Literary phraseological units and their meanings. Phraseologisms in Russian and their meaning in speech. Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms are called stable combinations of words, turns of speech such as: “beat the thumbs”, “hang your nose”, “ask a brainwasher” ... The turn of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not add up from the meanings of its constituent words. It works only as a whole, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms are winged expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.

Many phraseological units are easily replaced by one word:

headlong - quickly,

close at hand.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams - from the speech of the tailor has acquired a wider meaning - to decline.

To confuse - from the speech of railway workers it has passed into common use in the sense of confusing.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

Buckwheat beat - mess around

Henbane overeat - go berserk (applied to people who do stupid things

After rain on Thursday - never

Anika the warrior is a braggart, brave only in words, away from danger

Set a brain wash (bath) - lather your neck, head - strongly scold

White crow - a person who stands out sharply from the environment with certain qualities

Biryuk to live - to be gloomy, not to communicate with anyone

Throw down a glove - challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws gloves)

A wolf in sheep's clothing - evil people pretending to be kind, who hide under the mask of meekness

Soar in the clouds - blissfully dream, fantasize about what

The soul has gone to the heels - a man who has become cowardly, frightened

Don't feel sorry for your belly - donate your life

Hack on the nose - remember firmly

To make an elephant out of a fly - to turn a small fact into a whole event

On a silver platter - get what you want with honor, without much effort

On the edge of the earth - somewhere very far away

In the seventh heaven - to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss

You can’t see a single thing - it’s so dark that you can’t see the paths, paths

Rush headlong - act recklessly, with desperate determination

Eat a pound of salt - get to know each other well

Good riddance - go away, we can do without you

Roll up your sleeves - work hot, diligently

Phraseologisms with the word "WATER"

A storm in a teacup - big worries over an insignificant occasion

It is written with a pitchfork on the water - it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: "grandmother said in two"

Do not spill water - great friends, about strong friendship

Carry water in a sieve - waste time, do useless business Similarly: crush water in a mortar

He took water in his mouth - he is silent and does not want to answer

To carry water (on someone) - to burden with hard work, taking advantage of his complaisant nature

Bring to clean water - expose dark deeds, convict of lies

Get out of the water dry - go unpunished, without bad consequences

Money is like water - meaning the ease with which it is spent

Blowing into the water, getting burned in milk - being overly cautious, remembering past mistakes

As if he looked into the water - as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events

How he sank into the water - disappeared, without a trace, disappeared without a trace

As if lowered into water - sad, sad

Like water through your fingers - one who easily escapes persecution

Like two drops of water - very similar, indistinguishable

If you don’t know the ford, then don’t go into the water - a warning not to take hasty actions

Like a fish in water - feel confident, very well oriented, good at something,

Like water off a duck's back - nothing to a man

A lot of water has flown under the bridge since then - a lot of time has passed

Carry water in a sieve - waste time

The seventh water on jelly is a very distant relationship

Hide the ends in the water - hide the traces of the crime

Quieter than water, lower than grass - behave modestly, imperceptibly

Crush water in a mortar - do a useless thing.

Phraseologisms with the word "NOS"

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning in any way. The nose is the organ of smell, however, in stable phrases, the nose is associated primarily with the idea of ​​something small, short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Gingerbread Man to get within her reach, to get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always mean the organ of smell. He also has other meanings. Muttering under his breath - grumbling, grumbling, mumbling indistinctly.

Lead by the nose - this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading it by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through the ring located in the camel's nose. Here you already want it, you don’t want it - but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their temper more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill the promise, then they also say about him that he "leads by the nose."

Turn up your nose - unjustifiably proud of something, boast.

Hack on the nose - Hack on the nose means: remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this is not said without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Useless fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a commemorative plaque, a tag for records. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such boards with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches, cuts. These tags were called noses.

Nodding off - falling asleep.

Curious Varvara's nose was torn off at the market - do not interfere in your own business.

On the nose - so they say about something that is about to come.

Do not poke your nose into other people's business - in this way they want to show that a person is too, inappropriately curious, interferes in what he should not.

Nose to nose - on the contrary, close.

Keep your nose downwind - in the glorious days of the sailing fleet, movement by sea completely depended on the direction of the wind, on the weather. Calm, calm - and the sails nick, more like a rag. A contrary wind is blowing in the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but already about throwing all the anchors, that is, “anchoring” and removing all the sails so that the air current does not throw the ship ashore. In order to go to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The sailors' vocabulary associated with this received figurativeness and entered our literary language. Now "to keep your nose to the wind" - in a figurative sense, means to adapt to any circumstances. “Drop anchor”, “anchor”, - stop in motion, settle somewhere; “Sit by the sea and wait for the weather” - an inactive expectation of change; "In full sail" - to move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; Wishing a “fair wind” to someone means wishing him good luck.

Hang your nose or Hang your nose - if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him, they say that he seemed to “hang his nose”, and they can also add: “a fifth”. Quinta, translated from Latin, it means: "fifth". Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, so call the violin's first string in terms of tonality (the highest). While playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression "hang your nose on the fifth", improved in the circle of musicians, has entered the literature.

Stay with the nose - without what he expected.

Under the very nose - close.

Showing your nose - teasing someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving the others.

With a gulkin's nose - very little (a gulka is a dove, the beak of a dove is small).

Poke your nose into other people's affairs - be interested in other people's affairs.

To leave with a nose - the roots of the expression "to leave with a nose" are lost in the distant past. In ancient times, bribery was very common in Russia. Neither in institutions nor in court could a positive decision be achieved without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word "bribe". They were politely called "bringing" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the "nose", then one could be sure that the case would be favorably resolved. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or if the offering from the opposite side had already been accepted), the petitioner left with his “nose” on his way. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “go away with a nose” have come to mean “to fail, to fail, to lose, to stumble, having achieved nothing.

Wipe your nose - if you managed to surpass someone, then they say that they wiped his nose.

Bury your nose - immerse yourself completely in some kind of activity.

Full, drunk and nose in tobacco - means a satisfied and contented person with everything.

Phraseologisms with the word "MOUTH, LIPS"

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions in one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

You can’t take it in your mouth - they say if the food is cooked tasteless.

Guba is not a fool - they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.

Shutting someone's mouth means preventing them from speaking.

Porridge in the mouth - the person speaks indistinctly.

There was no poppy dew in the mouth, which means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.

