DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES In English, as in Russian, ...
All medical business ideas are based on the improvement of existing methods of treatment, diagnosis; simplifying the lives of people in need of medical care.
To open a medical business, it is not necessary to have a specialized education and work experience in the specialty. But organizational skills, endurance, patience and initial capital (personal or attracted from outside) are necessary.
Selling drugs and syringes is far from the only (although also not bad) ideas in this niche. We have prepared 10 interesting unhackneyed options for starting your own business related to medicine. For each of them, examples of real implementation are given.
Medical Business Licensing
- Medical activities (with the exception of organizations of the Skolkovo Innovation Center), as well as the production and maintenance of medical equipment, are subject to mandatory licensing in accordance with Law No. 99-FZ of May 4, 2011 "On Licensing Certain Types of Activities".
- Each type of activity is licensed separately.
- The licensing procedure is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 291 dated April 16, 2012.
- Medical services can be provided both in the status of an individual entrepreneur (if this is a private medical office and the entrepreneur has a specialized education and the necessary experience), and a limited liability company can be established.
Is it worth talking about the relevance ...
Medicine is aimed at maintaining and preserving health - the most important resource in the life of any person. Services, as well as the production of medical equipment, are always in demand. The total volume of the medical services market in Russia in the last decade shows a pronounced growth dynamics, see the graph in Fig. one.
Rice. 1 Dynamics of demand for paid medical services in Russia
Source: RBC Market Research
Thus, since 2005, the total market volume in terms of money has grown from 224.8 billion rubles. up to 671.5 billion rubles. (in 2015). Moreover, its legal segment also grew from 28% (in 2005) to 56.2% (in 2015).
Medical hack: Few people know that in private clinics you can be treated for free - under the MHI (compulsory medical insurance) policy, and not just under the VHI (voluntary medical insurance) program or by paying out of your own pocket. Initially, you need to find out at the registry office whether the clinic is working on compulsory medical insurance. If yes, then you need to attach to it, and basic honey. services will be available free of charge. For example, to cure caries or remove a bad tooth.
More than 400 organizations work in Moscow under the MHI program. Whether a particular Moscow private clinic operates under the CHI program can be found on the website www.mgfoms.ru.
Medical business ideas with descriptions and examples of implementation
| What is |
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|---|---|---|
| Mobile app | Development of a mobile application that allows you to receive consultations from doctors and make an appointment |
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| Diagnostic equipment | Production of simplified analogues of existing diagnostic equipment |
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| Medical Center | Opening of a multidisciplinary medical center providing various medical services |
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| Production and/or development of plasters and dressings |
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| perinatal center | Opening of the reproductive medicine center |
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| Correction of bite | Manufacture and/or sale of aligners for bite correction |
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| Ultrasound diagnostics | Opening of a private ultrasound room |
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| Physiotherapy | Provision of services for conducting physical therapy classes |
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| Opening of an addiction treatment clinic |
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| Medical Mediation | Provision of services for the selection of specialists and clinics for treatment in Russia and abroad |
Health in a smartphone (mobile application)
The essence of the idea is to create a mobile application with which you can find a suitable doctor, consult, get recommendations, make an appointment, bypassing the registry and other bureaucratic obstacles.
At the end of 2016, the Yandex company took up the implementation of such an idea. She launched an experimental version of the Yandex.Health mobile application. With the help of the program (similar to the State Services portal for public clinics), you can make an appointment at a paid clinic, get advice from a pediatrician or therapist.
The application allows you to communicate with the doctor via video or chat. The first consultation costs 99 rubles, subsequent - 499 rubles. Of course, according to the law, through remote communication channels (without a personal appointment), a doctor cannot make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe medications, but he can name possible causes of ailment and give recommendations on how to take measures before visiting the clinic. Also, the application helps to decide which specialist should be contacted.
Watch the video interview with Grigory Bakunov, Head of Yandex.Health
Development and production of diagnostic equipment
Medical equipment designed to diagnose diseases is usually heavy, expensive and bulky. The essence of the idea is to simplify the existing methods of making a medical diagnosis by developing and producing analogues of existing equipment that are more convenient for both doctors and patients.
This idea was implemented by Russian engineer Ilya Svirin. He invented a compact convenient device for cardioanalysis - the ECG Dongle cardio flash drive instead of the bulky and inconvenient holter.
For reference: holter - a device for continuous daily ECG monitoring, which the patient must wear for 24 hours. Holter is a box to which wires are connected. Attaches to the body with special suction cups.
Ilya Svirin once felt unwell (a strange “squealing” in the heart) and went to a medical facility, where he was diagnosed with a holter. This was the impetus that gave impetus to Svirin's engineering brain. The halter is big and uncomfortable. And so the idea of developing a compact cardio flash drive was born.
The development took almost a year and 16 million rubles, 14 million of which were allocated by the Ministry of Education and Science in the form of a grant. So far, the device has not been certified, which means that, based on its testimony, the doctor does not have the right to diagnose and prescribe treatment, but Ilya plans to certify his invention.
The device is intended for those who monitor their health. The device is the size of a USB flash drive and weighs 9 g is attached to the body, connects to a smartphone. It takes from 0.5 to 10 minutes to analyze the work of the heart, the data is transferred to the cardio cloud. The main advantage of the invention is its compactness and ease of use.
The invention brought its creator a revenue of 60 million rubles in a year and a half and a contract in Africa.
Ilya Svirin says that health is something that is usually not saved on, which means it is a good business niche.
Multidisciplinary Medical Center
The essence of the idea is the organization of a medical center in which specialists of various profiles will work: urologist, gynecologist, therapist, cardiologist, ophthalmologist, ENT, surgeon.
As an example, let's take Clinic No. 1 in Lyublino, owned by former military surgeon Muslim Muslimov. He became the owner of his own clinic at the age of 30. How it was?
Muslim worked in a military hospital and noticed that patients were willing to pay for medical services. The problem for many was not lack of money, but lack of time to wait in line.
To find out how the private medical business works from the inside, Muslimov got a job as a deputy director in an existing clinic, brought with him trusted specialists. The secret to attracting patients is simple: holding free health days, where customers can see the quality of the services provided.
A couple of months later, the owner of the clinic invited Muslim to share with him. He borrowed money from friends and bought part of the business, and a year later, the entire clinic. For businessmen planning to open their own business in the field of medicine, he recommends studying at the Department of Health Organization.
