Freud's Dream Book For a woman, a dream in which she saw herself pregnant says...
This group is represented by words of socially and dialectally limited use:
· dialectal
· special
· slang
· taboo
Dialectal vocabulary – words whose use is limited by territory.
Dialectisms are not included in the literary language.
Dialecticisms can be used in the language of fiction if the author wants to convey the peculiarities of conversation in a certain area. Dialecticisms can be used both in the author’s narration (Bazhov’s tales) and in the speech of the characters.
Types of dialectisms:
1.Phonetic:
a) fricative “g” [h] (in Ryazan)
b) softening the endings of 3rd person verbs: goes – go
c) akanye: they say - they say
d) okonye: they say - they say
e) instead of “e” “I” is used: village - sYalo
2. Derivatives(side instead of side, goose instead of goose)
3. Morphological(saw it with my own eyes)
4. Lexical – Instead of a generally accepted word, a word accepted in a specific area is used:
Stick - badik (in the Lipetsk region)
Gingerbread - checkers (in the Lipetsk region)
Maybe - kubyt (on the Don)
5. Ethnographisms – words common in one dialect, which do not have synonyms in the literary language (in Arkhangelsk “roe” - gingerbread)
Dialectisms in artistic speech
In artistic speech, dialectisms perform important stylistic functions: they help convey local flavor, the peculiarities of the characters’ speech, and finally, dialect vocabulary can be a source of speech expression.
Special vocabulary
Words and expressions used in various areas of a person’s professional activity, which, however, have not become commonly used. They are used to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc. For people of the same profession, special vocabulary is a means of accurately and concisely expressing thoughts.
Subgroups:
1) Vocabulary of terminological type- words that are marked in dictionaries indicating a special field of application. As a rule, these are elements of Greek and Latin origin that have become international.
2) Professionalisms – Unlike words of terminological type, they represent a semi-official name for special phenomena.
Use of special vocabulary in literary language
Under certain conditions, professionalisms find application in literary language. Thus, with insufficiently developed terminology, professionalisms often play the role of terms.
Professionalism is not uncommon in the language of large-circulation, trade newspapers. For people of the same profession, professionalism is a means of precise and concise expression of thoughts.
Professionalisms of a reduced stylistic sound, which are very common in colloquial speech, also penetrate into the language of the newspaper.
Excessive use of professionalism interferes with the perception of the text and becomes a serious flaw in style. Professional slang vocabulary is not used in book styles. In fiction it can be used along with other colloquial elements as a characterological device.
Slang vocabulary
Jargon- a type of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by common interests, occupations, and position in society.
In modern Russian language there is youth slang, or slang. Many words and expressions have come from slang into colloquial speech: cheat sheet, cramming, tail (academic debt), etc. The emergence of many jargons is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to a subject or phenomenon more clearly and emotionally (amazing, awesome, cool, laugh, go crazy, get high, donkey, plow, sunbathe, etc.). All of them are common only in oral speech and are often absent from dictionaries. However, slang contains many words and expressions that are understandable only to the initiated.
Another slang type of language is the language of the underworld (thieves, tramps, bandits). Argo- a secret, artificial language of criminals (thieves' music), known only to initiates and also existing only in oral form. Certain argotisms are becoming widespread outside the argot: blatnoy, mokrushnik, pero (knife), raspberry (stash), split, nixer, fraer, etc., but at the same time they practically pass into the category of colloquial vocabulary and are given in dictionaries with the corresponding stylistic markings: “colloquial”, “coarsely colloquial”.
Stylistic functions of modern jargon:
1) Fiction has always strived to get rid of the influence of slang vocabulary and used jargon to characterize characters in speech
2) in journalistic texts, slang vocabulary functions in genres of a certain topic (for example, in the heading “Crime stories”)
3) in journalism, jargon can be used in satirical materials
4) in low-quality journalism, jargon is a means of modeling a situation of confidential communication, a means of creating the illusion of closeness to the people
5) in the emotional-evaluative function, jargon is used when creating headlines
Taboo vocabulary
Taboo– an unconscious imperative, represented in consciousness by laws, rules, traditions, customs. Taboo vocabulary is divided into 3 groups:
1) words that have a mental taboo on their use– associated with ancient mystical ideas about the magical power of the word (death)
2) invective vocabulary(offensive)
3) obscene vocabulary - vulgar, profanity, Russian obscenities.