The milk on the lips has not dried up - they say if they want to show that someone else is young and inexperienced.

To take water in your mouth is to shut up yourself.

Pout your lips - take offense.

Open your mouth - freeze in amazement before something that struck the imagination.

The mouth is full of trouble - they say, if there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.

A wide open mouth is a sign of surprise.

Phraseological units with the word "HAND"

To be at hand - to be available, to be in close proximity

Warm your hands - use the position

Hold in hands - do not give free rein, keep in strict obedience

Like a hand removed - quickly disappeared, passed

Wear on your hands - give a special location, attention, appreciate, pamper

Tirelessly - work hard

Tuck under the arm - accidentally be nearby

Get under a hot hand - run into a bad mood

The hand does not rise - it is in no way possible to perform an action due to an internal prohibition

Hand in hand - hand in hand, together, together

Hand washes hand - people connected by common interests protect each other

Hands do not reach - there is no strength and time to do something

Hands itch - about a great desire to do something

At hand - very close, very close

Grab with both hands - gladly agree with some proposal

Rake heat with the wrong hands - enjoy the fruits of someone else's work

Golden hands - about the one who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any work

Phraseologisms with the word "HEAD"

The wind in the head is an unreliable person.

It flew out of my head - I forgot.

My head is spinning - too many things to do, responsibilities, information.

Giving your head to cut off - promise.

Like snow on the head - unexpectedly.

To fool - to deceive, divert from the essence of the matter.

Do not take off your head - be responsible for your actions.

Examine from head to toe - everything, carefully, carefully.

Head over heels - risky.

They don’t pat on the head - they scold.

From a sick head to a healthy one - shift the blame onto another.

Upside down - vice versa.

To break one's head over a task is to think hard.

Breaking my head - very quickly.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units, one way or another connected with hearing. Harsh words act primarily on the ears. In many stable expressions, the word ears means rather than the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Keep your eyes open - a person is tensely waiting for danger. Vostry is the old form of the word acute.

Perk up your ears - listen carefully. The dog's ears are pointed and the dog's ears stick up when listening. This is where phraseology came from.

You can’t see how your ears are - they say about a person who will never get what he wants.

Immerse yourself in something up to your ears - they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in any occupation. You can also be deeply in debt - if there are a lot of debts.

Blushed to the ears - they say when a person is very embarrassed.

Hang your ears - so they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.

To listen with all ears means to listen carefully.

Listen with half an ear or listen with the corner of your ear - listen without much attention.

Ears wither - it is disgusting to listen to anything to the utmost.

Ears hurt - they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseologisms with the word "TOOTH"

With the word tooth in the Russian language, there are a fairly large number of set expressions. Among them, a group of phraseological units is noticeable, in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, a threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable states of a person.

To be in the teeth - to impose, to bother.

Armed to the teeth - they talk about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.

Speak teeth - divert attention.

Tooth for tooth - quarreling (a tendency to swear), unyielding, "how it comes around, it will respond."

A tooth does not fall on a tooth - they say if someone is cold from extreme cold or from trembling, excitement, fear.

To give a tooth - to mock, to ridicule someone.

There is a tooth - to drive, to cramp.

Show your teeth - mock.

Eat teeth - gain experience.

Scratch your teeth - talk nonsense, nothing.

On a tooth to try - to learn, to try directly.

Something is too tough for anyone - it is difficult to bite off, beyond the power, beyond the abilities.

There is nothing to put on the tooth - they say when there is nothing to eat.

Not in the tooth with a foot - absolutely nothing (not to know, not to understand, etc.).

Look someone in the mouth - find out everything about a person.

Raise on the teeth - mock.

Showing your teeth means demonstrating your evil nature, the desire to be at enmity, to threaten someone.

Put your teeth on the shelf - starve when there is no food left in the house.

Speak through teeth - barely open your mouth, reluctantly.

Grit your teeth - do not lose heart, do not despair, start the fight.

To sharpen or have a grudge against someone - to be spiteful, to seek to cause harm.

Phraseologisms with the word "CHEST, BACK"

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Stand up or stand with your chest for someone - rise to the defense, steadfastly defend.

To ride on someone's back - to achieve your goals, using someone in your own interests.

Bend your back - work, or bow.

Hump ​​your back - work.

Ride on someone's back - use someone for some of their own purposes.

Behind someone (to do something) - so that he does not see, does not know, secretly from someone.

Put your hands behind your back - cross them behind.

On your own back (to experience, to learn something) - from your own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, hardships that you yourself had to endure.

A knife in the back or a stab in the back is a treacherous, treacherous act, a blow.

Turn your back - leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with anyone.

Pave the way with your chest - to achieve a good position in life, achieves everything with hard work, overcomes all the difficulties that have fallen to him.

Hiding behind someone else's back - shifting your duties or responsibilities to someone.

To work without straightening your back is diligently, diligently, a lot and hard. They can praise an approximately working person.

Straighten your back - gain self-confidence, cheer up.

Show your back - leave, run away.

To stand behind someone's back - secretly, covertly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word "LANGUAGE"

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with it that the idea of ​​​​the ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of ​​speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

To run with your tongue out is very fast.

Keep your mouth shut - be silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.

Long tongue - they say if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.

Like a cow licked with her tongue - about something that quickly and disappeared without a trace.

Find a common language - reach mutual understanding.

To step on the tongue - to silence.

Hanging your tongue on your shoulder is very tired.

Get on the tongue - become the subject of gossip.

Bite your tongue - shut up, refrain from speaking.

Untie the tongue - encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.

To dissolve the tongue - without restraining oneself, losing control over oneself, to speak out, to say too much.

Pip on your tongue - an angry wish to an evil talker.

To pull the tongue - to say something that is not entirely appropriate for the situation.

To shorten the tongue - to silence someone, not to let insolence speak, superfluous.

Scratch your tongue (scratch your tongue) - talk in vain, chatter, idle talk.

Scratch tongues - gossip, slander.

The devil pulled the tongue - an unnecessary word breaks off the tongue.

Boneless tongue - they say if a person is talkative.

The tongue is tangled - you can not clearly say anything.

Tongue stuck to the larynx - suddenly shut up, stop talking.

Swallow the tongue - shut up, stop talking (about the reluctance to speak to anyone).