In addition to good doctors, you will need a full-time technician in case of equipment breakdown and proven licensing specialists, since the equipment of each office and equipment requirements have a lot of nuances.
Plasters and dressings
With the development of nanotechnology, sticky patches that are very painful to tear off the skin, constantly slipping dressings and bandages are gradually becoming a thing of the past. They are being replaced by modern tools. The essence of the idea is in the production and / or sale of modern dressings.
The implementation of the idea in practice was carried out by Ivan Afanasov, a native of the Chemistry Department of Moscow State University. He invented the Chitopran biopolymer wound healing patch for wounds and burns, which promotes rapid healing. But the most important advantage of the patch is that it does not need to be removed: having done its job, it dissolves without a trace, leaving no traces.
For production, Afanasov and his colleagues created the Napoli company, which at the start received 15 million rubles from the venture investor RVC as a seed investment and 5 million rubles from the Biotekpharm company. During the first six months, the company's turnover reached 500 thousand rubles.
Afanasov plans to supply all Russian hospitals with his invention to replace obsolete materials - bandages and cotton wool.
Bite Correction Business
To correct an overbite, metal or ceramic braces are used. The smile of a person in braces, to put it mildly, is not very attractive. An alternative to this device are the increasingly popular aligners (caps). They are not too noticeable in the mouth and can be taken out during meals.
The essence of the idea is in the production and / or sale of aligners. The most interesting thing is that they can be printed on a 3D printer, taking into account the individual characteristics of the bite of each client.
Former bank clerk Vladimir Lutsenko tried to become a distributor for Align Technology Corporation, the market leader. However, he was refused. Then Lutsenko decided to organize his own production.
The first 3D printer was purchased by Vladimir for $120,000 and he also needed special software. Lutsenko opened his own clinic, after which he began selling aligners to third-party clinics.
The profitability of the business of the entrepreneur is about 60%, in 2015 the company received revenue of more than 26 million rubles, the profit amounted to 1.2 million rubles.
Now in Russia more than five enterprises produce mouthguards. Experts consider this direction the future of orthodontics.
perinatal center
Of course, financing such an idea is comparable to investing in opening your own bank. But, as the founder of the network of reproductive medicine clinics "Mother and Child" - the chief obstetrician of Moscow Mark Kurtser, assures, he did not invest his own money. The secret is that he is a master of his craft, and also knows how to make the right connections, attract the necessary investments. So it all depends on the desire, experience and business acumen.
He has been practicing medicine since his student days - even then he assisted in operations. At the age of 37, he became the chief physician of a large Moscow maternity hospital. His first business was the purchase of a small operating dental clinic, which soon had to be sold.
In the early 2000s, the construction of a perinatal center began, and in 2006 the first private maternity hospital in Moscow was opened. Now the network of clinics "Mother and Child" is one of the largest private medical companies in Russia.
Treatment for various addictions
The essence of the idea is the opening of a clinic, turning to which the patient can be cured of addiction: alcohol, nicotine, drug or other.
For example, in Algeria opened a clinic for the treatment of Internet addiction. The fact is that the country has a high unemployment rate and many young people have become so dependent on the World Wide Web, especially on social networks, that it is difficult for them to be distracted even by sleeping, eating or going to the toilet.
The clinic uses methods of physiotherapy, music therapy, and provides psychological assistance.
And in Russia, there are widespread clinics for helping drug addicts and alcoholics. Among other services of such clinics: calling a narcologist at home, withdrawal from hard drinking, quick sobering up and others.
Private ultrasound room
Patients of state polyclinics are well aware of the situation when they have to wait months for an ultrasound coupon. But for timely treatment, a quick diagnosis is required. A private ultrasound room can help in such a situation by paying for the procedure in which you can get the necessary diagnostics quickly, efficiently, at a convenient time.
How to implement such an idea in practice, we will tell by the example of a doctor - Irina Matveeva, who opened a private ultrasound diagnostics room in Naryan-Mar.
Irina dreamed of opening such an office for many years. In 2016, she applied for a grant competition. Her project turned out to be the most socially significant and economically justified. Irina won the competition and won a grant of 500 thousand rubles. In total, it took 4 million rubles. The rest of the money was invested from the family budget.
Matveeva purchased an expert-class ultrasound machine, equipped an office, and received a license to operate.
Watch the video: Irina Matveeva talks about her ultrasound room.
Physiotherapy
The idea is to open honey. an office specializing in physiotherapy exercises (LFK). You can learn to be an instructor and get the appropriate certificate at special courses. The cost of such training in Moscow is about 30-35 thousand rubles.
Alternatively, you can find a specialist who already has the appropriate certificate. Rent an office in a polyclinic, hospital, operating medical center.
Medical Mediation
Among the huge amount of information provided on the Internet, the press, advertising, it is difficult to find the right specialist or a reliable clinic for medical care. The essence of medical mediation is to find and provide clients with information on where to go for medical help in each specific case. Including abroad.
Such mediation is widespread in medical tourism. Medical tourism is travel not only for the purpose of recreation and experience, but also for the purpose of obtaining medical care.
There are intermediaries specializing in specific countries: Israel, Germany. There are those who provide services for the selection of clinics in accordance with certain diseases: cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory system.
Example: a similar service was organized by Roman Kononov. He founded the Recomed.ru service, with which you can get recommendations on choosing a clinic or specialist in 40 countries around the world. To do this, you need to fill out a form on the site. Moreover, clients do not pay anything for mediation, since the company concludes contracts directly with clinics.
Even 10 years ago, few people believed that private medical centers would not only be in demand, but would also bring good profits to their creators. However, the reality is that every year more and more people make a choice in favor of paid clinics. This means that this direction is not only profitable at the current time, but also has great prospects for income growth in the future.
The attractiveness of this type of business has led to high competition in the paid medical services market. Nevertheless, there are free niches in this market, and they can be successfully mastered. Naturally, people far from the field of medicine have doubts:
Is it worth it to enter this market without special education?
Initial investment amount to 8,089,038 rubles.
Break even achieved in 5 months.
Payback period ranges from 18 months.
2. Description of the business, product or service
Service list
An approximate list of services of the center of gynecology and women's health:
- scheduled preventive examination;
- treatment of diseases of the pelvic organs;
- treatment of infections and sexually transmitted diseases;
- planning and preparation for pregnancy;
- pregnancy management;
- colposcopy;
- all types of ultrasound;
- pill abortion;
- post-abortion follow-up.