TL functions:
1. Mimetic - an obscene word is used to create the authenticity of someone else’s speech
2. Conceptual - words belonging to the obscene language are associated with official business or biblical vocabulary. A stylistic clash arises
3. Language game
4. Expression of extreme aggression, rejection of the object of speech
5. Nasty nature
Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of active and passive stock.
Vocabulary composition is the most mobile language level. Changing and improving vocabulary is directly related to human production activity, to the economic, social, and political life of the people. The vocabulary reflects all processes of the historical development of society. With the advent of new objects and phenomena, new concepts arise, and with them, words for naming these concepts. With the death of certain phenomena, the words that name them go out of use or change their sound appearance and meaning. Taking all this into account, the vocabulary of the national language can be divided into two large groups: an active dictionary and a passive dictionary.
IN active vocabulary includes those everyday words whose meaning is clear to people who speak the language. The words of this group are devoid of any shades of obsolescence.
TO passive vocabulary These include those that are either outdated or, conversely, due to their novelty, have not yet become widely known and are also not used on a daily basis. Thus, passive words are divided, in turn, into obsolete and new (neologisms).
Outdated vocabulary
3) Historicisms– words that do not have synonyms in the modern Russian literary language. Used to create historical reality and to create irony. Types: positions, political system, household items ( camisole), political concepts ( zemstvo, oprichnik, food detachment), ancient measures of weight and length ( elbow), names of coins.
4) Archaisms- have synonyms, but for some reason the word disappears from everyday usage ( yakhont = ruby, sapphire). Kinds:
· Lexical archaisms – the entire word is technically obsolete (at the same time it can be used in phraseological units). With your lips let me drink honey. Vecher = last night.
· Lexico-word-formative archaisms - in modern language there are synonyms with the same basis. Fisherman = fisherman, nudite = coerces.
· Lexico-phonetic archaisms - the sound appearance of a word, stress or pronunciation changes ( epigraph - epigraph, cord - lace, number - number, schastliv - happy).
· Semantic archaisms - the word exists in the modern literary language, but it has lost its former meaning. A label is now a tag, during the Tatar-Mongol yoke it was a letter. Language is a set of means of communication, originally a people. Verb – formerly “speech”.
Functions of obsolete words:
4) Creation of a historical atmosphere (nominative).
5) Transmission of someone else's speech (official business style, clergy, speech of a person belonging to a certain era).
6) Creating irony in the text.
Important: archaisms are actively used in official business style!
Neologisms
Words that retain a connotation of novelty in the mind of a native speaker.
Reasons for the emergence of neologisms:
3) the emergence of a new phenomenon in the surrounding reality
4) the desire to give a figurative description of a particular phenomenon
Classification:
5) Depending on the method of education:
· Lexical - words created according to productive word-formation models of the language or taken from a foreign language ( lunar rover, land on the moon)
· Semantic – the emergence of new meanings for a known word. Shuttle – 1) boat (originally); 2) a person who buys things abroad and sells them (the 90s of the 20th century); 3) part of a loom (originally); 4) spaceship (1969).
6) Depending on the conditions of creation:
· Anonymous - created according to a productive word-formation model, the author is unknown, the word begins to be used simultaneously in different parts of the region. Readable, snob (from sin nobeles - without nobility).
7) Depending on the purpose:
· Nominative – arise in connection with the development of science and technology. I-Phone, I-Pad
· Stylistic – the purpose of creation is the figurative characteristics of the object. Sovok (meaning Soviet Union)
8) Depending on the occurrence of the neologism in the language:
· Linguistic – national, included in the language.
· Occasionalisms are new words that are usually created by writers and journalists in violation of the laws of language. Non-usual words, violation of speech forms. These are facts of speech practice, but not facts of language. Individual words need to be supported by context.
4) Create a bright, phonetic sound spot in the text.
5) Perceiving it is always forced (effort is required)
6) Activate the etymological thinking of the reader (fat clouds, the bulk of bad weather is lightning fast and black)
The concept of usage
Communication through language occurs primarily within specific social groups. Each of these groups, on the one hand, uses a single, common vocabulary, and on the other hand, is distinguished by the originality of the use of certain categories of words.
In this regard, the vocabulary of the Russian language can be systematized taking into account such a parameter as common use – limited use.
