beine-bara" penetrated the continent, where cunning German mischief-makers liked it so much that it was reworked an infinite number of times. The similarity of "eine-beine" with the already discussed in the community saying of German dice players "einec beinec doppelte" quickly led to the mutation of the incomprehensible Anglo-Welsh "one-two" into a more meaningful for the German ear "enige benige". Misheard lyrics, anyone?
Similarly, the apparent lack of semantic load in the remaining words of the counting rhyme led to the fact that the verse size and the alliteration formula were borrowed first of all, and the verbal content could range from the canonical "ene bene" to the impromptu "rumpelti stumpelti" - which is the first, which is the second. meaning (due to its absence) did not differ, and, therefore, they were synonyms!
Soon the contagious motif of the Anglo-Celtic counting rhyme spread throughout Europe, growing as a superstratum through the substrate of autochthonous (and worse remembered?) Counting rhymes. Often, gibberish was interspersed with meaningful words in one language or another, but the situation was "corrected" as soon as children's creativity was borrowed by the neighboring language.
For example, a German (dialectal) rhyme
Enige, denige, Tintefass
Geh in die Schule und lerne was
Kommst du Heim und kannst du nichts
Kriegst de Buggel volle Wichts
When borrowed back into English, it turned into
Inica, binica, tinske wos
Gayste shole and learnste wos
Conste, Hinan, conste, Nichs
Strixte bucle full of vicks
The process could be cyclically repeated round after round, with the result that usually only the "eniki-beniki" and one or two words from the Anglo-Welsh original survived. But all sorts of "piglet Latin", fragments of more ancient counting rhymes, sayings, jokes, and just pure children's improvisation multiplied within the original poetic formula.
It got to the point that, through contacts with the first settlers, the Anglo-Welsh account was adopted by the Indians. North America, who used it for its intended purpose (in transactions with whites and in calculating prey in hunting and war) Over time, whites stopped using the Anglo-Welsh account, forgetting about its origin, and the name “Enik-Benik” in America was fixed ... “ Indian account "The Indians denied their involvement in the invention of this account, but they continued to use it, gradually modifying the slang numbers and coming up with new versions of the account.
Notes.
1. The degree of influence of the Anglo-Welsh account on the content and form of continental counters is still a matter of controversy. There is a point of view that in ancient times, counting rituals played an important ritual and practical role in society, and, following the principle of convergent evolution, independently emerged and acquired a similar form among different peoples. According to this hypothesis, Anglo-Welsh counting, in essence and purpose not differing much from any other counting rhyme, developed in a similar direction and only for this reason is so similar to counting rhymes in other countries, but could not serve as a superstratum or prototype for them. The compromise hypothesis claims that continental counting rhymes served as a convenient substrate for Anglo-Welsh counting due to the significant initial similarity with it for the reason described above, but still underwent significant assimilation in terms of content and specificity of word forms.
2. The popularity of the Anglo-Welsh account among that part of the British population that did not have any contact with the Celts, can be explained by the Old Testament prohibition on the account of people and animals and the superstition that came from it. King David, perfidiously conducting a census of the ancient Israelites, by this very act indirectly doubted God's promise to make Abraham's offspring innumerable like sea sand, and for educational purposes God sent a plague on the Jews. More circumspect characters like Saul and Moses considered the Jews a safe way - by collecting half a shekel from each and then counting the coins. Since the biblical traditions in the Middle Ages were projected by the people on daily life, the extrapolation of the census tradition of the Israelites has led to the emergence of superstitions when counting ... pets. If Christians could be counted by any means, then in the case of counting sheep, the shepherd resorted to protective rituals and incomprehensible, "wrong" words. The Anglo-Welsh account proved to be an ideal help for English shepherds, earning the first crumbs of its popularity on this.
3. Wikipedia contains an entire article on shepherd counting in Britain with many tables.
Based on the data in the article, nowhere outside of the Lakes District is mentioned in Bolton's monograph "Aina, peina, para, peddera, pimp" was not used, which somewhat shakes the above hypotheses about the ancestral home of the Enik-Beniks. On the other hand, Wikipedia records evidence of even more arbitrary treatment of Celtic numerals in other parts of Britain: hovera, dovera, sethera, methera, pethera, tethera, dora and laura clearly have nothing to do with any words of the Welsh language, being the purest water mnemonics.