Demand factors
Service and maintenance
When building the reputation of a medical center, the main task is to create trust among the client. The quality of service plays a special role in this. A good medical center is distinguished by the competence and courtesy of each of the employees, from the center administrator to the head physician. A person should already understand from the first call to the center that he is talking to professionals in their field.
Regardless of which area of medicine you choose as your main specialization, the cycle of services for the client should be closed. This means that in your center the patient can undergo all the necessary procedures from the initial visit to the diagnosis and subsequent treatment. At the same time, he does not need to turn to third-party medical organizations for additional services. Therefore, your center should offer not only specialist consultations, but also sampling, diagnostics and other procedures necessary for a complete examination of the patient.
Center opening hours
Working hours of the medical center: Monday - Friday from 08:00 to 20:00; Saturday - from 10:00 to 17:00; Sunday - by appointment only.
3. Description of the market
Potential client portrait
When forming a portrait of a potential client, the following criteria are taken into account: gender, age category, employment, lifestyle, marital status, presence of children. For a gynecology center, CA is described as follows: an active woman aged 23 to 45, working, having children, or planning to have them.
For multidisciplinary medical centers, the structure of the target audience is more complex. In any case, all potential clients of medical centers have one common factor that encourages them to opt for a paid medical institution: this is the reluctance to visit public clinics.
This factor can be explained by various reasons:
- Lack of free time due to high employment;
- Unprofessionalism of employees of public clinics;
- Low quality of service in public medical institutions;
- Inability to get an appointment with a specialist without a referral;
- A long queue when making an appointment, the inability to make an appointment by phone / Internet;
- Lengthy examination process;
- Other reasons.
A customer survey and further analysis of the main reasons for contacting customers will be useful for the formation of a company's work policy and main competitive advantages.
The policy of working with clients depends on the needs and expectations of your target audience.
Expectations of clients after applying to a paid medical institution:
- One hundred percent professionalism of the team of doctors - making the correct diagnosis;
- High level of service: high-quality and polite service from the stage of the first appointment to the discharge of the client;
- Speed of work: organization of all activities of a comprehensive examination in the shortest possible time;
- Convenience of the location of the center: availability of parking and public transport stops;
- Optimal cost of services, competitive prices.
Thanks to a clear list of client needs, you can determine the optimal appointment hours for specialists to better reach the target audience. It will be most convenient for your patients to visit the center after work, on weekends, or at lunchtime. Exceptions are highly qualified specialists with a full record for several days/weeks in advance. The hours of their reception depend on the individual schedule of the specialist.
Based on these findings, you can form an approximate grid of appointments for gynecologists in your medical center, provided that the center is open from 08:00 to 20:00
Management of pregnancy | Procedural |
analyzes |
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Monday | From 08-00 to 20:00 | From 08-00 to 20:00 |
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From 9-00 to 11-00 | day off | day off | From 08-00 to 20:00 | From 08-00 to 20:00 |
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day off | From 15:00 to 17:00 | From 12-00 to 14-00 | From 08-00 to 20:00 | From 08-00 to 20:00 |
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From 13:00 to 17:00 | day off | day off | From 08-00 to 20:00 | From 08-00 to 20:00 |
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From 11:00 to 14:00 | From 17:00 to 19:00 | From 17:00 to 20:00 | From 08-00 to 20:00 | From 08-00 to 20:00 |
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day off | From 15:00 to 17:00 | From 10-00 to 12-00 | From 10-00 to 17-00 | From 10-00 to 17-00 |
This diagram is an example. In any case, your center should have an on-call doctor to manage appointments even if there are no appointments.
In order for your medical center to stand out against the background of a highly competitive environment, it is necessary to take into account all the motivating factors of your target audience. Excellent service, a conscientious attitude to your work and a clear fulfillment of your obligations will allow you to increase the number of regular patients.
Medical center SWOT analysis
Strengths of the project | Weaknesses of projects |
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Project Opportunities | Project Threats |
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4. Sales and Marketing
Stimulating sales, increasing the loyalty of regular customers and other marketing moves will help your center not only recoup costs, but also bring profit to its owner.
Service sales
5. Production plan
First of all, you need to decide what the list of services of your center will consist of, and this is possible only after choosing the specialization of your center.
You can choose a specialization according to the following criteria:
- location (the center will be located next to a polyclinic in which this specialist is absent or there are many complaints about him);
- personnel policy (you can hire a doctor with good professional experience, many years of practice, as well as your own client base);
- personal experience (as a patient, you know and understand that this particular niche in your city is free or will be in constant demand).
The bulk of patients will come to doctors of a certain specialization chosen by you as the main direction, the rest of the specialists should competently supplement the list of services of your center. For example, in order to provide a full range of services under the Pregnancy Management program, you will need to introduce the services of a mammologist, endocrinologist, etc.
The second step after determining the specialization of your center for you will be the selection of premises.
When choosing a room, you can be guided by SanPin 2.1.3.2630-10, which describes in detail the requirements for the size of the room, layout and decoration.
For example, for a medical center that specializes in gynecology and women's health, you need to focus on the following area of \u200b\u200bthe room:
- hall and reception area -12 sq.m,
- wardrobe - 6 sq.m,
- bathroom - 8 sq.m,
- reception waiting area - 10-12 sq.m,
- examination room - 16-18 sq.m,
- ultrasonic research room - 20-22 sq.m,
- treatment room - 16-18 sq.m,
- staff room - 14-16 sq.m,
- sterilization room - 6 sq.m,
- storage room for cleaning equipment - 3 sq.m,
- director's office - 10 sq.m,
- chief doctor's office - 10 sq.m.
Summing up all the numbers, we get about 150 sq.m.
At the same time, you need to pay attention not only to the area and location, but also to the following criteria: the voltage of the electrical network (380 kW for the ultrasound machine), the presence of natural light. It is desirable that the premises be located in a non-residential building. If, nevertheless, the center will be located in a residential building, take this factor into account when purchasing equipment (for example, you will not be allowed to install X-ray or MRI in a residential building). Renting a room will cost you about 120,000 rubles per month.