The language is well suspended - they talk about a person who speaks freely, fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word "LITTLE"

Nearly, almost

Small spool, but expensive - value is not determined by size

Mal mala is smaller - one is smaller than the other (about children)

The bird is small, but the nail is sharp - insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for its qualities

A small dog until old age is a puppy - a person of small stature always seems younger than his age, does not make a solid impression

You never know what - 1. anything, anything 2. not essential, not important 3. excitement, but suddenly ...

Little by little - slowly, little by little

Slowly - slowly

From young to old - all ages

Small (drink) - a little, a small portion

Play small - make a small bet (in games)

From an early age - from childhood

The smallest part is the smallest part of something.

The correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech a special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

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In our language, there are many catchphrases and expressions that we use almost daily. But whether we pronounce or write them correctly - often we don’t even think about it. And the meaning of some phraseological units sometimes does not at all coincide with our understanding of them, which leads to incorrect use in conversation.

We are in website collected the most popular catchphrases, which we either pronounce incorrectly, or do not understand correctly.

1. Breathe incense

One of the most frequently used phraseological units. But there are people who say "breathe well." And what is this "adjustment", no one knows. The expression "breathes its last" is applied to a thing that breaks down. For example, to clothes ready to tear or a barely moving car. Initially, this was said about a dying person.

In general, incense is an incense that is obtained from the resin of the incense tree. When burned, this resin emits a strong odor. Used in liturgical ceremonies.

2. At least a stake on your head

Most people pronounce "at least a stake on the head of a scratch", and this is completely wrong. Teshi is a form of the verb "to hew" or "to hew". For example, stakes are entertained: they are placed on a stump and chips are cut off from the lower part, layer by layer, so that the stake becomes sharp.
It means the expression equanimity, indifference or even stupidity of a person.

3. Kisey young lady

And not sour at all. Now the muslin young lady is a modest, shy girl. And in the 19th century (when phraseologism appeared), they talked like that about a stupid, poorly educated, narrow-minded girl. In general, muslin is a cape made of cotton, a transparent and light fabric like gauze.

4. The people are silent

With these words, the last scene of Alexander Pushkin's tragedy “Boris Godunov” ends, when one of the murderers of Godunov's widow and her son announces: “People! Maria Godunova and her son Theodore poisoned themselves with poison. We saw their dead bodies. (The people are silent in horror.) Why are you silent? Shout: long live Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich! (The people are silent.)".

This phrase is most often understood as an illustration of people's indifference to everything. But in fact, it means the uncomplaining obedience of the people to power, their lack of desire and courage to defend their interests and their readiness to accept any government and any decision.

5. Court and case

This phraseological unit came from legal proceedings. He pointed out that the consideration of the case in court could take a long time. The expression means a long process, when something drags on for a long time. Therefore, the use of the phrase "the essence and the matter," as they often say, is fundamentally wrong.

6. From the bay-floundering

This expression is written only with a hyphen. It is used when it is necessary to say that the work was done quickly and thoughtlessly. The phrase was formed from the verbs “thump” and “flounder” and, as it were, describes the situation when a person suddenly fell into the water and began to actively and randomly move in order to escape.

7. Cheese-pine forest flared up

The expression denotes the emergence of a conflict, a scandal. “Cheese” here is not a fermented milk product at all, but a short form of the adjective “raw”, “boron” is a pine forest, and all together it turns out “raw pine forest”.

There is an opinion that the popular expression “cheese-boron flared up” (correctly written with a hyphen) came from the proverb “Cheese-boron flared up because of a pine tree”: just as a fire can arise due to the smallest spark, so a scandal can flare up due to little things. Now you can hear different derivatives of this phraseological unit: “arrange fuss”, “start fuss”.

8. Knock down

This expression is often spelled incorrectly: "knock down a spantalik." "Pantalyk" means "sense", "meaning". And the phraseological unit itself is used in the case when someone was confused, confused. There is a version that the origin of the phrase is associated with the name of Mount Pantelik in Ancient Greece, inside which there was a whole labyrinth with many caves and grottoes, it was easy to get lost there.

9. Bend into three deaths

It is completely wrong to write the second part of this expression together. The word "death" comes from the verbs "to bend" or "to bend". They use phraseological units in relation to a person who is forced to take an uncomfortable position. There is a version that this catchphrase comes from the Middle Ages, when during torture people were bent and broken in different ways during interrogations.

10. Be silent like a fish / fight like a fish on ice

These are 2 completely different expressions. “Silence like a fish” means not talking, which is understandable in principle, because fish do not speak. But “beats like a fish on ice” they say about a person who is in need, but unsuccessfully tries to achieve something to improve his situation.

Examples of phraseological turns are often given when the speaker wants to emphasize the richness of the Russian language. The history of many stable verbal constructions goes back centuries. They are easily used in conversation by native speakers, but cause difficulties for foreigners. What do the most popular combinations mean?

Examples of phraseological turns with the word "nose"

Combinations in which this word is present, in most cases, are not related to the organ of smell. Vivid examples of phraseological phrases "with a nose" prove this.

"Lead by the nose." This verbal construction, meaning "to deceive", the Russian language was replenished thanks to the inhabitants of Central Asia. The foreigners did not understand why the little guys were able to drive camels. Children lead these animals with a rope without encountering resistance. Camels' obedience is due to the fact that the rope, which is used to control them, passes through the ring located in the nose. They did the same with the bulls to subdue them.

"Hang your nose." Examples of phraseological turns can be continued with this original construction, which implies despondency, sadness. The meaning of the phrase will become more understandable if you add to it the lost end “per fifth”. The violinists gave this name to the highest-pitched string of their musical instrument. The nose practically touches it while playing, as the violin is supported by the chin. At the same time, the musician's head bows, his shoulders drop, an illusion of sadness is created.

Phrases with "language"

More than one phraseological phrase is associated with the name of this organ of the human body. Examples of such constructions can be given for a long time, among the most famous phrases is “tongue without bones”. This characteristic is used in relation to a person who talks a lot without thinking about the consequences. The phrase was coined at a time when people were convinced that the tongue was devoid of bones. Consequently, the body is able to take various directions, among which are unnecessary ones.

Continuing the examples of phraseological turns, we can recall the expression "the tongue swallowed". This construction implies that the speaking person suddenly stops talking. The history of the phrase has not been established precisely, but its connection with one of the military tricks is assumed. The soldiers, being captured, literally swallowed their tongues so as not to dedicate opponents to important secrets under torture. The method was also considered as a means of suicide.

