The complement can be expressed by a noun. Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them. What type of syntactic connection is in the phrase more expensive gift in the sentence: I want to buy a more expensive gift

In a simple sentence, a distinction is made between direct and indirect objects. We will indicate how direct and indirect objects are expressed and how to distinguish them in a sentence.

One of the minor members of a sentence is an addition. Depending on the part of speech and the case form of the word, controlled by the predicate, expressed by a transitive or intransitive verb, we will indicate a direct or indirect object in the sentence.

The direct object denotes the immediate object of an action, a feeling, and is expressed in the accusative case without a preposition (write what? a letter).

Direct object depends on:

• transitive verb (write what? a letter, love what/who? homeland, sister);
• some adverbs expressing a feeling, a state (feel sorry for what/who? a bag, a girl; does it hurt? a hand).

The direct object can be expressed by the genitive case in the following cases:

• if there is a negation with transitive verbs (I don’t see what? bags, I don’t know what? rules);
• if the object after the transitive verb denotes an object that is only partially exposed to the action (Eat some cheese - not all, but part);
• if the object after a transitive verb denotes a large number of objects subject to action (to make mistakes).

There are direct objects in the form of the genitive case and with some adverbs (sorry about what? time, money).

Direct object denotes the object to which the action is directed, indicated by the predicate, expressed by a transitive verb.

For example:

Today I caught a fish (A.S. Pushkin).

Caught who? fish.

"Fish" is a direct object expressed by an animate noun in the accusative case. It is controlled by a transitive verb "caught" (catch who? What?), that is, the action designated by it passes to the object.

The direct object can also depend on words of the state category (predicative adverbs):

I feel sorry for (who?) the orphan girl Feklusha (N. Nekrasov).

I feel sorry for (what?) past joys and even sorry for past (what?) sufferings (N. Ogarev).

All other additions, expressed by the forms of the accusative case with a preposition (fall in love with a classmate) and other cases, with and without prepositions (call your brother, go to the doctor, cover yourself with a cloak, meet a friend, etc.), are called indirect.

Ways to Express Direct Object

Direct object is usually expressed:

1. a noun in the accusative case without a preposition:

• I’ll wash (what?) the bowl;
• fed (who?) the kitten;
• write (what?) a message;

2. a noun in the genitive case without a preposition:

a) the action is aimed at a part or an indefinite amount of an object:

• What shall I drink? water;
• shall we eat what? pancakes;
• cut off what? sausages;
• picked (what?) mushrooms;

b) with a negative predicate with the particle “not”:

• haven't seen the movie;
• did not hear the answer;

3. non-free phrase:

• bought (what?) a pair of gloves;
• bought (what?) a music center.

Indirect addition

The indirect object is so called because it is expressed by the forms of the indirect cases of nouns, pronouns without prepositions and with prepositions, including the accusative case form with a preposition.

Ways to Express Indirect Objects

1. Noun and pronoun in the form of indirect cases:

• We are fond of (what?) sports;
• you believe (in what?) in victory;
• go (what?) skiing;
• sympathized with (who?) a friend;
• reap (with what?) with a sickle;
• I’ll go (to whom?) to see him.

2. Indirect addition can also be expressed by words of other parts of speech and phrases:

• quantitative or collective numeral in case form;
• indefinite form of the verb (infinitive);
• an indivisible phrase;
• phraseological unit.

This number is divisible (by how much?) by four.

Let's add these brushes (to what?) to the five pencils.

Everyone began asking Natasha and Artem (about what?) to sing more.

The teacher told (who?) us (about whom?) about Mikhail Lomonosov.

Mom invited into the house (who?) a jack of all trades - Stepan.

A complement is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. They answer questions that coincide with questions of indirect cases.

Meaning. The meaning of an object is the most striking sign of a complement. However, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).

Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. A non-morphologized addition can be expressed by various parts of speech: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( Communion); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).

Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. However, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.

Syntactic connection. The main type of subordinating connection between an addition and the main word is control (less often, adjacency) or free attachment to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, i.e. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.

In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Complements can be semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.

Non-deterministic complements differ depending on which word in the sentence they refer to, i.e. what parts of speech control them.

1. The most common and widespread are verb complements, since many verbs name an action that presupposes a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a friend, tell about an incident, chop with an ax.

2.Adjective additions. They are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to control, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.

3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since an object can only be used with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from a qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the complement acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.

4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).

5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.

Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. A direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It can be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. In addition, the direct object can be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate - a transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.