The decoration of the premises should be carried out with environmentally friendly, fireproof and washable materials. For all materials used in the repair and decoration of the center, keep fire safety certificates. To obtain a license, you will need to obtain a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion for the premises, so take care to conclude an agreement with the laundry for washing the staff's overalls, as well as an agreement on deratting and disinfection of the center's premises. To issue a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion, you must contact the appropriate institution with an application for an inspection. At least 300,000 rubles must be allocated for the repair and decoration of the premises.
The premises have been selected, now it is necessary to determine the legal entity and the taxation system. For a medical center, it is better to choose the following organizational and legal form: LLC (limited liability company). OKVED code - 85.11.1 (Activities of general and specialized hospitals). In order to save time for the company registration procedure, it is better to use the services of a lawyer with experience and experience in the field of medicine. The preferred taxation regime is STS 15% "income minus expenses". However, when choosing a taxation system, pay attention to the expenditure side of your budget. If you own the health center premises, your costs may be relatively small. Therefore, you are better off paying the government 6% of the organization's gross income.
The next step is to recruit medical staff. You will have to conclude employment contracts with the chief doctor of the clinic and the chief accountant in advance, since their copies must be attached to the package of documents for obtaining a license. In addition, the chief physician of your center must decide on the equipment that must be available.
Next, you need to decide on the equipment and medical furniture. If you decide to purchase used equipment, keep the following in mind: you will need to present certificates and passports for each device when obtaining a license. It is better to purchase new equipment, because in this case your company will have a good discount on the purchase of consumables and medical instruments. Investment in equipment is the main part of the investment, which is approximately equal to 6 500 000 rubles.
When the above steps are completed, you need to move on to the most important thing - obtaining a license.
For this you will need the following documents:
- LLC Charter
- Order addressed to the General Director
- Order addressed to the chief accountant
- OGRN, GRN, TIN, statistics codes
- Extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities
- Payment order for the payment of state duty (2600 rubles)
- Sanitary and epidemiological conclusion
- Documents on the education of the chief physician and other specialists (diplomas, certificates, etc.)
- Employment contract concluded in the name of the head physician
- Rental agreement for premises or certificate of ownership
- List of material and technical equipment (list of equipment, maintenance contract, commissioning certificate)
- List of medical instruments
- List of medical furniture
- Inventory book in shape
- Certificates and registration certificates for equipment (autoclave, sterilizer, bactericidal lamp, tonometer).
After obtaining a license, you can open a center to receive the first patients.
6. Organizational structure
The organizational structure of the medical center can be represented in the form of this table. Next, we will look at each category in more detail.
Director
Responsible for the smooth operation of the center. Including responsibility for the risks associated with the work of the center in general and doctors in particular. Select this employee with all due diligence, because it is he who will be indicated in the license to carry out activities to provide medical services.
Working hours from Monday to Friday from 08:00 to 17:00. Saturday - from 10:00 to 14:00.
Salary - 50 000 rubles per month.
Deputy Director for Finance (Chief Accountant)
Controls the work of accounting, conducts inventories, carries out financial analytics of the enterprise.
Salary - 30 000 rubles per month.
Deputy Director for Technical Issues (Chief Physician)
It is desirable that this position be filled by the most qualified specialist in your clinic. With its impeccable reputation, it will create the status of your medical center. That is why continuous professional development, academic degree, as well as the organizational skills of the head physician are your competitive advantages. This specialist should also have a certain immunity when dealing with pharmaceutical companies, be able to lobby for the interests of patients. Thanks to the communication skills of the chief physician, your medical center can have maximum discounts on the latest drugs.
Working hours: on weekdays from 08:00 to 17:00.
Medical staff (doctors)
All specialists of your center must have a diploma of medical education, work experience of at least 3 years, excellent reviews from clients. For effective work, the doctors of your center need to constantly improve their skills, and you must provide them with all the necessary conditions in this matter: financial incentives, specialized literature.
Working hours: individual.
Salary - 40,000 rubles.
Paramedical personnel (nurses)
Since it is the nurse who interacts with the client the most, she must be competent, polite and tolerant towards each patient. Work experience and positive references from a previous job are mandatory conditions before concluding an employment contract. The number of paramedical personnel is determined on the basis of 1:2, where the first figure is the number of doctors in the center.
Schedule: 2 working days after 2 days off, working hours: from 08:00 to 20:00.
Salary - 25,000 rubles per month.
Junior medical staff (nurse)
Ensures cleanliness and order in all areas of the center.
Schedule: 2 working days after 2 days off. Opening hours - from 08:00 to 20:00.
Deputy Director for Technical Issues (Chief Engineer)
Equipment, lighting and other technical matters should be under the jurisdiction of one person. Of course, maintenance of specific medical equipment should be carried out by hired specialists. However, the control over the health of the equipment, the search for workers and the management of the troubleshooting process should be carried out by the chief engineer. In addition, minor malfunctions that do not require the intervention of specialists are solved by this employee independently.
The engineer's work schedule is on weekdays from 08:00 to 17:00.
Salary - 25,000 rubles.
Registry (administrators)
At the initial stage of opening the center, these employees have many responsibilities: taking calls, recording patients, informing doctors about appointments, meeting patients. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor their workload: if at the initial stage of work administrators can even replace the cashier, then when the center reaches its full capacity, all these duties should be shared by three employees: administrator, cashier, receptionist.
Administrator work schedule: 2 days off after 2 working days, working hours - from 08:00 to 20:00.
Salary - 18,000 rubles.
Cashier (cashier)
Acceptance of funds from patients on the basis of documents, accounting of funds and collection. Schedule: 2 working days after 2 days off. Opening hours - from 08:00 to 20:00.
Serious hotels, educational institutions, large office centers, high-risk gaming areas prefer (and most often are required by law) to have more or less “packed” medical rooms with a doctor who can provide first aid in its broadest sense. In places where such institutions are concentrated, it is quite rational for both these organizations and medical entrepreneurs to outsource a service that works for several closely located institutions at once.
In this case, it is possible to save both on medical personnel and on medicines and devices of medical rooms. So, each package of drugs can be split between several medical rooms. And devices of a non-urgent (not urgent) type can be in one copy in one of the rooms - and delivered, if necessary, to another room by a hotel or office courier, or even by the doctor himself.
In addition, with the constrained office capacity of the building, an outsourcing medical service without a medical room is possible - one is located, say, in one office building or university, and the doctor from it also serves the neighboring hotel.