We conclude: for the sake of the convenience of memorizing and maintaining the rhythm during counting, any inconvenient sounding "authentic" word can be replaced by any arbitrary fictional word, as long as it sounded okay along with the others. This helps to explain the presence in modern counting rhymes of both the quinter and the finter, and any other unidentifiable subject.
Introduction
The children's counting room "eniki beniki ate dumplings" is attributed in many studies to the counting system.
From Anglo-Welsh account
"Apparently," ene, ben, slave, quinter, feint [er] "goes back to the" aina, peina, para, peddera, pimp "of the so-called Anglo-Welsh score (in the original -" Anglo-Cymric Score ", then there is an "Anglo-Kimrian twenty") "
From latin account
"Most likely, counting rhymes go back to one of the many types of hunting draws, sometimes associated with fortune telling (even - odd," lucky - unlucky "), as well as magic that should bring good luck in the hunt. sometimes with the distribution of roles or functions in a joint hunt.Counting words (names of numbers) were taboo among many peoples, which could be associated with belief in lucky and unlucky numbers, as well as with the riddle of numbers in general. sometimes borrowed numerals, sometimes quite abracadabra. different words and parts of words, therefore, only an etymological analysis helps to see the counting basis of such texts. For example, the beginning of the counting room Enika, beniki, res (known among all Eastern Slavs) contains modified Latin numerals unus, bini, trиs (meaning "one", "two", "three", respectively) "
From Yiddish account
"And here people say that eniki-beniki is exclusively from alef-bet (alef with the Russian suffix, so popular in Yiddish, -nik will be read as enik), especially with dumplings, which are associated with the Yiddish song" Varnichkes ". But this is still a fantasy. "
From a German account
"The history of the origin of" enik-beni "or" enik-beniki "(who ate dumplings in a famous poem) is generally mysterious. Back in the late 1970s, the linguist V.E. "Enige benige" inherited from the Middle Ages. German knights pronounced similar texts when playing dice. According to the linguist, the origin goes back to the Middle High German phrase "Einec beinec doppelte", which meant "A single bone doubled." -Beniks "migrated to neighboring Poland, and later moved further to the east."
From Kyrgyz
"Eniki-beniki ate dumplings"
Eneke - mother, mother (Kyrgyz)> njanka - nanny (Slav.) (Skip n)
Bee - mare (Kyrgyz)> bee> kobila - mare (Slav.) (Skip k, replacement l / e)
Eli from el - people (Kirg.)> El> lud - people (Slav.) (Inv. El, pass d)
Bar (Turkish var) - is, there is (Kirg.)> Bar> var - var, cook (Slav.), Cook to "eat", otherwise, verb. "is, is" has two meanings: existence and is, to eat (for existence); sir. I am (Old Slav.) - I am (I eat); I am - I am (English)> ja em I eat (fame)
"The Eniki-Beniki ate dumplings - Eneke bee Eneke eli var Eneke - the mother and mare-mother of the people is the mother. The Eniki-Beniks are a collective image of the Woman-Mother and the Mare-Mother, the ancient goddess of the Polovtsian-Tengrians."
There are several variants of the phraseological unit "eniki beniki ate dumplings":
Option 1:
"Eniki, Beniki ate dumplings,
Eniki, Beniki ate dumplings,
Eniki, Beniki, Hop!
Green syrup came out.
Ani, beni, ricky, taki,
Turba, urba, syntibryaki,
Eus, beus, krasnobeus, bam! "
Option 2:
"Ani, beni, ricky, still,
Turba, urba, syntibryaki,
Eus, beus, krasnobeus,
Bam!
Eni, beni, riki, faki,
Turba, urba, eki, faki,
Eus, beus, cosmobeus,
Bam!
Ani, beni, ricky, paki,
Bul-bul-bul, kalyaks, shmaki,
Eus, beus, cosmobeus,
Bam! "
Eni, beni, riki, faki,
Til, bul-bul, koriki, shvaki,
Deus, deus, cosmodeus
Bam! "
Option 3:
(known from my golden childhood)
"Eniki beniki ate dumplings,
eniki beniki dumplings,
What is dumpling? Of course, "dumplings" are a kind of German version of Ukrainian dumplings and Russian dumplings. Dumplings are pieces of dough cooked in boiling broth, milk. So, they ate toli dumplings, toli dumplings. Perhaps the riddle is what they ate?
There is an interesting version of the word "beniki" - benka according to V. Dahl - a fork, that is, dumplings were eaten with a fork.
"" Eniki-Beniki ate dumplings "...
