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This lesson is devoted to the generalization and systematization of knowledge on the topic “Classes of inorganic substances.” The teacher will tell you how you can get a substance of another class from substances of one class. The acquired knowledge and skills will be useful for drawing up reaction equations along chains of transformations.
During chemical reactions, a chemical element does not disappear; atoms are transferred from one substance to another. The atoms of a chemical element are, as it were, transferred from a simple substance to a more complex one, and vice versa. Thus, so-called genetic series arise, starting with a simple substance - a metal or non-metal - and ending with a salt.
Let me remind you that salts contain metals and acidic residues. So, the genetic series of a metal may look like this:
From a metal, as a result of the reaction of a compound with oxygen, a basic oxide can be obtained, a basic oxide, when interacting with water, gives a base (only if this base is an alkali), a salt can be obtained from a base as a result of an exchange reaction with an acid, salt or acidic oxide.
Please note that this genetic series is only suitable for metals whose hydroxides are alkalis.
Let us write down the reaction equations corresponding to the transformations of lithium in its genetic series:
Li → Li 2 O → LiOH → Li 2 SO 4
As you know, metals, when interacting with oxygen, usually form oxides. When oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, lithium forms lithium oxide:
4Li + O 2 = 2Li 2 O
Lithium oxide, interacting with water, forms lithium hydroxide - a water-soluble base (alkali):
Li 2 O + H 2 O = 2LiOH
Lithium sulfate can be obtained from lithium in several ways, for example, as a result of a neutralization reaction with sulfuric acid:
2. Chemical information network ().
Homework
1. p. 130-131 No. 2.4 from a workbook in chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.
2. p.204 No. 2, 4 from the textbook P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, M.M. Shalashova "Chemistry: 8th grade", 2013
Repetition. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds
Introduction
The topic of this lesson is “Repetition. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds". You will repeat how all inorganic substances are divided, and conclude how another class can be obtained from one class of inorganic compounds. Based on the information received, you will learn what the genetic connection of such classes is, the two main ways of such connections.
Topic: Introduction
Lesson: Repetition. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds
Chemistry is the science of substances, their properties and transformations into each other.
Rice. 1. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds
All inorganic substances can be divided into:
Simple substances
Complex substances.
Simple substances are divided into:
Metals
Nonmetals
Complex substances can be divided into:
Grounds
Acids
Salt. See Fig.1.
These are binary compounds consisting of two elements, one of which is oxygen in the -2 oxidation state. Fig.2.
For example, calcium oxide: Ca +2 O -2, phosphorus oxide (V) P 2 O 5., nitrogen oxide (IV) -« Fox's tail"
Rice. 2. Oxides
Are divided into:
Basic
Acidic
Basic oxides correspond grounds.
Acidic oxides correspond acids.
Salts consist of metal cations And acid residue anions.
Rice. 3. Pathways of genetic connections between substances
Thus: from one class of inorganic compounds another class can be obtained.
Therefore, everything classes of inorganic substances are interrelated.
Class Relationship inorganic compounds are often called genetic. Fig.3.
Genesis in Greek means "origin". Those. a genetic connection shows the relationship between the transformation of substances and their origin from a single substance.
There are two main ways of genetic connections between substances. One of them begins with a metal, the other with a non-metal.
Genetic series of metal shows:
Metal → Basic oxide → Salt → Base → New salt.
Genetic series of a nonmetal reflects the following transformations:
Non-metal → Acidic oxide → Acid → Salt.
For any genetic series, reaction equations can be written that show transformation of one substance into another.
First, you need to determine which class of inorganic compounds each substance of the genetic series belongs to.
Think about it how to get the substance after the arrow from the substance before the arrow.
Example No. 1. Genetic series of metal.
The series begins with the simple metal substance copper. To make the first transition, you need to burn copper in an oxygen atmosphere.
2Cu +O 2 →2CuO
Second transition: you need to get the salt CuCl 2. It is formed by hydrochloric acid HCl, because salts of hydrochloric acid are called chlorides.
CuO +2 HCl → CuCl 2 + H 2 O
Third step: to obtain an insoluble base, you need to add alkali to the soluble salt.
CuCl 2 + 2NaOH → Cu(OH) 2 ↓ + 2NaCl
To convert copper(II) hydroxide into copper(II) sulfate, add sulfuric acid H2SO4 to it.
Cu(OH) 2 ↓ + H 2 SO 4 → CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O
Example No. 2. Genetic series of a nonmetal.
The series begins with a simple substance, the nonmetal carbon. To accomplish the first transition, carbon must be burned in an oxygen atmosphere.