Such a scheme is beneficial for institutions both by reducing direct costs for personnel and, most importantly, for medicines and equipment (this is exactly the kind of marketing that should be used by entrepreneurs of this type) - and the absence of these employees in the state and items on the balance sheet, despite the fact that the letter of the law regarding the availability of constant medical control in the institution is fully observed.
Ultrasound, sampling and home visits
The idea is by no means new, but so far it has been developed only in large private clinics focused on the premium segment of adults and children, and even then only in megacities (the average price in Kyiv for an ultrasound examination at home is 600 hryvnias).
Private entrepreneurs with a medical license, who will offer prices 1.5-2 or 3 times less, and also use the simplest direct marketing - delivering advertisements to mailboxes of at least the nearest sleeping area, as well as posting ads - without profit, I think, they will never will remain.
In addition to these types of home studies, paid home massages for postpartum lactostasis can be in special demand, in which it is extremely inconvenient for a nursing mother to leave the house. Other simple postnatal care at home for women and newborns will also be in demand.
It should also be taken into account that the smaller the city, the less likely it is (even if we are talking about the regional center) to have numerous large expensive clinics with such services. Middle-class citizens, however, are still there. This means that a startup from a small business can stake out a profitable business niche for itself for a long time - which over time can grow into a diversified uncompetitive medical enterprise.
It should be noted that the domestic small business in medicine noticeably neglects advertising and marketing research "in the field" (except, perhaps, non-traditional types of treatment and pharmaceutical trade). They usually act according to the method: "whoever wants to, he will find us." In fact, say, thousands of pregnant women would prefer to pay small three-figure sums for an ultrasound and clinical blood tests at home instead of visiting a clinic - however, no information about this possibility, even about expensive clinics, can be obtained anywhere (unless you specifically google this question) ). No one asks anyone about the possible demand and payment possibilities for such a service - and this is a clear business miscalculation of medical businessmen.
The simplest advertising in the case of the service of inexpensive private doctors at home should be no less active than that of the manufacturers-installers of metal-plastic windows and taxi services - at least for the psychological promotion of the service. Ordinary consumers must first acquire the following approach: paid home medical services are a common household medium-priced phenomenon, and not lordly habits.
Launch of innovative production
Medicine belongs to one of the most innovative branches of activity. Many doctors, and even medical students, have thousands of ideas for the simplest improvement in their practice. Some of them are quite affordable for opening mass production within a small business.
Offhand, here are five industrial and intellectual ideas for equipment and medical accessories that could be adequately and massively launched by entrepreneurial doctors with minimal start-up capital.
- A terminal (a simple low-power computer in an iron box) with a program that prompts the patient to choose from a large list of symptoms - his own symptoms - and compile a report from them in the form of a printout. Of course, the choice is grouped according to the systems and topographic zones of the body. You can sell such hard-n-software to sanatoriums, paid, and even state clinics - so that patients sitting in line, without wasting time, print out reports and go to the doctor with them. Yes, and without a queue, it would be more pleasant for many to provide a ready-made text in the doctor's office. After installation, the company may open business opportunities for paid repair of terminals and updating their programs.
- Smart packaging for pills containing a microchip with the ability to set an alarm clock-reminder. Also, the microchip can be configured as a beeper, to which a keychain emitter is attached, attached to the keys or to a permanent visible place - if such a package is lost inside the apartment or bag, the keychain can “force” the microchip to give a sound and / or light signal, which will help to find the medicine . It seems that such packaging would be in great demand even at a price of about 100 hryvnias.
- Ear cleaner with mini camera - a tight wire that has a mini camera (like a webcam) on one end and a hole for attaching a removable cotton swab, and the other end can have a USB port (cheap option) or a whole mini-camera screen (much more expensive). Using the device, cleaning your own ears in front of a computer screen (in a cheap version) will allow you to clearly see the content you want to delete. Actually, such home video probes can also be used for careful self-examination of other open body cavities.
- Multi-colored and decorated bandages, gauze bandages, plasters (including with fashionable images, in different styles). The innovative ideal here is dressings made of transparent non-synthetic fibers. By the way, although patches with pictures for babies have been sold in our pharmacies for a long time, the offer is very small and very expensive, and the demand for them can be huge if they become cheaper;
- An ultrasonic mini-disinfector, the size of a mobile phone (there are already analogues in the West; ultrasonic emitters themselves belong to the simplest production objects).
Exhibitions-fairs of medical equipment
Perhaps the most profitable type of organization of exhibitions and sales are fairs related to medicine. It is still promising to hold them for inexpensive equipment, outside megacities (where they are rare or absent) and small mini-fairs, for example, in residential areas.
It is especially necessary to invest here not only in the rental of premises, but also in very active, simple direct advertising both in specialized institutions and for individuals, at least in the nearest areas to the venue.
Vending of pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, medical equipment
The use on the streets and in the premises - especially in specialized institutions - for the resale of the specified type of product (not prohibited for sales outside pharmacies by the state) can become a fashion trend and bring serious profits. Of course, the price of the simplest drug in the machine will be at least twice the selling price of its pack.
In addition, it is possible to combine commodity vending with "water" - for example, a terminal for bottling water, into which the machine lowers a soluble "effervescent" medicine; machine for pouring medicinal teas, syrups into mini-vessels. Actually, even a simple "tablet" machine for complete customer focus should contain a small bottle of water in the assortment, along with a plastic glass or without it (tablets require drinking).
Pharmacy with a full range of showcases
A business idea that is impossible in any other business, except for the pharmaceutical trade, moreover, domestic (which is distinguished by over-the-counter dispensing of almost everything). The fact is that in all modern pharmacies, only the most expensive drugs are on display - and their cheaper counterparts with the same active ingredient and simply cheap drugs are hidden somewhere in storage containers and premises. Reasons for this:
- an attempt to sell, first of all, the most expensive (which, in fact, is a big marketing stupidity);
- the expectation that buyers do not understand the concept of "active substance" and would prefer to buy advertised and not very expensive panadol and nurofen, rather than Ukrainian or Russian very penny versions of the same paracetamol and ibuprofen. In fact, all smart young people know exactly what the INN of a drug is and what the INN of prescribed drugs are, many have read Dr. in the cheapest way ambroxol, loratadine, amoxacillin";
- the notion that hiding some of the drugs would prevent “curiosity addiction” (which in the age of the Internet is socio-psychological stupidity);
- extreme, excessive frugality of pharmacy chains in acquiring premises and primitiveness in window display placement - which, on the one hand, is a consequence of the first three factors in which pharmacies consider themselves not to need to place all goods on display windows - and on the other hand, becoming the fourth marketing stupidity: display space in most pharmacies, even theoretically, it is not enough to accommodate the entire range. And if there is still enough space, they are filled with dietary supplements, cosmetics, optics, mineral water - any "left" goods, or even leave gaping halls of 10 meters of empty width between the walls. But no one fills the visible sales space with the cheapest kind of ibuprofen at 2 hryvnia (25 cents) per blister and novocaine at 4 hryvnias (50 cents) for a large can.