What is common usage? How can it be assessed?
The usage of a word is measured by the number of people actively using it in their speech, and the number of actual facts of its use. All this is included in the concept frequency, which is the most significant indicator of the frequency of a word. The problem of frequency is solved by frequency dictionaries.
Common vocabulary
The basis of the Russian language is popular vocabulary . This is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, this is the core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, the vast majority of words of which are stable in their use and are used in all styles of speech. Those. The national vocabulary is closely related to the concept of common usage.
Vocabulary limited in its use
The limited use of vocabulary can be explained by both sociolinguistic and linguistic factors. No.:
1) belonging of native speakers to one or another social group;
2) the dependence of the vocabulary used on the conditions, forms, goals of communication (i.e., on styles).
a) Terminology– this is the most representative part of special vocabulary, limited in use. Currently, terminology has turned into a special scientific discipline, in the development of which not only linguists, but also specialists in computer science, science, and representatives of all sciences take part.
Terminology qualifies as "language of science" . In the language of science, there are three layers of vocabulary:
1) non-terminological vocabulary, represented mainly by words with an abstract and generalized meaning;
2) general scientific vocabulary;
3) actual terminological vocabulary, or highly specialized terms characteristic of a particular field of science or technology that make up the terminology system.
The ideal requirement for a term is the requirement of unambiguity and lack of synonymy. And many highly specialized terms meet this requirement,
No.: phoneme, archphoneme, sememe…
But in terminology, a special type of homonymy is widespread: in different term systems the same lexemes can be used to denote different concepts.
No.: hyperbola (literary and mathematical),
reduction (linguistic, biology, technical, medical, history)…
Explanatory dictionaries consider this phenomenon as polysemy, but since each of these terms is included in its own terminological system, which is in no way related to the other, it would be more correct to define this phenomenon as intersystem terminological homonymy.
Sometimes the terminological meaning develops in commonly used words:
bow - “front of the ship”,
The rule of lack of synonymy for terms is often violated:
prefix - prefix, ending - inflection…
Terms, unlike commonly used words, have authors: biosphere- IN AND. Vernadsky;
spaceship– S.P. Korolev.
The composition of the terminological vocabulary also differs from the commonly used fund in that most of the words in it are nouns, which are best suited for expressing concepts: acidity, uniqueness, sprinkling…
There is no sharp boundary between terms and commonly used vocabulary, because they interact and live according to the laws of one living lexical system.
b) Professionalism- words that are usually a kind of doublet of some highly specialized terms (Shmelev D.N.).
No.: steering wheel - “steering wheel”;
error – “overlay”;
synchrophasotron - “pan”;
freestyle wrestlers - “freestylers”;
sell tickets - “to fly around”;
musicians playing string instruments And".
There are also accentological professionalisms:
compass - compass;
quarter – quarter;
report - report…
Professionalisms, unlike terms, have a colloquial coloring and are often outside the boundaries of the literary language.
It must be borne in mind that some linguists (N.M. Shansky) put a different meaning into the concept of professionalism: they confuse them with terms.
No.: scalpel, alibi, cutlass, printmaking...
c) Jargons- these are words specific to the oral speech of social groups of people, united not so much professionally as by way of life, social status, and belonging to the same generation.
Jargonisms are closer to professionalisms in the sense that we can talk about military, naval, sports, clerical jargon, and also that jargons are outside the literary language.
But the difference is that jargon is subject to fashion and therefore unstable, i.e. They are characterized by a rapid change of means of expression specific to a given speech. The most widespread “slang-colored” vocabulary is among young people. It forms youth jargon, or slang.
The main factor determining the formation of jargon, or slang, is the need for “our own”, more expressive, emotionally expressive secondary names.
The semantic volume of slang vocabulary is limited:
- phenomena denoting any kind of production life stepa, gosy, tail, zarubezhka, pitchfork (pipe), tower...;
– words expressing a positive or negative assessment
cool, amazing, iron, giant; dregs, crap, boot, goat…;
– maximally reduced vocabulary
ancestors, sharaga, heal….
It is clear that this is a kind of language game, but the game should not turn into a manner of speech, because it will lead to a decrease in the general level of speech culture.
Related to the concept of “jargon” is the concept "argo". This is the conventional speech of any isolated professional or social group of people, characterized by a special set of words and expressions (D.N. Shmelev).