C + O 2 → CO 2
If you add water to an acidic oxide, you get an acid called carbonic acid.
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
To obtain the salt of carbonic acid - calcium carbonate, you need to add a calcium compound to the acid, for example calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2.
H 2 CO 3 + Ca (OH) 2 → CaCO 3 + 2H 2 O
The composition of any genetic series includes substances of various classes of inorganic compounds.
But these substances necessarily contain the same element. Knowing the chemical properties of classes of compounds, it is possible to select reaction equations with which these transformations can be carried out. These transformations are also used in production to select the most rational methods for obtaining certain substances.
You repeated how all inorganic substances are divided, and concluded how another class of inorganic compounds can be obtained from one class. Based on the information received, we learned what the genetic connection of such classes is, the two main ways of such connections .
1. Rudzitis G.E. Inorganic and organic chemistry. 8th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic level / G. E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman.M.: Enlightenment. 2011 176 p.: ill.
2. Popel P.P. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook for general education institutions / P.P. Popel, L.S. Krivlya. -K.: IC “Academy”, 2008.-240 p.: ill.
3. Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry. 9th grade. Textbook. Publisher: Bustard: 2001. 224s.
1. No. 10-a, 10z (p. 112) Rudzitis G.E. Inorganic and organic chemistry. 8th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic level / G. E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman.M.: Enlightenment. 2011, 176 pp.: ill.
2. How to obtain calcium sulfate from calcium oxide in two ways?
3. Make a genetic series for producing barium sulfate from sulfur. Write the reaction equations.
HELP TOMORROW NEEDED) 8TH GRADE CHEMISTRY, 1) Make a genetic series of sulfur using the scheme: non-metal ----> acidicoxide -> acid → salt.
2) . Compose molecular and, where this is the case, ionic reaction equations according to the scheme: Na2O->NaOH->NaCl
Na2O->NaOH->Na2SO4
Indicate the type of each reaction.
3) Complete the sentence: “Aqueous solutions dissociate into...
please help me with somethingOption #1
Part A. Test tasks with a choice of one correct answer
1. (2 points). A series that presents the formulas of substances for each of the four classes of inorganic compounds:
A. CuO, CO2, H2SO4, FeS B. HNO3, H2S, Al2O3, CuCl2 C. P2O5, NaOH, HCl, Na2CO3
2. (2 points). In the genetic series CuSO4→X→CuO
Substance X is a substance with the formula: A. CuOH B. Cu(OH)2 C. CuCl2
3. (2 points). Formula of hydroxide corresponding to sulfur(VI) oxide:
A. H2S B. H2SO3 C. H2SO4
4. (2 points). A genetic series is a series whose diagram is:
A. Cu(OH)2→CuO→ Cu B. FeSO4→Fe(OH)2→ H2O C. SO3→H2SO4→H2
5. (2 points). Copper(II) hydroxide can be obtained by the interaction of substances whose formulas are: A. Cu and H2O B. CuO and H2O C. CuCl2 and NaOH
6. (2 points). A couple of formulas for substances that interact with each other:
A. Ca(OH)2 and CuO B. HCl and Hg C. H2SO4 and MgO
7. (2 points). Potassium hydroxide reacts:
A. with copper(II) hydroxide B. with carbon monoxide (IV) C. with calcium oxide
8. (2 points). In the transformation scheme CaO→X Ca(OH)2 →Y CaCl2
substances X and Y have the formulas:
A. X – H2O, Y – HCl B. X – H2, Y – HNO3 C. X – O2, Y - HCl
9. (2 points). In the genetic series E→E2O→EON→E2SO4 Element E is:
A. Lithium B. Calcium C. Sulfur
10. (2 points). A series of formulas of compounds in which each of them reacts with water under normal conditions:
A. CO2, SO2, SiO2 B. BaO, P2O5, Li2O C. K2O, CaO, CuO
Part B. Free-response questions
11. (8 points). Make up the genetic series of barium using the necessary formulas of substances: Ba(OH)2, H2SO4, CO2, Ba, MgO, BaSO4, BaO
12. (8 points). Write molecular and, where this is the case, ionic reaction equations according to the scheme: P→P2O5→H3PO4→Na3PO4
13. (6 points) Complete the reaction equations:
? + 2HCl→? + ? +CO2
14. (4 points). Write down the formulas of substances A and B that were missed in the genetic series: CuSO4→A→B→Cu
1/ (2 points) A series in which the formulas of substances of each of the four classes of inorganic compounds are presented:
P2O5, H2SO4, H2SO3, NaOH
SO2, H2SiO3, MgSO4, CuO