Phrases with "tooth"

This word contains many phraseological turns of the Russian language. Examples can begin with the popular phrase "tit for tat". This statement means that a person who decides to commit a crime should expect an appropriate punishment. For example, a knocked out tooth gives the victim the right to do the same with his own offender. The phrases “to have a tooth”, “to sharpen a tooth”, which indicate a delayed revenge, a hidden hostility, have a similar meaning.

There are also more peaceful "dental" phraseological turns. Examples and their meaning can be considered on the basis of the expression "know by heart." So say people who are convinced of their knowledge, freely orient themselves in the topic. The phrase settled in Russian thanks to the tradition of trying coins on the tooth in order to avoid counterfeiting. The same was done with jewelry.

“Show teeth” is a construction, the meaning of which is an open threat, a demonstration of hostility. The turnover appeared thanks to the animal world, predators warn in this way about an imminent attack.

Phrases with the word "money"

Money often becomes the main word with which phraseological units are built. Examples of such expressions should start with the famous one that “money does not smell”. This truth became known to people thanks to Vespasian, the ruler who reigned in Rome in ancient times. The emperor ordered his son to sniff the coins, who was indignant at the new tax on latrines. The descendant of the king was forced to state that money actually has no smell.

Even the absence of the word “money” does not prevent us from associating phraseological units with them. Examples of sentences: "goal like a falcon", "nothing for the soul." Ancient people believed that the soul is located in the human body, taking place in the region of the collarbone. It was next to this site that it was previously customary to keep a wallet with money. Consequently, “nothing for the soul” is said, wanting to emphasize the lack of financial resources.

Expressions with elements

Fire, water, air - thanks to the mention of the elements, more than one bright phraseological phrase was born, rooted in the language. When people say "by fire and sword" they describe a ruthless method of violence. The origin of the phrase is associated with the times when wars were fought with bladed weapons and arson. Often, the lands of enemies were set on fire, completely destroying them.

"Wind in the head" is a description applied to a frivolous person who lives one day. Ancient people believed that the head of a rational individual is a vessel that contains thoughts, while the head of a fool is empty, inside it is only the wind.

The characteristic “does not muddy the water” goes to a person who is credited with decency and modesty. Once upon a time, women washed clothes using river water. Benevolent mistresses, getting upstream, made efforts not to pollute the river, without interfering with the work of those below. Selfish ladies dipped their dirty hands into the water without worrying about their neighbors.

Phrases about work

The attitude of a person to work also often made it possible to invent a well-aimed phraseological phrase. It is easy to give examples with an explanation, it is enough to recall the expression “work carelessly”. This is how people talk about those who are careless in their work. The history of the phrase goes back to the time when the peasants in Russia wore long-sleeved shirts. Before work, they had to be rolled up so as not to interfere.

Speaking of a case that is constantly being postponed, it is customary to mention the “long box”. The Russian language owes this phraseological unit to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who had a box for petitions from the people. The petitions were studied by the boyars, who often detained them and lost them.

"Shabby appearance" is a statement that characterizes a person who wears dirty, rumpled clothes. It appeared thanks to Peter the Great, who entrusted the management of the weaving factory to Ivan Zatrapeznikov. The products manufactured by the factory were inexpensive coarse fabric.

"Orphan of Kazan" - an expression that arose during the time of Ivan the Terrible. Having captured Kazan, the ruler paid generous compensation to some of its inhabitants. However, they often abused the benefits, portrayed the poor, persistently asked for rewards. As a result, the phrase began to be used in relation to those who pretend to be beggars.

Knowing the origin of phraseological units helps to better understand the history of the country.

Augean stables

Rake first these Augean stables, and then you will go for a walk.

Meaning. A cluttered, polluted place where everything is in complete disarray.

Arshin swallow

It stands as if the arshin swallowed.

Meaning. Stay unnaturally straight.

henbane overeat

In Pushkin's "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish," an old man, indignant at the shameless greed of his old woman, angrily says to her: "What are you, a woman, overeating with henbane?"

Meaning. Act absurdly, viciously, like crazy.

Buridan's donkey

He rushes about, cannot decide on anything, like Buridan's donkey.

Meaning. An extremely indecisive person, hesitating in the choice between equivalent decisions.

Let's go back to our sheep

However, enough about this, let's get back to our sheep.

Meaning. A call to the speaker not to digress from the main topic; a statement that his digression from the topic of conversation is over.

Versta Kolomna

At such a verst of Kolomna as you, everyone will immediately pay attention.

Meaning. So they call a person of very tall stature, a tall man.

lead by the nose

The smartest man, more than once or twice led the enemy by the nose.

Meaning. To deceive, mislead, promise and not fulfill the promise.

Hair on end

Horror seized him: his eyes popped out, his hair stood on end.

Meaning. So they say when a person is very scared.

That's where the dog is buried!

Ah, that's it! Now it is clear where the dog is buried.

Meaning. That's the thing, that's the real reason.

Pour in the first number

For such deeds, of course, they should be poured on the first number!

Meaning. Severely punish, scold someone

rub glasses

Do not believe it, they rub glasses on you!

Meaning. To deceive someone by presenting the matter in a distorted, incorrect, but favorable light for the speaker.

Voice in the wilderness

Wasted labor, you won't convince them, your words are the voice of one crying in the wilderness.

Meaning. Denotes vain persuasion, calls that no one heeds.

Goal like a falcon

Who will say a kind word to me? After all, I'm an orphan. Goal like a falcon.

Meaning. Very poor, beggar.

Naked truth

This is the state of affairs, the naked truth without embellishment.

Meaning. Truth as it is, no bluff.

Woe onion

Do you know how to cook soup, onion woe.

Meaning. Idiot, unlucky person.

Two-faced Janus

She is deceitful, quirky and hypocritical, a real two-faced Janus.

Meaning. Two-faced, hypocritical person

In the bag

Well, everything, now you can sleep peacefully: it's in the bag.

Meaning. It's all right, everything ended well.

Money doesn't smell

He took this money and did not wince, the money does not smell.

Meaning. It is the availability of money that is important, not the source of its origin.

Keep in a black body

Don't let her sleep in bed By the light of the morning star Keep the lazy man in a black body And don't take the reins off her!

Meaning. Severely, strictly treat someone, forcing them to work hard; oppress someone.

Bring to white heat

Vile type, brings me to white heat.