Who are the eniks?
Who are Beniki?
I asked about it,
But no one gave an answer.
I rummaged through little by little
Piggy dictionaries
And I found that the word "benki"
It's simple - forks.
Benki, or beniki,
The adage to them is eniki!
But the spoon can't
There is okroshka itself!
And bowls can't
Eat a bunch of radishes! ..
Why Beniki
Suddenly eating dumplings?
Because the word is
Outdated, no matter how sorry
And one day from the buffet
Moved to the counting room.
And the counting rhyme is as follows -
It's a word game
So even beniki
They can eat dumplings! "
"BENECHKA? M. Yarrow. Fork. Benki, m. Many fire. Slingshots, pitchforks, pitchforks, for feeding sheaves when laying stacks and when threshing." [SD]
And the word "eniki" is rather a distorted "other", "other", "otherwise" (Slav.)
Then the countdown looks like this.
"Otherwise, they ate dumplings with little ones,
Otherwise, beanki - dumplings,
"" Otherwise, they ate dumplings with forks,
Otherwise, with forks - dumplings,
A sailor came out on deck "or
"" Some ate dumplings with forks,
Others with forks - dumplings,
A sailor came out on deck "
A comment:
The word "otherwise" is often used in ancient texts as an adversarial conjunction in the enumeration function. The last line of the rhyme is for rhyme.
The use of counting in the counting room "eniki beniki ate dumplings" would be reliable if there was only the phrase "eniki beniki", but it has a continuation "... ate dumplings", which does not fall into the counting system of both Anglo-Vaallic and Yiddish, Latin, German, etc. Therefore, the version with "forks" is the most reliable. True, N.V. Gogol's work "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" Puzaty Patsyuk ate dumplings without a fork, but this is another topic for research.
Rice. 1. Patsyuk from the film "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka"
It is interesting that in V. Dahl's dictionary "dumplings" are not only a lump of dough, but also a kind of child's play, like a counting rhyme before "catching someone."
"Dumpling g. Kolobok, a lump of unleavened dough, sometimes mild, into a stew. | Dumplings are many children’s game: they spit through their fingers; and whoever spits his finger, that dumpling, and catch others. Dumpling, dumpling, referring to dumplings. , Kaluga. thick, in a kind of dough or thickly kneaded clay. Dumpling, lumpy or badly stirred. Dumpling, throwing lumps of clay or dirt into the wall; [SD]
It is quite possible that the enumeration in the counting room went up to the name "dumpling". Here, the enumeration kind of lulls the participants of the game and suddenly the host exclaims "Dumpling!" and points a finger at the driver. For example:
"Some ate dumplings with forks,
Others with forks ... dumplings! "
It is possible that "dumpling" is a "dirty lump", "filthy", "piglet". Translated from Ukrainian Patsyuk - a rat, a pig from the exclamation "Pats!" as in option No. 1, 2.
It should be understood that children's counters are designed to select a driver in a game such as "tag" or "burner", "hiding place" and are the threshold of this game. Therefore, in the counting room, it is not the score that is important, but some entertaining plot with a list of items that can end on any player. For example:
"On the golden porch sat: tsar, prince, king, prince ...".
"A month came out of the fog ..." and others.
Abbreviations
SPI - Word about Igor's regiment
PVL - The Tale of Bygone Years
SD - Dictionary of V.I.Dahl
SF - Vasmer's dictionary
SIS - dictionary of foreign words
TCE - Efremov's Explanatory Dictionary
TSOSH - Explanatory Dictionary of Ozhegov, Shvedov
CRS - dictionary of Russian synonyms
BTSU - Ushakov's large explanatory dictionary
SSIS - a compiled dictionary of foreign words
MAK - Small Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language
VP - Wikipedia
EBE - Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
1. the etymology of "eniki beniki ate dumplings", 2. the etymology of "eniki beniki ate dumplings", http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/troizkaya2.htm
3.eniki with dumplings, http://www.gramota.ru/forum/redaktor/22931/
4.eniki with dumplings, http://www.podrobnosti.ua/society/2004/07/06/131665.html
5. Eniki Beniki ate dumplings, V. Timoshov, review of the article by L. Khristenko "The Toad Crushes"
6. Eniki Beniki ate dumplings ... Tarabukin, http://wikilivres.ru/-..._ ()
7. V. N. Timofeev, article "Method of searching for Slavic roots in foreign words", http://www.tezan.ru/metod.htm