Argo differs from jargon in that it is a “secret, classified” language. Before the revolution, such a secret language was used, for example, by artisans and small traders (ofeni), whose life was connected with constant movements and who needed to maintain professional secrets of trade. Such a secret language is necessary (and still is) for declassed elements, opposed to all other speakers of the language.
G) outside the literary language there are also dialectisms. They are similar to jargon and professionalism in the oral form of existence. In all other respects they differ significantly.
The following groups of lexical dialectisms are distinguished:
1) Lexical dialectisms that name well-known objects and have synonyms in the literary language.
No.: gutar - speak;
elan - clearing;
kochet, loudmouth - rooster;
bash - beat;
to educate - to fill.
2) Lexical dialectisms, denoting realities specific to a particular area and not having synonyms in the literary language.
No.: kurzhak - winter frost,
Yaga - a sheepskin coat made from the skin of wolves or dogs.
3) Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that coincide in sound appearance with the words of the literary language, but have a special meaning in the dialect (homonyms):
ram - small laying of sheaves in the field ( Olonetsky );
ram - a type of mushroom ( Pskov );
ram is a bird of the waders family ( Smolensk );
ram - clay washbasin of a special shape ( Vladim ).
There are also ethnographic dialectisms (ethnographisms)- these are words that name objects and phenomena characteristic of a particular area. These are the names of rituals, clothing, plants, etc.
No.: baraba(ur.) – dance;
barmaku(Donsk.) – flat forks of a special kind;
barguzun(sib.) – northeast wind on Baikal.
The use of dialectisms is very wide: as in oral communication as expressive speech means, and in fiction... Local data is interesting: according to T. I. Erofeeva, in the speech of educated residents of Perm there are more than a hundred lexical dialectisms:
Vekhotka (washcloth),
2.1. Dialectal (regional) vocabulary
2.2. Socially restricted vocabulary
Literature
_____________________________________________________________________
From the point of view of the scope of use, vocabulary is divided into two large groups:
common,
limited scope of use.
Common vocabulary
Commonly used(nationwide) vocabulary is words, the understanding and use of which do not depend on the place of residence, profession, or occupation of native speakers. Commonly used vocabulary forms the basis of the vocabulary of a language. It includes, first of all, literary words(except for special vocabulary):
needle,rope,grumble,go, bonfire,rally,runny nose, cloth,sew…
All these words are understandable to every native speaker and can be used in a wide variety of settings and communication situations.
In addition, commonly used vocabulary has recently included non-literary words that are common among people of different ages and professions, regardless of place of residence:
bullshit, muzzle,bump around,will do,foolishly,hang around…
The use of these commonly understood words is limited to informal communication situations.
Vocabulary of limited scope
Vocabulary of limited scope (non-national) are words, the understanding and use of which are related to a person’s place of residence, his profession, and occupation. Non-popular vocabulary includes
territorially limited (dialectal),
socially limited vocabulary.
2.1. Dialectal(regional)vocabulary- this is part of non-national vocabulary that is typical for the population of a locality, region, region:
veksha'squirrel', unsteady'cradle, area 'bushes', peplum'Beautiful', row ‘to disdain’, have supper'have supper'…
Dialectal words are called (lexical) dialectisms [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 211–212].
Popular and dialect vocabulary interconnected.
1) Many of the lexical dialectisms are by origin in popular words:
vered'sore', pregnant‘armful’, stomach'belongings', juda‘horror, fear’...
2) Many dialect words entered the national vocabulary:
nonsense,take a seat,plow,owl,frail,tedious,take a nap,barracks,mumble,clumsy,hype,background...[SRYA-1, p. 45].
2.2. Toward socially restricted vocabulary relate
special vocabulary,
jargon.
1) Special vocabulary– these are words and combinations of words denoting concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity:
dividend‘part of the profit received by shareholders’, alibi‘the absence of the accused at the crime scene as evidence of his innocence’, mezdra‘the underside of tanned leather’…
Among the special words stand out
professionalism.
Terms(lat. terminus‘border, limit’) – words or combinations of words that officially accepted for naming concepts of science, production, art, etc.
Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each field of knowledge has its own terminological system.