So, a smart customer-oriented startup pharmacist will earn millions if he opens a pharmacy store (self-service or showcase counter) in which the cheapest types of each INN are on the shelves (showcases, counters) - and in general there are all the goods that you have on sale .
Next to the cheapest originals, of course, there may be more expensive generics of the same INN. For the most important active substances, you can select a couple of dozen racks, each of which will display all the many commercial versions of the preparations of a particular substance that you have purchased. And specifically to educate customers at the counter, you will indicate in large quantities the active substance of all these versions (and this will be a signal to visitors: here, unlike some pharmacies and doctors, they are not trying to cheat the buyer a little and sell the version of this substance that is more expensive).
And then the basis of the foundations of your profitability will be hypermass sales of the cheapest versions of drugs.
A huge number of people cannot resist buying a lot of medicinal substances and medical items for 1-10 hryvnias “just in case”, “until the price goes up”, “otherwise I won’t find such low prices next time” - in general, 50 hryvnias 100 at once - which no one will do with the current pharmacy display cases with a minimum price tag of 20 hryvnias and cheap drugs hidden in the depths of the pharmacy.
And soon the same pensioners will be drawn to your pharmacy from all over the city - because you will be known as a discounter, an unusually cheap, “anti-crisis” pharmacy, although you will only “light up” the goods available in the bins of each of your competitors.
Pharmacy with packaging according to daily norms
Most often, patients have to take several drugs daily for several days - and in half the cases, all or almost all of these substances are not liquid and soft, but solid, countable or crushable (tablets, capsules, dragees).
In this case, it is appropriate for an additional 8 hryvnia (dollar) or a little cheaper to offer the buyer to pack the daily norms of all medicines in separate mini-boxes or mini-bags, on which you beautifully put the dates indicated by the client in any way.
Boxes should be cheerful, attractive, "non-medical", of several types: strictly elite, feminine-glamorous, advanced youth, fabulously cartoonish - which is also important for secular people who are sick, sometimes not having the opportunity to leave this or that event for timely medication, and for children.
Inside the boxes / bags, quite already miniature (that way, a centimeter by a centimeter or a little more) sachets with a daily dose of certain tablets (share of tablets) in each are put. On these bags, of course, the name of the drug is written.
Naturally, this service is most convenient for implementation in an online pharmacy or in a regular pharmacy when pre-ordering by phone. But the most ordinary buyers should not be discounted either - many will agree to go to the pharmacy in ten minutes to pick up a medicinal product already packaged “by the day” in such nice packages.
Glamor inhaler
Another side idea for the event regulars, this time a production one. We create an elite, perfume-like opaque small body (empty) and on it - a beautiful, no less cosmetic spray nozzle. The latter should allow any inhalation preparation to be connected to it inside - so that the pharmaceutical appearance of the latter is hidden inside a spectacular case.
Pharmacy or medical room - salt room
Halotherapy - a therapeutic stay in salt caves or artificial speleological chambers - belongs to very fashionable trends. You will significantly increase the attendance of your pharmaceutical establishments or your medical offices (dental, say) and loyalty to your brand if you decorate the walls in the form of an imitation of a salt cave. Ideally - with more or less approximate maintenance of the appropriate microclimate - but you can limit yourself to purely external effects.
In the case of a pharmacy, it is appropriate to open a mini-cafe next to the salt trading floor, designed in a similar way. After all, it is obvious to any visitor that in order to achieve a positive effect, you need to breathe salt for a longer time, and advertising in your pharmacy of your neighboring salt cafe will tell you exactly how it is most convenient to sit longer in a salt environment. In turn, those who go directly to the cafe will be subtly and skillfully directed to the “related” pharmacy.
Laboratory on wheels with a stop in sleeping areas
the site has already offered many options for a business set up in a mini-van, stopping by for a week or two in the courtyards of sleeping areas or in villages and inviting - with advertising through loudspeakers and locally distributed printing - to urgently visit your mobile van establishment, “before you leave for another end of the city.
One of the options for such a car business is a laboratory for paid medical diagnostics, analyzes and / or an office for medical “analysis of analyzes” and general examinations. Paid laboratories and medical rooms on wheels can be not only general therapeutic (with an inevitable main bias in the KLA), but also narrow-profile: starting with the same dental and gynecological-prenatal ("women's consultation") auto-mini-clinics - and continuing with more rare in the domestic medical business with offices: otolaryngology, cardiology, endocrinology, and so on ad infinitum.
It seems that further clarifications and descriptions are unnecessary for real businessmen.
Pill dispenser toy
The business idea belongs to 18-year-old American student Amy Lowey - to use a transparent toy with a labyrinth inside, in which a ball usually flies, to give pills (capsules, granules) to children. Often children do not feel like eating scary, tasteless drugs - but with such entertainment, everything can change for the better for parents.
In fact, we are talking about selecting the most suitable product already on the market, changing its simple game “name” to “near-medical” - and selling it in pharmacies and supermarkets, as well as advertising it under this sauce.
Cast and bandage remover
If the previous invention was made by an 18-year-old girl, then the next one was made by an American girl half her age. Third-grader Alanna Meyers from Florida, having experimented with the substances available in her own bathroom, created a solvent liquid that quickly soaks bandages, bandages, gypsum and allows them to be removed without causing pain.
Moreover, Alanna has already opened her own production laboratory and successfully promotes the Pain Free Bandage Remover brand (painless bandage remover). In the photo - a young inventor-manufacturer against the background of the presentation of her product.
It seems that any domestic entrepreneur can invent and work out the formula of such a solvent in one hour. And it will be relatively easy to promote the distribution of your useful “liquid” in pharmacies and hospitals.