There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect applies only to verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects can also occur with words of the state category ( I feel sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.

The addition expressed by the infinitive must be distinguished from the GHS part, i.e. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I ordered to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such complements are objective infinitives. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.

In the Russian language, all words that are part of sentences are either main members or secondary ones. The main ones constitute and indicate the subject being discussed in the statement and its action, and all other words in the construction are distributive. Among them, linguists distinguish definitions, circumstances and additions. Without minor members of the sentence, it would be impossible to talk about any event in detail without missing a single detail, and therefore the importance of these members of the sentence cannot be overestimated. This article will discuss the role of the complement in the Russian language.

Thanks to this member of the sentence, it is easy to construct a complete statement in which not only the action of the main character of the story will be indicated, but also the object with which this very action is connected will be highlighted. So, in order not to get confused, you should start analyzing this topic from the very beginning. After all, only by following consistency can you learn the great and powerful Russian language.

Definition

A complement is a minor member of a sentence that indicates an object that is the result of the action of the main person in the sentence or to which this action is directed. Can be expressed as follows:

1. A personal pronoun or noun used in indirect case forms. Can be used in a sentence with or without a preposition (I listen to music and think about him).
2. Any part of speech that performs the function of a noun (She glanced at the people who entered).
3. Often additions in Russian are expressed with an infinitive (Parents asked her to sing).
4. A free phraseological combination of a noun and a numeral, used in the genitive case (He opened six tabs.).
5. A connected and stable phraseological combination (He said not to hang your nose).

Function and addition issues

In Russian, the complement responds to cases, namely: “Whom?”, “To whom?”, “Whom?”, “About whom?”, “What?” “What?”, “What?”, “About what?” In a sentence, this minor member has an explanatory function and can refer to the following parts of speech:

1. To a verb used as a predicate (I am writing a letter).
2. To a noun as any member of a sentence (Hope for the father).
3. To a participle or adjective used as any member of a sentence (Weighing grain; strict to daughter).
4. To an adverb as any member of a sentence (Unbeknownst to you).

Types of add-ons

If a given member of a sentence depends on a verb, then it can be of two types:

1. Direct objects in Russian are used without prepositions and are expressed by transitive verbs in Such words denote an object to which, one way or another, the action of the main person relates. For example: I remember very well the day we met. If the predicate in a sentence is a transitive verb and is in the form of negation, then a direct object in the genitive case can be used with it without a preposition (But we can’t bring back the days of yore). In the case of impersonal predicative words in a sentence, the addition is also used in the form of the genitive case and without a preposition with the words “sorry” and “sorry” (And we feel sorry for something bright).
2. Indirect objects in Russian are expressed by words in the form of the accusative case, used together with prepositions, and in others without prepositions (She jumped up and began to peer out of the window with a restless look; his attempts to improve relations with his classmates were crowned with success).

Meanings of direct objects

Direct objects in Russian, used with verbs, can denote the following objects:

1. An item obtained as a result of the action (I will build a house in the village).
2. An object or person that is exposed to action (Father caught a fish and brought it home).
3. An object to which the feeling is directed (I love winter evenings and walks along a snowy street).
4. Object of development and knowledge (She knew foreign languages ​​and could communicate freely; she was interested in philosophy and foreign literature).
5. The space that is overcome by the main person (I will go around the entire globe, cross the cosmic distances).
6. Object of desire or thought (Now I remember it).

Meanings of indirect objects without prepositions

An indirect object in Russian, used without prepositions, can have the following meanings:

1. The relationship of the objects referred to in a phrase or sentence, namely the object to which the action is directed (Harvested).
2. Object of achievement or touch (Received his diploma today; he will be happy when he touches just her hand).
3. An object with which an action is performed (You can’t cut out what’s written on your heart with an ax).
4. A subject or state that complements the action (The bear he killed was very large; he should be sorry).

The meaning of indirect objects with prepositions

Indirect additions, which cannot be used in a context without prepositions, in a sentence can acquire the following shades of meaning:

1. The material from which this or that object is made (The house is built of stone).
2. The object that is affected (Waves splashing on the stone).
3. The person or thing that is the cause of the condition (The father was worried about his son).
4. An object to which thoughts and feelings are directed. (He talked about the benefits of his work.)
5. An object from which one is removed (He left his father's house at an early age.).
6. The person who participates in the main action (Upon arrival, the grandchildren surrounded the grandmother and kissed her for a long time.).