Meaning. To piss off to the limit, to bring to madness.

smoke rocker

In the tavern, smoke stood like a yoke: songs, dances, screams, fights.

Meaning. Noise, noise, confusion, turmoil.

Egyptian executions

What kind of punishment is this, just Egyptian executions!

Meaning. Disasters that bring torment, heavy punishment.

Iron curtain

We live like behind an iron curtain, no one comes to us, and we don't visit anyone.

Meaning. Barriers, obstacles, complete political isolation of the country.

Yellow press

Where did you read all this? Do not trust the yellow press.

Meaning. Base, deceitful, greedy for cheap sensations press.

Alive Smoking Room

A. S. Pushkin wrote an epigram to the critic M. Kachenovsky, which began with the words: “How! Is Kurilka a journalist still alive? It ended with wise advice: “... How to extinguish a stinking splinter? How to kill my Smoking room? Give me advice. - "Yes ... spit on him."

Meaning. An exclamation at the mention of the ongoing activity of someone, his existence, despite difficult conditions.

Behind seven seals

Well, of course, because this is a secret for you with seven seals!

Meaning. Something beyond understanding.

Nick down

And cut it on your nose: you will not be able to deceive me!

Meaning. Remember firmly, firmly, once and for all.

Truth in wine

And next to the neighboring tables Sleepy lackeys stick out, And drunkards with rabbit eyes shout "In vino Veritas". Alexander Blok

Meaning. If you want to know exactly what a person thinks, treat him to wine.

It is not worth it

You shouldn't do it. The game is clearly not worth the candle.

Meaning. The effort you put in is not worth it.

To the hat analysis

Well, brother, you came late, to the most hat analysis!

Meaning. Be late, show up when it's all over.

Like chickens in cabbage soup (get in)

And he got with this case, like chickens in cabbage soup.

Meaning. Bad luck, unexpected misfortune.

King for a day

I would not trust their generous promises, which they distribute right and left: caliphs for an hour.

Meaning. About a man who happened to be endowed with power for a short time.

Scapegoat

I fear you will forever be their scapegoat.

Meaning. The defendant for someone else's guilt, for the mistakes of others, because the true culprit cannot be found or wants to evade responsibility.

Lazarus sing

Stop singing Lazarus, stop being ashamed.

Meaning. Begging, whining, exaggeratedly complaining about fate, trying to arouse the sympathy of others.

Climb on the rampage

He promised to be careful, but he deliberately climbs on the rampage!

Meaning. Do something risky, run into trouble, do something dangerous, doomed to failure in advance.

Disservice

The incessant praise from your lips is a real disservice.

Meaning. Unsolicited help, a service that does more harm than good.

Cast pearls before swine

In a letter to A. A. Bestuzhev (end of January 1825), A. S. Pushkin writes: “The first sign of an intelligent person is to know at first glance who you are dealing with, and not throw pearls in front of the Repetilovs and the like.”

Meaning. Wasting words talking to people who can't understand you.

You can't ride a goat

He looks down on everyone, you can’t drive up to him even on a crooked goat.

Meaning. He is completely unapproachable, it is not clear how to address him.

unlucky person

Nothing went right with him, and in general he was a good-for-nothing person.

Meaning. Frivolous, careless, dissolute.

Shelving

Now put it aside in a long box, and then completely forget.

Meaning. Give the case a long delay, delay its decision for a long time.

Retired goat drummer

I am now out of office - a retired goat drummer.

Meaning. No one needs, no one respected person.

Bring under the monastery

What have you done, what am I to do now, led me to the monastery, and nothing more.

Meaning. Put in a difficult, unpleasant situation, bring under punishment.

put a pig

Well, he has a vile character: he planted a pig and is satisfied!

Meaning. Secretly set up some filth, play a dirty trick.

Get into a bind

The small one got into such a bind that even the guards shout.

Meaning. Get into a difficult, dangerous or unpleasant situation.

Professor of sour cabbage soup

He is always teaching everyone. Me too, professor of sour cabbage soup!

Meaning. Unlucky, bad master.

Beluga roar

For three days in a row she roared like a beluga.

Meaning. Shout or cry loudly.

Breed antimony

All conversation is over. I have no time to raise antimony here with you.

Meaning. To chat, to carry on empty talk. Observe unnecessary ceremonies in a relationship.

The side of the bake

Why would I go to them? Nobody called me. It's called came - on the side of the bake!

Meaning. Everything accidental, extraneous, adhering to something from the outside; superfluous, unnecessary

Orphan Kazan

Why are you standing, rooted to the threshold, like an orphan from Kazan.

Meaning. So they say about a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone.

Grated roll

As a grated kalach, I can give you good advice.

Meaning. This is the name of an experienced person who is difficult to deceive.

Pip on your tongue

What are you saying, pip on your tongue!

Meaning. An expression of dissatisfaction with what was said, an unkind wish to someone who says something that is not what should be said.

Sharpen laces

Why are you sitting idle and whetting your hair?

Meaning. To idle talk, engage in useless chatter, gossip.

pull the gimp

Now they are gone, he will pull the rigmarole until we give up this idea ourselves.

Meaning. To procrastinate, to drag out any business, to speak monotonously and tediously.

Hit the face in the dirt

You don’t let me down, don’t lose face in front of the guests.

Meaning. Embarrass, shame.

In the middle of nowhere

What, go to him? Yes, this is in the middle of nowhere.

Meaning. Very far, somewhere in the wilderness.

fig leaf

She is a terrible pretender and lazy, hiding behind her imaginary illness, like a fig leaf.

Meaning. A plausible cover for unseemly deeds.

Filkin's letter

What kind of filkin's letter is this, can't you really state your thoughts?

Meaning. Ignorant, illiterate document.

Grab the stars from the sky

He is a man not without abilities, but there are not enough stars from heaven.

Meaning. Do not differ in talents and outstanding abilities.

Enough kondrashka

He was a heroic health, and suddenly kondrashka was enough.

Meaning. Someone suddenly died, was suddenly paralyzed.

Apple of discord

This trip is a real bone of contention, can't you give in, let him go.

Meaning. That which gives rise to conflict, serious contradictions.

Pandora's Box

Well, now hold on, Pandora's box has opened.

Meaning. All that can serve as a source of disaster if not careful.

Phrases in which we already habitually perceive words as a single definition, and not as separate units, and understand in the same sense, no matter who we are talking with, these are phraseological units.