CO2, H2S, K2SO3, KOH
2/ (2 points) In the genetic series
Li Li2O X LiCl
substance X is a substance with the formula
A) Li B) LiOH C) HCl
3) (2 points) Formula of hydroxide corresponding to phosphorus (V) oxide:
A) HPO2 B) H3PO3 C) H3PO4
4) (2 points) A genetic series is a series whose diagram
A) SO3 H2SO4 CaSO4
B) ZnCl2 Zn(OH)2 H2O
C) Al AlCl3 AgCl
5) (2 points) Copper (II) chloride can be obtained by the interaction of substances whose formulas are:
A) Cu + HCl B) CuO + HCl C) CuOH + HCl
6) (2 points) A pair of formulas for substances that interact with each other:
A) Ag + HCl B) SO2 + NaOH C) CuO + NaOH
7) Hydrochloric acid reacts:
A) with magnesium B) with sulfur oxide (IV) C) with silver
8) (2 points) In the transformation scheme:
P P2O5 H3PO4
substances X and Y have the formulas:
A) X – H2O, Y – HCl B) X – O2, Y – H2 C) X – O2, Y – H2O
(2 points) In the genetic series
E E2O5 H3EO4 Na3EO4
element E is:
A) potassium B) sulfur C) phosphorus
10) (2 points) A series of formulas of compounds in which each of them reacts with water under normal conditions:
A) CO2, Li2O, SO3 B) CuO, P2O5, CaO C) BaO, FeO, ZnO
Part B. free-response task
(8 points) Make up the genetic series of barium using the necessary formulas of substances: H2O, SO2, Fe2O3, S, CaCO3, H2SO3, K2SO3
(8 points) Write molecular and, where this is the case, ionic reaction equations according to the scheme:
Ba BaO Ba(OH)2 BaSO4
Indicate the types of reactions by the number and composition of starting materials and reaction products.
(6 points) Complete the reaction equations:
Fe(OH)3 + NaOH = ? +
(4 points) Write down the formulas of substances A and B that were missed in the genetic series:
Li A B Li3PO4
(4 points) Complete the reaction equation
N2 + ?= N2O3
A genetic connection between substances is a connection that is based on their mutual transformations; it reflects the unity of origin of substances, in other words, genesis.
Having knowledge about the classes of simple substances, we can distinguish two genetic series:
1) Genetic series of metals
2) Genetic series of non-metals.
The genetic series of metals reveals the interconnectedness of substances of different classes, which are based on the same metal.
The genetic series of metals comes in two types.
1. Genetic series of metals to which alkali corresponds as a hydroxide. Such a series can be represented by a similar chain of transformations:
metal → basic oxide → base (alkali) → salt
Take for example the genetic series of calcium:
Ca → CaO → Ca(OH) 2 → Ca 3 (PO 4) 2.
2. Genetic series of metals that correspond to insoluble bases. There are more genetic connections in this series, because it more fully reflects the idea of direct and reverse transformations (mutual). Such a series can be represented by another chain of transformations:
metal → basic oxide → salt → base → basic oxide → metal.
Let's take for example the genetic series of copper:
Cu → CuO → CuCl 2 → Cu (OH) 2 → CuO → Cu.
The genetic series of nonmetals reveals the relationship of substances of different classes, which are based on the same nonmetal.
Let's highlight two more varieties.
1. The genetic series of nonmetals, to which a soluble acid corresponds as a hydroxide, can be depicted as the following line of transformations:
non-metal → acidic oxide → acid → salt.
Take for example the genetic series of phosphorus:
P → P 2 O 5 → H 3 PO 4 → Ca 3 (PO 4) 2.
2. The genetic series of nonmetals, which correspond to an insoluble acid, can be represented by the next chain of transformations:
non-metal → acid oxide → salt → acid → acid oxide → non-metal.
Since of the acids we have considered, only silicic acid is insoluble, let’s look at the genetic series of silicon as an example:
Si → SiO 2 → Na 2 SiO 3 → H 2 SiO 3 → H 2 SiO 3 → SiO 2 → Si.
So, let's summarize and highlight the most basic information.
The integrity and diversity of chemical substances is most clearly depicted in the genetic connection of substances, which is revealed in genetic series. Let's look at the most important features of genetic series:
Genetic series are a group of organic compounds that have an equal number of carbon atoms in the molecule, differing in functional groups.
A genetic connection is a more general concept, in contrast to a genetic series, which, although quite striking, is at the same time a particular manifestation of this connection, which can occur during any two-way transformations of substances.