Addition as part of turnover

In the Russian language there are such concepts as active and passive phrases. In both cases, this is a special phrase, the construction of which includes the main and considered secondary members of the sentence.

A valid turnover is considered when the complement is the person to whom the action is directed, and the main member of the sentence is expressed by a transitive verb. For example: picked a bouquet, mowed the lawn.

Passive is a turn in which the basis is the subject being acted upon, and the complement indicates the main object of the statement. For example: the colonel was quickly picked up by the privates and sent to the infirmary.

How to find an addition in a sentence?

Questions of addition in Russian are very simple, and therefore, regardless of what part of speech a given member of a sentence is expressed, finding it in the context is not too difficult. To do this, you should follow the standard parsing scheme. First, highlight the grammatical basis, and then determine the connection of words in a sentence through the questions posed. First, from the subject and predicate to the secondary members, and then directly between the secondary members. In writing, each word, depending on which category it belongs to, is indicated by a special type of underlining. To complement this

Secondary members of a sentence are the basis of complete statements

Secondary members of a sentence are a fairly voluminous topic and contain many rules, but if you do not spend a sufficient amount of time studying it, you will not be able to master such a great science as the Russian language. Circumstance, addition and definition are those that will allow you to form a statement that reveals the entire meaning of the story. Without them, the language would lose all its charm. Therefore, it is very important to approach this topic with full responsibility in order to know how to correctly use this or that word in context.

1. Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which means item:

• the object to which the action applies;

  I am writing a letter; I listen to music.

• object - the addressee of the action;

  I am writing to a friend.

• object - an instrument or means of action;

  I write with a pen.

• the object to which the state applies;

  I'm upset.

• object of comparison, etc.

  Faster than me.

2. The supplement answers questions indirect cases:

• genitive case - whom? what?

  Choosing a profession.

• dative case - to whom? what?

  I am writing to a friend.

• accusative case - whom? What?

  I am writing a letter.

• instrumental case - by whom? how?

  I write with a pen.

• prepositional case - about whom? about what?

  I'm thinking about a friend.

3. The addition may refer to:

• predicate verb;

  I am writing a letter.

• the main or minor member expressed by a noun;

  Loss of a horse; hope for happiness.

• the main or minor member, expressed by an adjective or participle;

  Strict towards children; thinking about children.

• the main or minor member, expressed by an adverb.

  Unnoticed by others.

Ways to express complement

Notes

1) Combinations are a single member of a sentence - an addition in the same cases in which combinations - subjects are a single member (see paragraph 1.2).

2) The infinitive of a conjugated verb is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to a secondary member ( I asked him to leave), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave). For a detailed analysis of such cases, see paragraph 1.4.

3) Since questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, accusative and genitive cases can coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, use the technique discussed in paragraph 1.2: replace the form being checked with the word book(nominative case - book; genitive case - books; accusative case - book. For example: A good snowball will reap the harvest(cf.: A good book will make a book). Hence, snowball- nominative case; harvest- accusative case).

4. Based on the form of expression, there are two types of additions:

direct addition - accusative case form without preposition;

I'm writing(What?) letter; I wash(What?) linen; I'm listening(What?) music.

indirect addition - all other forms, including the accusative case with a preposition.

Struggle(for what?) for freedom; gave(to whom?) to me .

Notes

1) In negative sentences, the accusative case form of the direct object can change to the genitive case form (cf.: I wrote(What?) letter . - I didn't write (what?) letters). If the genitive case form of a complement is preserved both in affirmation and in negation, then such a complement is indirect (cf.: To me not enough (what?) money - I have enough(what?) money).

2) The object expressed by the infinitive does not have a case form ( I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.

Addition analysis plan

1. Specify the type of addition (direct - indirect).
2. Indicate what morphological form the addition is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I ask you to speak to the point(M. Gorky).

You- direct object expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Speak- an addition expressed by an infinitive. Affairs- an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The night did not bring coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).

Coolness- direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (if negated - didn't bring it ). Wed: The night brought(What?) coolness(V.p.).

§1.General concepts

The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis. They distribute the main and other minor members and contain components of meaning necessary for more detailed transmission of information. Let's compare:

The boy is eating.

(information is presented without details)

A little boy slowly eats soup.

(information presented in more detail thanks to minor members)

Minor members:

• addition,
• definition,
• circumstance.