The terms are divided into
general scientific, which are used in various fields of knowledge: experiment, adequate, equivalent, reaction, progress...
special(highly specialized), which are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology: immobilization‘creating stillness, peace’, Glinka‘highest grade clay, kaolin’, epenthesis‘insert a sound to make pronunciation easier: poet - sings’…
Also distinguished commonly used(commonly understood) terms:
amputation, hypertension, cardiogram;
infinitive, adverb, case...
Terms are part of the literary language.
Professionalisms- these are words and combinations of words that are unofficial designations of special concepts.
Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech. Eg:
slur‘typographic defect in the form of a square, strip...’, a cap‘large newspaper headline’… 1
Some authors contrast professionalisms as only names special (often specific) phenomena, concepts and professional jargon, that are unofficial synonyms terms. Professional jargon is usually expressively colored:
solyanka'hydrochloric acid', pot'synchrophasotron', demobilization'demobilization', cap‘captain’... [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 222–224; ERYA, p. 392].
Professional jargon is not included in the literary language.
|
names of concepts of science, production, art |
|||
|
official |
unofficial |
||
|
Option 1 |
terms |
professionalism |
|
|
Option 2 |
terms |
only names |
informal synonyms of terms |
|
professionalism |
professional jargon |
||
2) Jargons (French) jargon) – socially restricted words that are emotionally expressive synonyms of stylistically neutral common words.
The use of jargon is limited social factors:
the speakers belonging to the same social environment (for example, noble jargons),
belonging to the same profession (professional jargon),
same age (e.g. youth slang),
community of interests, etc.
Professional jargons have existed for centuries in different countries during different periods. They reached a particular flourishing in the era of feudalism with its guild fragmentation and isolation of professions. Emergence professional jargon explained desire to classify any actions or features of production. The secret languages of handicraftsmen (wandering saddlers, tailors, blacksmiths, coppersmiths), the jargons of gold miners, traveling actors, and small merchants and peddlers (offeners, peddlers) are known. Eg:
at the ofeni: throw'sleep', shivar'product', maz‘trader, “one’s own” person’, legal'house', usy‘money’ [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234]…;
from buyers of illegally mined gold: resin'gold', two -'lb', three– ‘spool’ (4.266 g or 1/96 lb)…;
Currently, professional jargon have no secrecy purposes[SRYASH, p. 281–284].
Jargon may arise in any sufficiently stable team:
army jargon: perfume 'new recruits', grandfathers, demobilization…
jargon musicians and music lovers: fan,downhole, trash ‘rock music style’, The Beatles...
jargon schoolgirls: dunk‘to curtsy’, boots'cadets', pencil‘student of the city gymnasium’, eggplant‘student of the noble gymnasium’, canary‘ruble’ [SRYASH, p. 281–282].
jargon schoolchildren: teacher, banana,PE, mathematics, physics…
jargon students: spur'crib' , school'university', cowgirl'scholarship', tail‘academic debt’, dorm'dormitory', cut off‘get an unsatisfactory grade’, fishing rod satisfactorily' …
youth jargon: cool‘the highest degree of positive assessment’, steep‘beyond all praise; unusual, shocking’, strain‘to bore, bother with requests, claims’, run over‘to bother with claims and reproaches’, get in, get in'understand'…
computer jargon: jar‘computer system unit’, Windows, Windows‘Microsoft Windows operating system’, gamer‘a person who constantly plays computer games’, glitch‘work with glitches (errors)’...
Internet-jargon: avatar, avchik, userpic‘the picture that the user chooses as his “face”’, appendicitis'application' (English) appendix), ban‘impose a temporary ban on the user from doing something’, google‘search the Internet (usually using Google)’...
First of all, it is youth slang that is called slang. Term slang(English) slang) originally designated exclusively the language of youth (cf. hippie slang) or professional jargon of any new, actively developing field ( business slang, computer slang). Lately the term slang used as a synonym for the general term jargon . The compatibility of the word has expanded significantly ( medical slang, army slang). The new term is gradually replacing the word jargon, which during the Soviet period acquired a negative connotation ( camp jargon,prison slang).
A special term to designate words belonging to slang (such as jargon), No.
Border between individual jargons, as well as between jargon (slang), vernacular and colloquial speech, is unsteady and permeable. Some researchers talk about the emergence common jargon (interjargon), which is used not only by certain social groups, but also by the majority of native speakers [Nikitina, p. 4].