By the way, the site once offered to produce brightly colored gauze bandages. So, they can be so funny colorful bandages covering the cast. Another young American woman, Jessica Smith from Colorado, came up with the idea of releasing them.
Palm-mounted electronic thermometer
A child's temperature can be approximately estimated by touching the palm of his hand to his forehead - this is cute, and children get used to it. But many children do not want to keep the device under their arm or endure pressing something incomprehensible to their forehead.
From this came the Chinese inventor Dak Yang Kon - his thermometer has the shape of a horseshoe, clamped between the fingers of the palm. The far part of the shoe contains sensors and touches the baby's forehead together with the parent's palm. And the front part has a digital display.
In the next photo, the temperature is in Fahrenheit; don't be scared (98.5°F corresponds to 36.9°C).
Syringe with anesthetic
The development of the inventive guru Oliver Blackwell from Wales (UK) is a syringe with two reservoirs. In the first, a small 2-milliliter, located closer to the needle, a strong local anesthetic (pain reliever) is poured. The second tank is like all syringes. There are also two needles - one is microscopic, the thinnest, a little thicker than a hair, the second is ordinary. First, with a special pressure, a microscopic needle, which is practically not felt by the patient, delivers an anesthetic into the skin. After five to ten seconds, an ordinary needle with the active substance comes into action - and this injection is also almost imperceptible.
You can make money here both on a syringe - it is clear that it will be sold much more expensive than the price of its materials - and on an anesthetic that is exactly suitable for it.
Dental control button
An idea for three cents (production cost) - but it will be sold for three dollars like hot cakes. Button, batteries, loud bell - and that's it. The button is mounted on the dental chair at the patient’s arm (you can provide for a clothespin, clip, or even tie ribbons) - and if the person in the chair is especially hurt or bad, and it’s impossible to say anything with the instrument in his mouth, he calls to stop work .
Dentists throughout the country - and there are many thousands of them - and the offices of some other profiles, as well as many bedridden patients, will undoubtedly buy this “rescue button” from you.
Medabonment
Seattle, Washington-based startup Qliance made millions by offering a flat membership fee to all of its customers instead of partnering with health insurance companies to pay outpatients.
More specifically, a subscription costs between $44 and $84 per month, depending on age. And for each client, he provides for any options available in the clinic - including the most rare and non-urgent ones, such as vaccinations, and the most repeated ones, such as the treatment of non-threatening chronic diseases and the management of uncomplicated pregnancies.
In general, for his 1000 dollars a year (which corresponds to 84 dollars a month), a person has the right to be in the clinic at least daily and treat organ after organ - if he sees the point in this and has such a need.
It should be noted that in addition to thousands of individuals, many dozens (it seems, already hundreds) of corporations that previously paid for voluntary policies became clients of the first subscription clinic - but having suffered with insurance companies, they preferred to allocate a thousand dollars per person per year by subscription, being already confident that this money, without any new fuss, will definitely work for the benefit of the employee.
It seems that in Ukraine and other countries of Eastern Europe this idea is even more relevant than in the United States.
* Calculations use average data for Russia
500 000 ₽
Minimum starting capital
Up to 2 years
Payback
20%
Profitability
Many doctors who work in public institutions sooner or later think about the possibility of opening their own private office. Private medical practice is a relatively new phenomenon in our country. Although the opportunity to open their own offices has appeared not so long ago, more and more doctors are entering private practice.
What do you need to open a medical office?
If previously obtaining various permits was associated with various problems (mainly of a bureaucratic nature), now the procedure for issuing them has been significantly simplified. However, to open a private medical office, considerable investments are required, and not all doctors who want to work for themselves are ready for this.
This type of business has another, very significant drawback: with relatively large investments, the payback period for a private office is at least two years. Not all doctors have the opportunity to wait that long. However, the increase in the number of private offices suggests that such a medical practice can still be a profitable venture, especially in the long term. Sooner or later, any specialist working in a foreign company reaches the "ceiling". In the case of your own business, the options for development are practically unlimited.
So, let's consider in more detail the procedure for opening a private medical office. First of all, you need to choose a suitable room for its location. Well, if such a room will be in your property. Someone even uses their house or apartment (or a separate part of it) for an office. However, in order to open an office in an apartment, it must be transferred to a non-residential fund. It goes without saying that this apartment should be located on the ground floor of an apartment building. To transfer it to a non-residential fund, you will need to obtain the consent of all the residents of your house. In principle, the process of collecting signatures is not difficult. But, firstly, it takes too much time (you will have to go around the apartments more than once to catch all the owners of the house), and, secondly, it is likely that some tenants simply will not agree to put their signatures (especially those whose apartments adjacent to yours).
Another option is to rent a separate office (preferably one that matches your specialty) in a medical facility - more convenient, and in some cases much more profitable. In this case, you will have much less problems with various inspection bodies. In addition, you will have to spend less on advertising, because your potential customers will come to you themselves. Especially this option is convenient for dental offices. But experts advise pediatricians to look for a separate room. Many parents come to the children's polyclinic solely to obtain the necessary certificates and do not want to visit it again because of fears that the child may become infected there from other children.
To rent an office in a medical institution, it is necessary to conclude a lease agreement with the DIZO of the city administration. This will take about four to five weeks. When drawing up documents, it is recommended to indicate the exact schedule of your work: days and times, otherwise you will pay rent for 24 hours a day, and this may result in a round sum.
How to register a medical office
To run your own private practice, you need to register as an individual entrepreneur. This can be done independently or you can turn to the services of numerous intermediary firms. As an economic activity code (OKVED), you will need to select "medical practice" (85.1). It will take no more than a week to complete the documents. As a result, the regional Federal Tax Service will issue you a certificate of registration. Choose the tax regime that suits you in advance.
The fact is that if you do not apply for the choice of tax regime, then by default you will work according to the general regime, which is completely unprofitable. You can go broke on taxes and paying for an accountant. For medical practice, the simplified taxation system is suitable, which is a special type of tax regime for small businesses with a simpler accounting system. Article 346.20 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the following tax rates for a single tax:
6% if income is taxed;
15% if the object of taxation is income minus expenses. From January 1, 2009, differentiated tax rates ranging from 5 to 15% depending on the categories of taxpayers may be established in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
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The second option is less convenient, since in this case it is necessary to keep a complex record of all expenses. Unfortunately, not all expenses can be documented - with the help of checks and receipts. Please note: an application for the simplified tax system must be submitted simultaneously with the registration of an individual entrepreneur. After receiving the certificate, you will also need to register with the Pension Fund as an entrepreneur and register with the Regional Statistics Committee.