Phraseologisms decorate our speech, making it figurative and more emotional. There are many of them, and perhaps even the most experienced linguist will not undertake to list them all. Therefore, we will focus on the brightest, which have already become, as they say, winged.

Unusual phraseological units in Russian: examples with explanation and origin

Unusual phraseological units in Russian:

Filkin's letter

• This name is given to any a document that is essentially not. This may be a fake or inappropriate certificate in this case, a note instead of an official paper with seals, something incorrectly composed and illiterate - in a word, everything that does not represent the true value of the document.
• The version of origin, according to which the authorship of this expression belongs to Ivan the Terrible, is also considered full-fledged. It was Filka that he contemptuously called Metropolitan Philip, who condemned the oprichnina, and each of his messages was a Filka letter.

Boil porridge, disentangle porridge

• These are two phraseological units denoting opposite concepts. The first is used when a person creates some kind of difficult problem for himself or others by his actions, the second - in the case when the problem is solved.
• The origin of these phrases is from the field of cooking. Previously, porridge was called cereal soup, which is essentially the first, liquid dish, which was both brewed and slurped with a spoon. In addition, there was a colloquial word "mess", denoting, again, a confusing problem and at the same time - the name of porridge.

Seven Fridays in a week

• So they say about a person who does not inspire confidence in others because of chronically changing plans, intentions, broken promises. Such inconsistency, as a rule, causes irritation, therefore phraseologism has rather a negative connotation.
• The one who violated the obligations, and became known as the person who has seven Fridays a week. Another version of the origin connects Friday with the consonant word "retreat", to deviate from this promise.

Not at ease

• It is used when it comes to a person who feels constrained in these circumstances, who is in an uncomfortable position.
• This phraseologism, according to philologists, came from an incorrect translation of the French word. This happened at the beginning of the 19th century, and at that time the educated part of the population objected to such a definition. But phraseologism has taken root in the Russian language, and today it is clear to everyone.

Sharashkin's office

• Phraseologism denoting some dishonest firm, organization, enterprise. This turnover of a negative connotation refers to colloquial.
• Its origin is still being debated, and linguists have not yet come to a consensus. The most accepted etymological basis is the word "sharash", referring to dialects and implying crooks. Thus, literally, the expression implies a certain enterprise organized by crooks.

Go recklessly

• The meaning of a phraseological unit is that we are talking about someone who without hesitation, he moves forward, almost at random, not knowing what awaits him on the next stage of the journey.
• It comes from the slang used by gamblers. They used the term "right game", knowing in advance that all the trump cards were in their hands and victory in the game was certain. As an antonym of this expression, the definition of “lost”, unknown, also arose.

Goosebumps ran

• It is used in the direct meaning of sensations similar to those when an ant ran lightly through the body. This may apply to a feeling of cold, fear, anxiety.
• Its origin has a direct analogy with the sensations experienced on oneself and noticed by people. And the fact that there are similar definitions in other Slavic languages ​​gives reason to assume that it appeared in the distant common Slavic past.

Stand as if rooted to the spot

• So they say about a man who practically froze in place as a result of any shock: shock, surprise, fear.
• The origin of the turnover comes from an old form of punishment, when a person was dug in for a crime. Naturally, he could not make a single movement. The punishment by entrenchment ceased under Peter I, and the memory of him was preserved in the form of a phraseological unit.

Cut into walnut

• Today we understand this expression as "merciless criticism". And before, its meaning was just the opposite.
• There is a turnover from the slang masters involved in carpentry. It was to create furniture from any tree so that it resembled walnut wood that was considered the highest craftsmanship, therefore the direct meaning of the phrase was that the work was done very well.

hang by a thread

• So they say when a person (or some business) is under threat. Versions of the origin of this turnover vary.
• Some believe that the expression came from a legend according to which Dionysius of Syracuse hung Damocles over his courtier a sharpened sword, which was held only with the help of a horsehair. Another version sees the usual use of the concept of "hair" as something fragile, which is easily torn.

Take rubbish out of the hut

• means to publicize something personal that concerns only close and dear people, discussion in the presence of others about what is happening in the family circle.
• Such a concept originates from ancient beliefs that indicated that it was in no case possible to sweep garbage out of the house onto the street, otherwise it could be used to harm the household. The rubbish had only to be thrown into the furnace to be burned to ashes.

bite the bit

• This phrase speaks of someone who stubbornly "oppresses" his line, sometimes even thereby harming himself. In this state, a person is no longer able to perceive any arguments, stubbornness comes to the fore.
• Of course, the etymology of the expression lies in the area associated with horses, riders, cabbies. It is customary to call the bits two iron links that are part of the harness and are laid in the horse's mouth. If the animal bites them, then it practically does not obey the rider, because it does not feel control.

Get it out of the ground

• Get what you need no matter what- this is how this phraseological unit is understood.
• There is an expression from those ancient times when the poor kept money and especially valuable things by burying them in the ground- the peasants did not have a more reliable place to protect them from rain or snow, as well as from theft.
• From here it was customary, demanding to pay a tax, a tax collector advised a peasant complaining of poverty to get hidden money from under the ground.

Ends in the water

• In this case, it is about concealment of traces of any misconduct or crime.
• The origin of this phraseological unit is attributed to the times of Ivan the Terrible and the oprichnina, when the scale of terror, executions and harsh repressions was such that it had to be hidden.
• To reduce the apparent number of executions at night a certain number of corpses of victims of the bloody policy of the king began to be thrown into the river. Until morning, the bodies were carried away by the current, and thus all the evidence testifying to the crime committed was literally "hidden" in the water.

Rare phraseological units in Russian: examples with explanation and origin

Rare phraseological units in Russian:

Cat in a bag

• So they say, wanting to emphasize that the item being purchased, a new thing, any product has an incomprehensible quality, which is not possible to verify.
• A similar phraseological unit is inherent in many languages, since it comes from the time of the birth of trade relations. People are mostly the same everywhere, and there are enough scammers in any country.
• It was they who tried to hand over the most ordinary cat to the gullible buyer instead of the promised hare, hiding it in a closed bag.

