Presentation of the world's water resources. Water resources of russia. World water balance

Water suitable for use.

In a broader sense - in about dy in liquid, solid and gaseous state and their distribution on the Earth.

Internal waters of Russia

A. N. Striibulova

4. What applies to inland waters?

Inland waters

Rivers

Lakes

Swamps

Glaciers

Artificial reservoirs

The groundwater

• Our country is rich in significant river systems. All rivers are of great importance for the national economy. The rivers are used for shipping, generating electricity, irrigating fields, supplying water to settlements, and fishing.

Rivers of Russia receive water from rains, melting snows, glaciers and underground drains. Almost all rivers of Russia freeze in winter.

• In Russia, there are more than two million small rivers, or 99.9% of the total number of watercourses. Only 0.1% falls on medium and large watercourses. Small rivers feed the main arteries, determine their flow, purity and life. Therefore, if large rivers become shallow, then the reasons should be sought in their tributaries, since a significant part of the river flow occurs along them.

• Each river system represents a unity economically, socially and ecologically. Small streams are important local resources. These rivers are widely used in various areas of the national economy: they create small hydroelectric power plants, water mills, are used for water supply, agricultural production, irrigation and recreation.

Russian rivers

• Basin of the Arctic Ocean - 2/3 S of the country

• Ob (Irtysh, Ishim, Tobol), Lena (Vilyui, Aldan),

Northern Dvina, Olenek, Khatanga, Yenisei (Angara, Nizhnyaya Tungusska, Podkamennaya Tungusska), Pechora, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma.

• Pacific Basin - about 20% S of the country

• Shilka, Argun, Amur (Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri), Anadyr.

• Internal drainage basin - about 10% S of the country

• Volga (Oka, Kama), Ural, Terek.

• Atlantic Ocean Basin - about 3% S of the country

• Western Dvina, Volkhov, Don, Kuban, Dnieper.

Influence of relief on rivers

• A fall - excess of the river head over the mouth (in meters). Head height - Head height \u003d Drop.
• Bias \u003d Drop (in cm) / Length (in km).

Influence of climate on rivers

• Annual runoff - the amount of water that the river

takes out in a year (in km).

• Water consumption - the amount of water that flows

across the cross section of a river per unit of time

• River mode - intra-annual runoff distribution.

Food

• rain
• glacial
• snow
• ground (underground)
• mixed

flood

• Solid drain - small particles (silt, clay, sand) carried by the river.

Delta of the Lena River

River-related natural disasters

• What is a flood?
• What does it lead to?
• What is their reason?
• Where in our country do floods occur most often?
• How is the amount of flood damage estimated?
• What methods of flood protection do you know?

Slide 1

Slide 2

The watery shell of the globe - oceans, seas, rivers, lakes - is called the hydrosphere. It covers 71% of the earth's surface. The earth has a colossal volume of water of about 1.5 billion km³. However, 98% of this volume is salt water, and only 28 million km³ is fresh water.

Slide 3

Water resources These are fresh waters suitable for consumption, trapped in rivers, lakes, glaciers, and underground horizons.

Slide 4

The importance of water in the world economy Habitat of aquatic organisms, a source of valuable proteins (in the form of fish and other organisms) It is used in almost all sectors of the economy: in energy, for irrigation of agricultural lands, for industrial, municipal and domestic water supply.

Slide 5

Water reserves The volume of water on Earth reaches almost 1.5 billion km³. But the main volume of fresh water (almost 80%) is water of glaciers, snow covers, underground ice of permafrost. Currently they are not used and are considered as potential water resources. The one-time volume of onshore river waters is small - only 2000 km³.

Slide 6

World water balance Domestic water supply. Industrial water supply. Agriculture water supply.

Slide 7

Municipal water supply Water consumption rates for 1 person are on average 120-150 liters per day. But in the cities of industrialized countries, water consumption is especially high. For example, in European countries it rises to 300-400 l / day

Slide 8

Industrial water supply Plants and factories require a lot of water. Only for the needs of power engineering 320 km³ of water is taken from water sources, while 20 km³ is lost. With the development of industry, water consumption is increasing, and at the same time, water pollution by industrial waste is increasing.

Slide 9

Water supply for agriculture The largest water consumer is agriculture. Wastewater from livestock farms is a particular problem. They are extremely overloaded with organic compounds and cause particularly rapid pollution of water bodies.

Slide 10

The availability of water resources is measured by the volume of river flow per capita per year. Among the regions of the world, Australia and Oceania are the most provided with water - 83 thousand m³ per person per year. This is due not so much to the abundance of water, but to the low population of this part of the planet.

Slide 11

Suriname, Gabon, Canada, New Zealand, Norway are among the most abundant countries in the world with water resources. Countries experiencing a shortage of fresh water: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt. Many of these countries use seawater desalination plants.

Slide 12

Reasons for the shortage of fresh water; growth of cities; creation of powerful industrial centers; pollution of water bodies with household and industrial wastewater; Reduction of river flow; (consequences of deforestation, plowing of floodplains and drainage of swamps); Decrease in the ability of reservoirs to self-purify (they cannot cope with such a volume of waste); Excessive consumption and pollution of groundwater (shallowing of rivers and lakes) Measures for the protection of water resources; economy in production and at home; waste water treatment; development of new technologies to ensure maximum utilization of industrial waste; stopping the discharge of untreated wastewater; creating water protection zones adjacent to water areas; planting trees and shrubs in the riverside strip.