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This lesson is devoted to the generalization and systematization of knowledge on the topic “Classes of inorganic substances.” The teacher will tell you how you can get a substance of another class from substances of one class. The acquired knowledge and skills will be useful for drawing up reaction equations along chains of transformations.
Topic: Summarizing the material covered
Lesson: Genetic relationships between classes of inorganic substances
1. Genetic series of metal
From substances of one class it is possible to obtain substances of another class. Such a relationship, reflecting the origin of substances, is called genetic (from the Greek “genesis” - origin). Let us consider the essence of genetic connections between classes of inorganic substances.
During chemical reactions, a chemical element does not disappear; atoms are transferred from one substance to another. The atoms of a chemical element are, as it were, transferred from a simple substance to a more complex one, and vice versa. Thus, so-called genetic series arise, starting with a simple substance - a metal or non-metal - and ending with a salt.
Let me remind you that salts contain metals and acidic residues. So, the genetic series of a metal may look like this:
From a metal, as a result of the reaction of a compound with oxygen, a basic oxide can be obtained, a basic oxide, when interacting with water, gives a base (only if this base is an alkali), a salt can be obtained from a base as a result of an exchange reaction with an acid, salt or acidic oxide.
Please note that this genetic series is only suitable for metals whose hydroxides are alkalis.
Let us write down the reaction equations corresponding to the transformations of lithium in its genetic series:
Li → Li2O → LiOH→ Li2SO4
As you know, metals, when interacting with oxygen, usually form oxides. When oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, lithium forms lithium oxide:
4Li + O2 = 2Li2O
Lithium oxide, interacting with water, forms lithium hydroxide - a water-soluble base (alkali):
Li2O + H2O = 2LiOH
Lithium sulfate can be obtained from lithium in several ways, for example, as a result of a neutralization reaction with sulfuric acid:
2LiOH + H2SO4 = Li2SO4 + 2H2O
2. Genetic series of non-metal
Let us now compose the genetic series of a nonmetal:
The nonmetal forms an acidic oxide. An acid oxide reacts with water to form an acid. An acid can be converted into a salt by reacting with a metal, base, salt, or basic oxide.
As an example, consider the successive transformations of sulfur:
S → SO2 → H2SO3 → K2SO3
To obtain sulfur(IV) oxide, you need to carry out the combustion reaction of sulfur in oxygen:
When sulfur(IV) oxide is dissolved in water, sulfurous acid is formed:
SO2 + H2O = H2SO3
Potassium sulfite from sulfurous acid can be obtained, for example, by reaction with the main oxide - potassium oxide:
K2O + H2SO3 = K2SO3 + H2O
Another way to obtain potassium sulfite from sulfurous acid is a neutralization reaction with potassium hydroxide:
2KOH + H2SO3 = K2SO3 + 2H2O
3. Reactions between representatives of two genetic series
The genetic relationship between classes of inorganic substances is shown in Fig. 1.
Rice. 1. Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic substances
In the above diagram, pairs of arrows directed towards each other show which reagents need to be taken to obtain salt.
For example, a salt is formed by the interaction of a metal and a non-metal, a basic oxide and an acid, a metal and an acid, etc.
Let us remember that reactions between representatives of different genetic series are characteristic. Substances from the same genetic series, as a rule, do not interact.
1. Collection of problems and exercises in chemistry: 8th grade: for textbooks. P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. 8th grade” / P. A. Orzhekovsky, N. A. Titov, F. F. Hegele. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2006. (p.123-126)
2. Ushakova O. V. Workbook on chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O. V. Ushakova, P. I. Bespalov, P. A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006. (p.130-133)
3. Chemistry. 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions / P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, M. M. Shalashova. - M.: Astrel, 2013. (§37)
4. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook. for general education institutions / P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, L. S. Pontak. M.: AST: Astrel, 2005. (§47)
5. Chemistry: inorg. chemistry: textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions / G. E. Rudzitis, F. G. Feldman. - M.: Education, OJSC “Moscow Textbooks”, 2009. (§33)
6. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chapter. ed. V. A. Volodin, leading scientific ed. I. Leenson. - M.: Avanta+, 2003.
Additional web resources
1. School-collection. edu. ru.
2. Chemical information network.
3. Chemistry and life.
Homework
1. p. 130-131 No. 2.4 from the Workbook in Chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O. V. Ushakova, P. I. Bespalov, P. A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.
2. p.204 No. 2, 4 from the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, M. M. Shalashova “Chemistry: 8th grade,” 2013.