Erase to powder

• This is an example of a phraseological unit, which over time radically changed its meaning to the exact opposite. Now, pronouncing a similar expression, we understand it as massacre, destruction.
• Earlier, among merchants, especially well-known and reputable ones, there was a rule - they could provide their word of honor as a guarantee of payment. The name of the merchant and the amount that he promised to pay within the specified period were entered on the lintel.
• If the merchant for some reason did not pay, then the chalk with which the record was made was simply erased, turning into powder.

pull the gimp

• Very delay doing something, this is how each of us understands this expression today. When a person does something very slowly, he is usually told that he is "pulling the gimp."
• In fact, literally the rigmarole is thin wire made of gold, silver or copper, which was used for embroidery. In order to draw out such a long and thin wire thread, a lot of time was needed, since the work required care and accuracy. Hence the concept of stretching the rigmarole, as a leisurely activity, appeared.

Worse than bitter radish

• This is how we habitually respond to what we pretty boring and not enjoyable.
• And this comparison was born with a radish, which, as you know, has a bitter taste, in the days of ancient Russia. Then the radish was eaten almost daily, and, given that the days of fasting were more than two-thirds of the year, we can say that this vegetable was a regular dish on the tables, especially of the lower classes.
• So the radish bothered those who were forced to eat it constantly.

Tongue swallow

• Means stubbornly silent, despite any threats, persuasion or attempts to talk a person.
• The origin of this turnover also goes back to hoary antiquity, when most of the servants close to the person of the lord were chosen from among the deaf and dumb.
• In the event that the messenger was captured, so that he could not surrender under torture and tell the contents of the assignment, he was obliged to bite off his tongue and swallow it. The need for swallowing was due to the fact that the ancients believed that magicians could make the language itself speak with their witchcraft. Hence the literal concept of a swallowed language has turned into a stable phraseological unit.

Not by washing, so by skating

• An expression denoting the ability to achieve the desired by any means, often applying them in turn, if one “does not work”, does not give the desired result.
• This phraseological unit originated from the methods of washing in the old days, when linen not only “washed”, but “rolled”, using rubels - a kind of rolling pins with grooves. Thus, if the contamination was not removed with water, it was tried to be removed by rolling with a rubel.

After the rain on Thursday

• I.e, basically never- this is the meaning of the phrase.
• Its origin dates back to pagan times, when one of the most revered gods was Perun, throwing lightning, sending thunder and commanding rain and thunderstorms. It was Thursday that was considered the day of Perun, and if there was no long-awaited downpour on this day, then with such a phrase the ancient Slavs expressed their disappointment and secret hopes that the celestial would still have mercy on them.

Wash your hands

• Refuse responsibility, declare your innocence- this is the meaning of phraseology.
• In ancient times, there was a whole ritual, according to which the judge washed his hands before the start of the trial, thereby demonstrating his impartiality and non-partisanship.
• The same rite was often performed by those who acted as an accuser at the trial. In addition, the same action, according to the Gospel, was carried out by the procurator Pontius Pilate, agreeing that Jesus Christ be executed.

Augean stables

• Very difficult, laborious task which must be done at any cost.
• This image came from ancient Greek myths, one of whose heroes, Hercules, performed twelve labors.
• Cleaning out the unreasonably dirty stables belonging to a king named Augeas is an example of one of them. It began to denote the accomplishment of the almost impossible, being understandable to us today ..

Put under a cloth

• When we say this, we mean it, and the interlocutor understands that This is a case that has been adjourned for an unknown period.
• Cloth used to be placed on the table instead of a tablecloth. When an official worked at a table, putting a folder or separate paper under the cloth covering the surface of the desk, he thereby removed it away from his eyes and safely forgot.

Touch the inner core

• It implies the infliction of insult, irritation, emotional distress by a careless word or a topic that is unpleasant to the interlocutor, or about which he does not want to talk.
• There is an expression from ancient times, in which it was customary to put a brand on the body of a slave, burned out with red-hot iron. In addition to the fact that the cauterization process itself was very painful, an accidental touch on a wound that had not yet healed brought no less pain.

Scapegoat

• It means the person who someone's guilt is assigned, the victim is actually for nothing.
• The roots of the expression lie in biblical traditions, where, among various rites, the ritual of remission of sins is also described, when a sacred person laid his hand on the most ordinary goat. This gesture symbolized the transfer to the animal of the sins committed by man. After that, an innocent goat was expelled from the settlement into the desert distances.

Like water off a duck's back

• Phraseologism referring to someone who easily relates to problems, without worrying and not agonizing about how to solve them.
• This comparison came from the biological characteristics of geese, which have a lubricant on their plumage, thanks to which it does not get wet, and water flows off the wings of a bird without wetting them.

Not a penny for the soul

• This feature is often used in relation to poor, sometimes impoverished person.
• We all have a depression in our neck. Previously, this place was considered exactly where the human soul lives. In addition, medallions and bags with money, precious stones or metals, and securities were often hidden in it. If a person had nothing to hide in this dimple, then they said about him that there was absolutely nothing behind his soul.

The reins got under the tail

• A similar definition can be heard when it comes to about reckless acts that cause surprise in others.
• Initially, the reins were meant in the literal sense. If they fell under the horse's tail, the animal experienced pain, and in order to get rid of it, it jumped sharply, kicked, and became almost uncontrollable.

Teeth to speak

• We say this phrase when someone starts talking about subjects that are not related to the topic of conversation, trying to take him aside.
• And this expression appeared in those days when a toothache really spoke with conversations - healers did this, reading various conspiracies.

Roll up your sleeves, roll up your sleeves

• Both phraseological units denote a way of working. P The first is diligence and zeal in its implementation, the second is coolness and laziness.
• There has been a similar definition since the time when the sleeves of clothes were very long, sometimes much longer than the arms themselves. They hung down and interfered with work.
• Therefore, it was possible to perform any work only after these sleeves were rolled up, wrapped. If the work was performed with lowered, hanging sleeves, it was slow and inefficient.

Roll up - roll up sleeves

Winged phraseological units in Russian: examples with explanation and origin

Winged phraseological units in Russian:

Stay with your nose

• Such a figurative comparison means not get what you want, fail.
• The nose in this case does not mean part of the face, as we used to perceive this word. Previously, this was the name of an offering that was carried to an official to ask him for a necessary service, in fact, this is what we today call a bribe.
• If the official considered the "nose" too insignificant, he simply rejected it, thereby refusing the requester. Thus, he remained with his "nose", and the matter was not decided in his favor.