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Slide captions:

Water resources Completed by: Daria Nevolina 10 "D"

Water resources and the volume of their use. The total volume of water in the hydrosphere is 1.4 billion km3. This huge amount of water resources seems inexhaustible. However, of this amount of water, about 96.5% falls on the waters of the World Ocean, that is, waters that cannot be directly used due to their salinity.

About 1.7% more are permanent snow and ice, mainly Antarctica. Access to these water reserves is difficult due to the remoteness of the polar regions. And the same amount is accounted for by underground waters. But these waters need to be searched for as minerals are searched for. And this means they can not be found everywhere.

For its needs, mankind uses about 41.7% thousand km3. This significantly exceeds the global water consumption, which is about 4000 km3 per year. It can be said for sure that river water will never end because it is impossible to stop the water cycle. However, this does not mean that there are no problems at all.

Problems of using water resources. Uneven distribution of water resources. The amount of water on the surface of the Earth in any area depends on the climate. Dry belts occupy about a third of the land surface: - northern (Sahara, deserts of Asia); - southern (Namib, Kalahari, Atacama, Australian deserts).

But resource availability depends not only on the available volume of water, but also on the population to which this volume is distributed. The problem of providing the population and the economy with water can be solved through the use of groundwater, which can be found even in the center of a waterless desert, desalination of sea water, towing icebergs from the polar regions of the planet to the coasts of tropical countries.

Poor water quality. Man uses river water for different purposes, and more and more. The used water does not disappear completely. Sooner or later, she returns to the rivers, but in a greatly changed form. This is the so-called waste water. They are industrial, agricultural and domestic.

The water participating in the technological cycles of industrial enterprises supplies a large amount of a wide variety of toxic substances to the rivers. True, an industrial enterprise can control the process of water consumption. Modern wastewater treatment plants are capable of removing more than 90% of the pollutants in water from water.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of water. About 2/3 of the total water consumption is water used for irrigation of fields. Unlike industrial waters, agricultural waters are almost impossible to capture for purification.

What can be done to prevent water pollution? With regard to industrial wastewater, everything is clear. The main tool is the creation and operation of treatment facilities. Using this method will reduce pollution of many rivers. An even more reliable way to protect water bodies from pollution is to create closed water use cycles.

As for agricultural waters, firstly, it is necessary to rationally use minerals, and secondly, to improve the systems of irrigation of plants. Both problems are solved by the drip irrigation technology, during which water is supplied to each plant. A huge number of bacteria and microorganisms, including pathogens, also live in the water. That is, it is necessary to further develop the bacterial purification of drinking water.

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Slide 2

• The watery shell of the globe - oceans, seas, rivers, lakes - is called the hydrosphere.
• It covers 71% of the earth's surface. The earth has a colossal volume of water of about 1.5 billion km³. However, 98% of this volume is salt water, and only 28 million km³ is fresh water.

Slide 4

Importance of water in the world economy

• The habitat of aquatic organisms, a source of valuable proteins (in the form of fish and other organisms)
• It is used in almost all sectors of the economy: in the energy sector, for irrigation of agricultural land, for industrial, municipal and domestic water supply.

Slide 5

Water reserves

• The volume of water on Earth reaches almost 1.5 billion km³. But the main volume of fresh water (almost 80%) is water of glaciers, snow covers, underground ice of permafrost. Currently they are not used and are considered as potential water resources. The one-time volume of onshore river waters is small - only 2000 km³.

Slide 6

World water balance

• Utility water supply.
• Industrial water supply.
• Agriculture water supply.

Slide 7

Municipal water supply

• Water consumption rates for 1 person are on average 120-150 liters per day. But in the cities of industrialized countries, water consumption is especially high. For example, in European countries it rises to 300-400 l / day

Slide 8

• Plants and factories require a lot of water. Only for the needs of power engineering 320 km³ of water is taken from water sources, while 20 km³ is lost. With the development of industry, water consumption is increasing, and at the same time, water pollution by industrial waste is increasing.

Slide 9

Agriculture water supply

• The largest water consumer is agriculture. Wastewater from livestock farms is a particular problem. They are extremely overloaded with organic compounds and cause particularly rapid pollution of water bodies.

Slide 10

• Water availability is measured by the volume of river flow per capita
• population per year. Among the regions of the world, Australia is the most provided with water and
• Oceania - 83 thousand m³ per person per year. This is not so much due to the abundance of water,
• How much with sparsely populated this part of the planet.

Slide 11

• Suriname, Gabon, Canada, New Zealand, Norway are among the most abundant countries in the world with water resources.
• Countries experiencing a shortage of fresh water: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt.

Many of these countries use seawater desalination plants.

Slide 12

Reasons for the shortage of fresh water

• urban growth
• creation of powerful industrial centers
• pollution of water bodies with household and industrial wastewater;
• Reduction of river flow; (consequences of deforestation, plowing of floodplains and drainage of swamps);
• Decrease in the ability of reservoirs to self-purify (they cannot cope with such a volume of waste);
• Excessive consumption and pollution of groundwater (shallowing of rivers and lakes)

Slide 13

Problems related to the use of water resources

• fresh water supplies are far from unlimited, and virtually uncontrolled industrial discharges threaten to destroy the ecosystem of many water bodies.
• The pulp and paper and chemical industries destroy all life in rivers and lakes.
• ill-considered construction of reservoirs and dams (especially on the Volga) lead to the almost complete disappearance of many species of fish.
• groundwater pollution.

Slide 14

Measures for the protection of water resources

• saving on production and at home
• waste water treatment;
• development of new technologies to ensure maximum utilization of industrial waste;
• stopping the discharge of untreated wastewater
• creation of water protection zones adjacent to water areas;
• planting trees and shrubs in the riverside strip.

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