§2. Addition

Addition- this is a minor member of a sentence that depends on the predicate (or other members of the sentence) and answers questions about indirect cases. For example:

I love (what?) ice cream.

(addition: ice cream)

How is addition expressed?

1. By a noun in indirect cases without a preposition or with prepositions:

We met Anna on the square. I gave her flowers.

2. In addition to nouns themselves, it is common to express additions with words in the function of a noun: adjectives and participles formed by a transition to another part of speech, for example: sick, in love, participating, meeting, etc.:

The old man looked at the young people with a smile.

3. With a numeral:

Ten is divided by two.

4. Both nouns and words in the function of nouns can be replaced by the corresponding pronouns:

The old man looked at them with a smile.

5. Verb:

The doctor advised him to walk a lot.

6. Syntactically indivisible phrases or stable lexical combinations (=phraseological units) can act as additions:

We read several books.

(several books- a syntactically indivisible phrase, one cannot say: We read books. Or: We read some)

We ate a pound of salt together.

(peck of salt- phraseological unit)

It is necessary to distinguish between direct and indirect addition.

Direct and indirect object

Direct object- this is an addition in the form of V.p. without pretext. It refers to a verb and is used after transitive verbs:

I wash my hands.

A direct object can also be in the form of R.p. if:

• denotes a part of an object, a certain quantity, for example, a little: drink water, eat soup;
• a transitive verb has a negation Not:did not build a new building, did not complete homework.

All other cases of complement are called indirect complement.

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Application

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can apply to words of different parts of speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and non-agreed definition

Agreed Definition- this is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.

(girl(which?) unhappy, ice cream(which?) chocolate, on the terrace(Which?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition can be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:

• management
• adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the nightstand.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book
(mom'sbook- this is an agreed definition, type of connection: agreement, and mom's book- uncoordinated, communication type - control)

Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift - a giftExpensive
(a more expensive gift- inconsistent definition, connection type - adjacency, and dear gift

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Wed: five-story center - five-story center
(five-story center- inconsistent definition, type of communication - control, and five-story center- agreed definition, type of communication - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair- inconsistent definition, type of communication - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus- noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French- adverb)

3) verb in an indefinite form:

She had a knack for listening.

(listen- verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of an adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her- possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.
Applications denote various characteristics of the subject, which are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.

A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, printed publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony- agreed application, words rivers And Sukhony stand in the same case.)

My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.

("Cinderella"- inconsistent application, words fairy tale And "Cinderella" stand in different cases

§4. Circumstance

Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of action or another sign. Usually the circumstance depends on the predicate.

Since the meanings of circumstances are varied, circumstances are classified by meaning. Each value has its own questions.

Categories of circumstances by meaning
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished by meaning.

1. Mode of action - how? how?: The children laughed loudly.
2. Measures and degrees - how? to what extent?: We are tired to the point of exhaustion.
3. Places - where? Where? where from?: Everyone around was dancing. He looked into the distance. Father returned from work.
4. Time - when? How long? since when? until when? What time?: We waited to see the doctor for about ten minutes.
5. Conditions - under what conditions?: If desired, everyone can learn better.
6. Reasons - why? why?: Masha missed classes due to illness. We didn't go into the forest because of the rain.
7. Goals - why? for what?: She came to Yalta on vacation.
8. Concessions - no matter what? in spite of what?: Despite the fatigue, the mother was cheerful.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs: fast, loud, fun;
2) nouns in the form of oblique cases with and without preposition: in the forest, by Tuesday, a week;
3) pronouns: in it, above it, under it;
4) gerunds and participial phrases: lying on the stove, you won’t find good luck;
5) indefinite form of the verb: I came to talk;
6) phraseological turn: he worked carelessly;
7) the circumstances of the course of action are expressed in comparative phrases: Quartz sand sparkled like February snow in the sun.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Are the minor members of the sentence included in the grammatical basis of the sentence?

2. Is it true that the minor members of a sentence spread the main and other minor members?

3. What minor members of a sentence are there in Russian?

   • predicate and circumstance
   • circumstance, definition and subject
   • addition, definition and circumstance

4. Can an addition be expressed by a numeral?

5. Is it true that an indirect object is an object in the form V.p. without an excuse?

6. What is the name of the definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent word is agreement?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

7. What is the definition in the sentence: This is dad's jacket.?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

8. What type of syntactic connection is in the phrase a more expensive gift in a sentence: I want to buy a more expensive gift.?

   • coordination
   • control
   • adjacency