Some slang words are gradually entering the common vocabulary(first into colloquial speech, and then they can move into colloquial speech and even into literary language).
For example, from jargon seminarians The following words have entered the literary vocabulary:
beast(lat. bestia'beast'; (bran.) ‘rogue, scoundrel; clever, cunning person’);
nonsense‘nonsense, nonsense’ (seminar word, most likely from Greek. Athenian),
from singing jargon: sing along;
from factory: bungler;
from the slang of beggars: double-dealer.
Such slang words as
float, fall through, cut off, window, steering wheel, linden tree...
damn, split...[SRYA, p. 93–94].
Gradually, these words lose their characteristic connotation of rudeness and vulgarity, but their use in literary language, as a rule, stylistically limited within the framework of colloquial speech [SRYASH, p. 285–286].
Jargonisms differ from the words of other groups with the following features:
They represent not the main, but a parallel designation of the phenomenon of reality; next to him there are always (or almost always) synonyms for popular use[SRYA-1, p. 48–49].
All jargons have bright expressive and stylistic coloring:
schmuck,cheesy,sucker– this is an extreme degree of disapproval, neglect;
steep, specific with some vagueness and uncertainty of lexical meaning, they are capable of expressing a whole range of emotional nuances: from delight to complete disapproval.
Compared to common words that have lived for centuries, slang vocabulary is different great variability, fragility. The fact is that the emotional-expressive coloring is “erased” in the process of use: words become familiar, “boring”.
Therefore, they are replaced by new, “fresh” words with vivid expressiveness.,For example, those used in the 50-60s have almost disappeared from youth slang. 20th century, dude dude horses'parents',
hut
‘an apartment where you can get together’.,In the 80s they were replaced, men,girla,skull.
haza flat:
Wed. also slang terms money;
50–60s: tugriks, rupees;
60s: shurshiki, coins, money;
80s: money turn of the 80s–90s: wooden(about rubles),
green
(about dollars). The modern jargon of students differs sharply not only from the jargon of high school students, seminarians, and pre-revolutionary students, but also from the school and student jargon of the 20s and 30s. 20th century [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 233]. It happens that forgotten jargons
are returning, because again have a touch of novelty. Argotisms(French) argot:
) name the words used in criminal environment academy'jail', fraer‘petty, inexperienced thief’, raspberries‘den’,
little guy
‘letter, note’...
Argotisms serve to
linguistic isolation (the function of distinguishing “friend - foe”), linguistic conspiracy [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234]. In linguistic literature the term linguistic conspiracy [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234]. argot jargon is understood ambiguously. Some authors understand it as “secret speech,” meaning not only thieves’ jargon. Sometimes terms
And are used as equivalent [SRYASH, p. 284]. Any jargon differs from the literary language in the first place
a) special use of word-forming means (cf.: mokrukha, bitch, mess) And
b) intonation.
Popular vocabulary
┌──────────────┴────────────┐
common vocabulary of limited
vocabulary of use
┌────────────────────┴────┐
territorially social
limited limited
(dialectal) ┌──────────────┴───┐
slang and special
argotic (terms And
professionalism)
According to its use, Russian vocabulary falls into two main groups: vocabulary in common use and vocabulary of limited use.
Commonly used vocabulary includes words whose use is not limited in any way. Such vocabulary forms a stable basis of the Russian language. It includes words from a variety of areas of life in modern society: political, economic, cultural, everyday life, etc.
In the group of vocabulary of limited use, there are, firstly, words inherent in certain territorial dialects, dialects (so-called dialectisms), and secondly, special words - professional terminological, as well as slang (or argotic).
Schematically, the stratification of the vocabulary of the national (national) Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of distribution and boundaries of use can be represented as follows:
Vocabulary of limited use in the south of Western Siberia.
In the Omsk region (south of Western Siberia), words of limited use are used. For the study, we took dialect vocabulary, professional words and jargon.
1. Dialectal vocabulary
All linguists know that dialect vocabulary includes words whose distribution is limited to a particular territory. Dialects are basically peasant dialects, which are still a means of communication (especially oral) for some of the population of our country. They have certain phonetic, morphological and syntactic features, as well as specific vocabulary. Based on this, phonetic dialectisms, morphological dialectisms and lexical dialectisms are distinguished.