• That's what they say when in the absence of a person, they gossip about him, discuss, slander.
• Such an expression is connected with a long-standing idea of ​​\u200b\u200bghouls. The ancients believed that it could be a dead sinner, who was also cursed. Traditions said that in order to remove the curse, the bones of the deceased had to be taken out of the grave and washed in clean water. This eerie ritual has come down to us in the form of a phraseological unit.

Arshin swallow

• So they say about a person who is so upright that it looks unnatural.
• The concept of "arshin" came to us from the Turkish language and it means not only a measure of length, but also a wooden ruler, the length of which is more than 70 cm.
• Imagining a person inside whom there is a ruler of such a length, our ancestors began to apply a similar comparison to someone who is held in an exaggeratedly prim and arrogant manner.

Henbane ate too much

• They talk about a man whose behavior is inadequate, aggressive, unpredictable.
• This is also the literal meaning of the action on a person of a poisonous plant called henbane. Its seeds produce a narcotic effect on people, causing delirium, hallucinations, sometimes leading to death.

Versta Kolomna

• This is how they respond about a man of gigantic stature.
• This definition comes from the pillars that counted miles on the road to the village of Kolomenskoye, where Tsar Alexei Romanov went to his summer residence in the warm season. The pillars were of enormous height, which became the "measure" of growth for people.

lead by the nose

• Phraseologism means that a person is deceived for a long time, each time promising and not fulfilling his promise.
• This expression came from the atmosphere of noisy fairs and booths, during which they drove a bear, holding a ring that was threaded into the animal's nose. To make the bear walk more willingly, they showed him the bait, but did not give it.

• Means deliberate distortion of information in order to present it in a favorable light.
• The concept originates from the environment gamblers. "Points" in this case are the icons placed on playing cards, according to the number of the value of the card. There have always been cheaters, so they skillfully, right during the game, could either imperceptibly cover up the “point” or paste in an extra one, thereby changing the value of the card. This was called "rubbing" in the language of gamblers. Later, the term migrated into colloquial speech and became synonymous with scam.

Goal like a falcon

• Absolutely a beggar, not having a penny- such a value is embedded in this image.
• There are two versions of the origin of the expression. The first one is from the name of an old wall-beater, which was used to ram a stone or wooden wall. Such a falcon was smooth and even, in fact - naked.
• There is also a version that relates the origins of this phraseological unit to the similar-sounding word "sukol". This was the name of the stakes that propped up the falling fences, wattle fences. In this case, both the prop peg itself and the inhabitant of the house with a frail wattle fence were indeed “naked”. The first - literally, since it did not have a single knot, but a completely smooth surface, the second - figuratively.

Woe onion

• This is how they sometimes respond. about a man who is pursued by failures, about a fool.
• This figurative comparison came from the property of the onion to cause tears when peeling and slicing it. Since the chemical composition of tears caused by the caustic substances in onions is different from those produced naturally, they are more cloudy.
• And cloudy tears, as a rule, do not inspire confidence. That is why onion grief does not mean true misfortune, but rather troubles that do not lead to tragic consequences.

In the bag

• By saying this, we mean that some case or problem was resolved successfully.
• The most probable explanation for the appearance of such a phraseological unit is the order in which in Russia officials during court proceedings, in their own hats, received offerings and bribes to make a positive decision.
• That is how they could answer the question about the state of this or that case, and the parties to the process themselves could also call it, hoping that the gift put in the hat would decide the outcome of the case in their favor.

• Literally, this means strict and almost despotic treatment.
• This phrase comes from Turkic dialects. If we literally translate the concept - meat with no fat (this is how horses were fed), then we get the term black meat. It was he who gave birth to an analogue in Russian - a black body.

To white heat

• Means that a person so angry that he can no longer contain himself.
• This is a professional term used by blacksmiths who, when the metal is heated, sees it take on various shades as the temperature changes. White is the color characteristic of metal at the maximum allowable heating, a further increase in temperature already leads to melting. This is where the comparison comes from.

Nick down

• Encouragement to thoroughly memorize this or that information.
• And again, the old, long-forgotten meaning of the word "nose" became the basis for the appearance of such a phraseological unit. Here, the concept of wear acts as a basis.
• It was the nose that was called small wooden boards or sticks, which people who were not literate in ancient times kept at hand to make notches on them, designed to remember what needs to be done. This cross is the ancient expression that has come down to us "to chop on the nose."

It is not worth it

• This expression should be understood in the sense that the efforts spent on this or that business are not justified, there are too many of them, and the result is scanty.
• This phraseologism also appeared thanks to the slang of gamblers. Earlier in the evening, when long preferences took place, the room was lit with candles. In the case when small bets were made, the amount of winnings turned out to be so insignificant that it did not even pay off the cost of candles bought in order to light the room and table.

Sing Lazarus

• Seeking complaints evoke a feeling of compassion in others, whining.
• The expression is based on the motives of the gospel legends about the poor man Lazar, who, leading a beggarly existence, ended up in paradise after his death, unlike his rich brother. Previously, a song about this was often sung by beggars under temples. In this way they tried to pity the parishioners.
• But, given that both now and then, some of the beggars in reality were not, but were simply looking for an easy way to get money, then such feigned complaints about life and compassionate songs began to be called "singing Lazarus."

Climb on the rampage

• Consciously take risks, put yourself in danger- this is how this phraseological turn is understood.
• The word "rozhon" in ancient times referred to a sharp stake, with which they went hunting for a bear. It was used as a means to enrage a predator, and it was also put forward by hunters when the bear approached. Having run into this stake, the animal died. This analogy formed the basis of the phrase.

Bring under the monastery

• So they say when, through someone else's fault get into trouble and get punished.
• Linguists disagree about the origin of this turnover. Some believe that this is just a description of the hopeless situation in which a person found himself and from which he could be saved only in a monastery. Others see the basis for the appearance of the phrase in military tactics, according to which enemies were brought to the walls of monasteries, which were real fortresses. Another version is based on the fact that relatives of a woman who was subjected to domestic violence could apply for protection to the patriarch, who exiled the tyrant to a monastery, where he had to learn humility for six months.

put a pig

• The value of turnover is a person surreptitiously does something bad against another.
• The origin, according to most philologists, comes from the habits and customs of those peoples who, by faith, do not allow eating pork. Wishing to laugh at such a person, or with the intention of desecrating his religious views, they could slowly put pork on a plate under the guise of other meat. Thus, the pig, planted in food, became over time a phraseological turn.

Video: Phraseologisms and their meaning