Ilya Novikov was kicked out of the club “What? Where? When?" Ilya Novikov is expelled from...
1. The repressions carried out in the “Leningrad case” in the late 1940s - early 1950s affected representatives
1) top army leadership
2) party-state apparatus
3) economists
4) former military personnel
2. The concept of “bipolar world system” has characterized international relations and foreign policy of the USSR and Russia since
1) the end of the First World War
2) before the Great Patriotic War
3)after the end of World War II
4)after the collapse of the USSR
3. What caused the increase in ideological pressure and repression in the USSR in 1945 - 1953?
1) mass protests of the population against the authorities
2) a return to the pre-war policy of the totalitarian regime
3) uprisings of Gulag prisoners
4) the danger of foreign invasion of the USSR
4. The main task of the domestic policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1940s. was
1) increasing the standard of living of the rural population
2) accelerated economic recovery
3) development of virgin and fallow lands
4) rehabilitation of victims of repressions of the 1930s.
5. What event happened in 1945–1953?
1) signing of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in the Atmosphere, in Space and Underwater
2) the introduction of troops of countries participating in the Warsaw Pact Organization into Czechoslovakia
3) launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
4) creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
6. In the first post-war decade (1945–1955) the following happened:
1) the conclusion of a Soviet-American treaty on limiting the arms race
2) expansion of the influence of the USSR in the world
3)strengthening ties between the USSR and its allies in the anti-Hitler coalition
4) signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
7. Read an excerpt from the “Address of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks” and indicate in what year it was adopted.
“...The Soviet country broke the shackles that hindered the development of the country and led to the victory of the socialist system, which gave our people and our army great strength. The Soviet system turned out to be not only the best form of organizing the economic and cultural rise of the country during the years of peaceful construction, but also the best form of mobilizing all the forces of the people to repel the enemy in wartime...
Whoever wants the Great Victory, won with the blood of our people, to be firmly consolidated, who strives to ensure the security of the peoples of the USSR, who supports Soviet foreign policy... will vote for candidates from the bloc of communists and non-partisans..."
8. In what decade did the renaming of people's commissariats into ministries take place?
9. When did the Korean War take place, in which the USSR supported North Korea?
1)1950 – 1953
2)1964 – 1970
3)1970 – 1975
4)1988 – 1991
10. Which of the following events relates to the foreign policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1940s?
1) entry of ATS troops into Czechoslovakia
2) severance of relations with Yugoslavia
3)border conflicts with China
4)withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe
11. What concept became a symbolic designation for the division of the capitalist and socialist worlds during the Cold War?
1) “new world order”
2) “fifth column”
3) “policy of non-interference”
4) “iron curtain”
12. What was one of the reasons for the rapid recovery of the USSR economy after the Great Patriotic War?
1)financial assistance from foreign banks
2) the enthusiasm and dedication of the Soviet people
3) introduction of self-government at enterprises
4) exemption of collective farmers from taxes
Which of the following events occurred when I.V. was the leader of the USSR? Stalin?1)withdrawal of Soviet troops from Central and Eastern Europe
2) entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
3) Hungarian crisis
4) creation of the atomic bomb in the USSR
14. What was the reason for the USSR’s refusal to accept the “Marshall Plan” after the end of World War II?
1) hope for help from Eastern European countries
2) waiting for help from third world countries
3) fear of becoming economically and politically dependent on the United States
4) counting on economic recovery with the help of England and France
15. Which of the following concepts refers to the first post-war years in the USSR?
1) price liberalization
2) card system
3)bankruptcy
4) inflation
16. As a result of the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, part of
1)Romania
2) East Prussia
3) Norway
4) Austria
17. The main task of the domestic policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1940s. Stalin's leadership believed
1) softening censorship, pursuing a policy of openness
2) forced restoration of heavy industry
3) transition from sectoral to territorial management of the national economy
4) rehabilitation of victims of repressions of the 1930s.
18. Read an excerpt from the materials of the international conference and indicate its name.
“We, the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain and the Premier of the Soviet Union, met... in the capital of our ally... and formulated and confirmed our common policy...
We have agreed on our plans for the destruction of the German armed forces. We have reached full agreement regarding the scale and timing of operations to be undertaken from the east, west and south."
1) Tehran
2) Genoese
3) Potsdam
4) The Hague
19. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of the writer K.M. Simonov about the meeting of the leadership of the CPSU that took place in 1948, at which the issue of awarding the Stalin Prizes was decided, and indicate what event caused the described reaction on the part of Stalin.
“Stalin, addressing... the members of the Politburo sitting at the table, said: “I think we should still explain to our comrades why we removed from discussion the question of Comrade Tikhonov’s book “Yugoslav Notebook”... Comrade Tikhonov has nothing to do with this, we have there are no complaints against him for his poems, but we cannot give him a prize for them, because Tito has been behaving badly lately."