What permits are needed to open a medical office
You will need a special license to practice medicine. You can deal with its design as soon as you have a lease agreement in your hands. The exact list of required documents for obtaining a license can be found in the licensing department of the regional Ministry of Health.
It may include the following documents:
an application for a prescribed form of license,
copies of certified and bound constituent documents with the seals of the license applicant (for a legal entity),
a copy of the certificate of making an entry about legal entities in the Unified Register of State Legal Entities,
a copy of the certificate of state registration of the license applicant as an individual entrepreneur,
a copy of the certificate of registration of the license applicant for tax registration with the tax authorities,
a copy of the conclusion of Sanepidnadzor on the compliance of the work performed and the services provided with sanitary rules,
copies of all documents that confirm the qualifications of an individual entrepreneur or employees of a legal entity,
receipts for the payment of license fees for consideration by the licensing authorities of an application for a license,
power of attorney for the right to represent the interests of the license applicant (with the participation of intermediaries).
In addition, you will need to submit documents for the premises (document of ownership or lease agreement), documents that confirm the existence of organizational and technical conditions, as well as logistical equipment (equipment, tools, vehicles, etc.), documents confirming the availability and maintenance of fire protection equipment (fire extinguishing and fire alarm), documents confirming the presence in your staff of employees with at least five years of experience (for legal entities), documents confirming the presence of a secondary or higher medical education and at least two years of work experience in the licensed activity (for individual entrepreneurs), documents that confirm the fact of advanced training at least once every five years for employees of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs operating in the field of medicine.
The exact list of required documents depends on many factors, including the availability of special equipment, the specifics of your activity, etc.
In practice, the most difficult thing from this list is to get the conclusion of Sanepidnadzor. Getting this conclusion on your own takes a lot of time and effort. Therefore, experts advise to turn to the services of intermediary firms. In this case, the conclusion will cost more, but the difference in price is compensated by the saved time and nerves. The services of intermediary firms will cost from 7 thousand rubles (checking all documents submitted for obtaining a license) and from 35 thousand rubles for issuing the license itself. The license will have to be obtained every five years.
Ready-made ideas for your business
In addition to the license itself, the execution of which takes the most time, you will need to purchase and register with the tax “Income and Expenses Accounting Book”, “Strict Accounting Forms Accounting Book”, the strict reporting forms themselves, the “Campular Audit Book”, keep various journals, including a fire safety magazine, etc.
When you start working, you will have to regularly make mandatory contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and the Medical Insurance Fund (the amount of payments depends on the size of the minimum wage). Keep in mind that if you plan to hire employees, then you will also have to pay contributions to the Pension Fund, Health Insurance Fund, Social Insurance Fund
How to choose a place for a medical office
So, the main issues that you will have to solve when opening your own medical office are choosing its location, obtaining the necessary documents and licenses, and promoting your services. When choosing a place, experts advise to carefully analyze the situation with competitors.
Moreover, since people usually approach the choice of a doctor very responsibly, when analyzing the level of competition, it is not necessary to take into account only the area where you plan to open an office. Of course, you should not open a third dental office on the same street, but clients are ready to go to the other end of the city to a good, trustworthy specialist. On the other hand, experienced entrepreneurs recommend renting office space in a residential area with new buildings and cottages. The more expensive and “luxurious” housing in the area, the better.
Among other things, you will also have to deal with accounting and management, reception of visitors and promotion. It will not be easy to deal with all this alone. It is desirable that from the very beginning you have at least one assistant, albeit without a medical education, but with good organizational and entrepreneurial skills, who will deal with administrative problems.
The opening of a private medical office will require from 500 thousand rubles. The exact amount depends on your specialty, the need to purchase (and cost) of special equipment, the number of employees and other factors. The payback period of such a business is from two years.
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How to start your own medical business? Even 10-20 years ago, people were distrustful of private property. Today, having weighed the pros and cons, patients are increasingly turning to the services of "private traders". And since there is a "demand", then why not make a "supply". Let's take a step-by-step look at the entire process of opening a private practice from the birth of an idea to the admission of patients.
First step: Choice of direction of work
Choose in which area of medicine you can work, taking into account your specialized education. Also calculate how much financial costs will require the opening of your office.
Second step: Registration of a doctor as an individual entrepreneur or creation of a legal entity
First you need to decide in which your business will exist. When registering an FLP, a doctor has the right to hire other doctors only if he has the highest qualification category and only in his specialty. To register a FLP, the registrar at the place of residence must submit:
- a completed registration card for the state registration of FLP;
- a copy of the identification code;
If all documents are filled out correctly, within 2 days you will be registered as an individual entrepreneur, you will be issued an Extract from the Unified State Register.
To register a legal entity, you must submit:
- a completed registration card for state registration of a legal entity;
- a sample decision of the founders on the creation of a legal entity;
- two samples of the constituent document of a legal entity;
- a copy of the receipt of payment of the registration fee.
Registration of a legal entity takes 3 working days from the date of submission of documents.
Step three: Finding the right room
The requirements for the premises are determined by the State Building Regulations. When looking for a space, there are many factors to consider. In particular, hospitals, ambulance substations, bacteriological laboratories and pharmacy warehouses cannot be placed in residential and public buildings. However, it is allowed to place antenatal clinics, dental clinics, offices of general practitioners in residential and public buildings.
Step four: Recruitment
It is equally important to find qualified specialists. Persons who have a medical education and meet qualification requirements can engage in medical activities.
Step five: Purchase of equipment, medicines
It is impossible to carry out the practice of treatment without the material and technical base. The office, center or hospital must be equipped with medical devices according to the equipment tables.
Step six: Obtaining the conclusion of the sanitary and epidemiological service
The conclusion that the premises meet the sanitary standards for the implementation of medical practice is issued at the place of provision of services.
Step seven: Obtaining a license to practice medicine
The most troublesome stage, but the most important. You can only practice medicine if you have a license. To obtain a license to the Ministry of Health, the applicant must submit:
- an application for a license;
- a description of the documents that are attached to the application;
- information about the material and technical base of the business entity.
- information on the availability of regulatory legal acts, including on standardization issues
- personnel information;