Lexical dialectisms are heterogeneous; the following groups can be distinguished: proper lexical, lexical-semantic and ethnographic.
In the Omsk region, restricted words are used quite often. In the south of Western Siberia, namely, in the Pavlograd district of the Omsk region, immigrants from Ukraine mainly live. Therefore, this territory is characterized by words inherent in the southern dialect zone. Although, as we noted, the complexes of phenomena characteristic of such a zone are not the same both in the number of phenomena and in their connection with different aspects of language. According to our research, the southern dialect zone also includes “central” dialects, and also excludes from the southern dialect the dialects located in the territory adjacent to the central-type dialects from the south. Likewise, in the territory of the Omsk region (southern regions), the southern dialect is influenced by the northern dialects of the northern regions of the region, where immigrants from the central regions of Russia live.
What phonetic, morphological, syntactic features does the dialect of the southern zone of the Omsk region have?
First of all, these are phonetic features.
For example, pshono instead of millet, visna instead of spring, pisnya instead of song, Khvedor instead of Fedor.
Morphological features, for example, in Mine, in Sibe (coincidence of the endings of the Creative and Dative plural cases).
Lexical dialectisms can also be divided into several groups:
Actually, lexical dialectisms are words that coincide with commonly used ones in meaning, but differ from them in their sound complex.
Examples: rowing - to disdain, towel - towel, supper - to have dinner, cradle - rocking chair for a child, line - herd.
Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with literary ones, but differ from them in their meaning.
Examples: cheerful - smart, beautifully dressed and cheerful - full of strength, healthy, energetic.
Ethnographic dialectisms are words that are common only in a certain dialect and reflect local characteristics of work and everyday life.
Examples: Zhuravel - a lever for lifting water from a well, ochep - a pole at a well, bereya - an armful.
2. Special vocabulary (professionalisms)
Special vocabulary distinguishes words and expressions used by groups of persons united by their type of activity (profession), and called professionalisms.
We believe that professionalisms are characterized by great differentiation in the designation of special concepts, tools and means of production, in the names of objects, actions that do not have a name in ordinary speech.
Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used to logically accurately define special concepts, objects, processes, and phenomena.
Studying the special vocabulary in our region, we found out that many concepts in a certain profession coincide with generally accepted ones. For observation, we took professional vocabulary in the field of healthcare and entrepreneurship. It was noted that medical workers use terms inherent to this profession throughout Russia.
For example, vitamin deficiency, pulp, antibiotic, botulism, stroke, Rh factor, legionellosis, VK X-ray.
Entrepreneurs use both generally accepted and dialect words and expressions, for example, accounting and recounting of goods. Merchandiser - delivers goods to the store. Seller - sells the goods, is responsible for the quality of the goods. Cashier controller - monitors the sales area. Cashier operator - keeps records of the cash register. Warehouse manager - responsible for the delivery of goods, monitoring the quantity. Manager - concludes contracts for the supply of goods. A marketer is a specialist in studying customer tastes and promoting goods. Researches which products will be in great demand and why, evaluates the market for specific goods and services
Since our area is agricultural, the main objects of research were agricultural professions. We found many differences in the definition of certain meanings of words.
For example, in agronomy: seeds - sunflower, seed - seed grain, harvesting - harvesting campaign, rye - rye
For farm workers: a heifer is an uncalved cow, a wagon is the one who brings feed, a tsiberka is a bucket, a herd is a parking lot for cows.
For tractor drivers: fuel oil - fuel oil, fuel - gasoline
3. Slang vocabulary (argotisms)
Different from dialectal and professional terminological vocabulary are special words that certain social groups of people, due to their social status and the specifics of the environment, used to designate objects or phenomena that already had their own names in the common literary language. Such vocabulary is called slang (argotic). It, just like dialect or narrowly professional words, is not part of the literary language and is a vocabulary of limited use.
Slang (argotic) vocabulary also includes preserved elements from the speech habits of declassed groups of pre-revolutionary times (thieves, tramps, beggars, card sharpers, etc.)
According to Shansky, argotisms should be understood as such socially limited words in their use that are emotionally expressive expressions of what is stylistically neutrally denoted by popular words. He noted the differences between jargons and professional words: argotisms differ from professionalisms in the following features. 1) They always represent words that are not the main, but parallel designations of any phenomenon of reality. This means that next to them there are always synonyms of popular use. 2) all argotisms without exception (as distinguished from professionalisms, which are neutral words) are characterized by a bright expressive and stylistic coloring; argotisms are usually much more widespread and easily pass from one or another argot into vernacular speech, i.e. into national colloquial speech, not bound by strict literary norms.
We found out that the main group of argotisms are popular words with a special, specific meaning. Here are some examples: stake (meaning “unsatisfactory”), tail (meaning “failed exam”), toss (meaning “give a ride”), pour (meaning “lie”)
Observing the speech of residents of the Pavlograd region, we came to the conclusion that many words from slang speech are known and used in our region. Our research was youth slang. In the course of studying the speech of schoolchildren, they very often use words from youth slang, the so-called youth slang.
Schoolchildren use youth slang: (cheat sheet, control, rooster and nickel (five) among schoolchildren; crusts, wheels (boots, boots), high (scandal), filonit (idle), shine, strength, iron, amazing (excellent), how bayonet (exactly, definitely), cool, awesome (good), sucks (bad, not satisfactory), go ahead (go), move your tights (go quickly), loser, sucker (person in trouble), funny (unusual, funny)
The use of such vocabulary clogs the language and should be prevented in every possible way. In the language of fiction, elements of slang (argotically) colored vocabulary are sometimes used in limited quantities to characterize the speech of some characters (see the works of G. Medynsky, D. Granin, V. Shukshin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov, etc.).
Thus, we found out that the special vocabulary in the south of Western Siberia has its own characteristics. Firstly, many words are similar to the words of the southern dialect zone, and secondly, the special vocabulary in our region coincides with the generally accepted one; and argotisms are similar to national colloquial and everyday speech.
From the point of view of the degree of distribution and activity of use in the vocabulary of the Russian language, it is differentiated common vocabulary
, i.e. known to the entire Russian people and used by all speakers of the Russian language ( read, five, white, man, city etc.), and vocabulary is not commonly used
, that is, limited in its use either by territory, or by the framework of social groups (including professional ones), or by the time of existence in the Russian language.
The main categories of vocabulary of limited use are dialectisms and special vocabulary.
Dialectisms
- these are words that are used mainly by residents of a particular area. Dialectisms are part of folk dialects (territorial dialects). For example: blabber(South Russian) - to speak, beat up(Northern Russian) - to speak.
Special vocabulary
- these are words used in speech by representatives of certain branches of knowledge and professions. The core of special vocabulary is terms- words denoting strictly defined concepts of various sciences ( hypotenuse - in mathematics: the side of a right triangle that lies opposite the right angle; affix - in grammar: a morpheme that contains word-formation or actual formal meaning; reprisals - in international law: coercive measures taken by a state in response to the unlawful actions of another state).
The periphery of special vocabulary consists of professionalisms and jargons.
Professionalisms
- these are words and phrases characteristic of people of a certain profession. For example: cook - cook (in the speech of sailors), window— free time between classes (in the speech of teachers, students).
Jargonisms- these are words and expressions used by a separate social group for the purpose of linguistic isolation, separation from the main part of native speakers. For example: clave - keyboard, ICQ - communication program (in computer jargon), clipak - video clip, hang out - walk, have fun in company (in youth jargon).
Professionalism and jargon are outside the boundaries of common literary language.
The vocabulary of limited use also includes obsolete words (historicisms and archaisms) and new words (neologisms).
Historicisms- these are outdated words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote. For example: chain mail - ancient military armor in the form of a shirt made of metal rings, wagon - covered road wagon, bekesha - men's coat (lined with fur or cotton wool) with ruching at the waist.
Archaisms- these are outdated words naming objects or concepts for which new names have appeared in the language. For example: this - this, salary - salary, salary, cheeks - cheeks.
Neologisms- these are new words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty and unusualness. For example: in the 80s. XX century — perestroika - fundamental changes in politics and economics aimed at establishing market relations, developing democracy and openness; in the 90s XX century — boutique - small store of expensive fashion goods, mass media- mass media, tagline - slogan.
Most neologisms usually quickly become common words; some neologisms can exist as individually authored new formations, or occasionalisms (for example: lips merge- from V.V. Mayakovsky, Pushkinots - from V. Khlebnikov).