1) conflict between the leadership of the USSR and Yugoslavia
2) Yugoslavia signing a political agreement with the United States
3) Yugoslavia’s accession to NATO
4) Yugoslavia’s withdrawal from the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
20. Which period was called the “apogee of Stalinism”?
1)1924 – 1934
2)1941 – 1945
3)1945 – 1953
4)1953 – 1964
21. Which of the following events occurred in the USSR in 1945–1953?
1) adoption of the constitution of “victorious socialism”
2) inclusion of the Crimean region into the Ukrainian SSR
3) renaming people's commissariats into ministries
4) trial of writers A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel
During the years of restoration of the economy destroyed in the Great Patriotic War in the USSR, the economy was financed on a residual basis1) heavy industry enterprises
2) expenditures on the armed forces
3)developments in the field of nuclear energy
4) light and food industry
23. Exposing the personality cult of I.V. Stalin at the XX Congress of the CPSU led to
1) rehabilitation of victims of Stalinist repressions
2)carrying out a policy of openness
3) the formation of a multi-party system
4) the adoption of a new model for building socialism in the USSR
24. The plan for restoring the national economy in the USSR was adopted in
25. Establish a correspondence between events and their dates.
A)I Congress of Soviets of the USSR
B) adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR
B) formation of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
D) entry of the USSR into the League of Nations
26. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to events and phenomena that occurred in the period 1945–1953. Find and write down the serial number of a term related to another historical period.
1) Cominformburo; 2) “Marshall Plan”; 3) “Truman Doctrine”; 4) “cold war”; 5) Cuban missile crisis; 6) Korean War.
27. Which of the following happened in the second half of the 1940s?
A) adoption of the draft of a new Union Treaty of 9 republics of the USSR in Novo-Ogarevo
B) carrying out monetary reform and abolition of the card system for the distribution of goods
C) the defeat of geneticists, the victory of the direction of biology headed by T.D. Lysenko
D) the beginning of the rehabilitation of illegally repressed people
D) campaign against “cosmopolitanism”
E) suppression of workers’ protests in Novocherkassk
28. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a military historian and write the name of the leader of the USSR that is missing in the text.
“...Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Forces of the Warsaw Pact, Marshal of the Soviet Union I.S. Konev... set a combat mission: “to eliminate the counter-revolutionary rebellion in Budapest.” To achieve this, the corps was reinforced with tanks, artillery and airborne troops. The combat operation was carried out at the direction of our highest party and state leadership, led by<фамилия руководителя СССР>».
Which three of the following features characterized the development of the economy in 1945 - 1953?1) the largest investments in the development of heavy industry
2) leasing of part of industrial enterprises
3) high rates of industrial development
4) low purchase prices for agricultural products
5) liquidation of a number of line ministries
6) transfer of part of the collective farm lands to the personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers
30. Which three of the events listed relate to the years 1945–1953? Circle the appropriate numbers and write them in the table.
1)organization of the “doctors’ case”
2) transformation of the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers
3) adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR
4) the defeat of the “anti-party group” G.M. Malenkova, V.M. Molotova, L.M. Kaganovich
5) death of I.V. Stalin
6)XX Congress of the CPSU
31. Which three of the listed events relate to the foreign policy of the USSR in 1945–1953? Circle the appropriate numbers and write them in the table.
1) formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)
2) Caribbean crisis
3) severance of relations with Yugoslavia
4) formation of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO)
5) the entry of troops into Hungary
6) formation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR)
32. Compare the position of the USSR in the international arena after the end of the Civil War in the 1920s. and in 1945–1953.
Indicate what was common (at least two common characteristics) and what was different (at least three differences).
33. Below are two points of view on the activities of I.V. Stalin after the end of World War II:
1. I.V. Stalin is a great leader and teacher, under his leadership in the post-war period the USSR became a world power, he created and led the socialist camp, and achieved outstanding successes for the country after the end of the war.
2. In the post-war period, the totalitarian Stalinist regime reached its apogee; total control over all spheres of social life was established in the country.
Indicate which of the above points of view seems preferable to you. Give at least three facts and provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.
34. Compare the international position of the USSR in 1939–1941. and in 1945–1953.
Indicate what was common (at least three common characteristics) and what was different (at least two differences).
History test of the Soviet Union in the first post-war decades, 1945-1964 for 11th grade students with answers. The test contains 10 tasks.
1. It was decided to begin the restoration of the USSR economy after the Great Patriotic War
1) from heavy industry
2) from agriculture
3) from light industry
4) from the defense industry
2. Which three of the following events relate to 1945-1953?
1) introduction into circulation of the “golden chervonets”
2) card cancellation
3) creation of a military bloc from the states of Central and South-Eastern Europe
4) monetary reform to reduce the money supply
5) hydrogen bomb test
6) creation of economic councils
3. Which of the following was characteristic of the economic development of the USSR in 1953-1964?
1) development of virgin lands
2) export of industrial equipment from Germany
3) use of the labor of political prisoners in the construction of industrial facilities
4) repression in the People's Commissariat of Agriculture
4. Establish a correspondence between works, scientific discoveries and figures of science and art. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Works, scientific discoveries
A) creation of the atomic bomb
B) the story “The Fate of Man”
B) feature film "War and Peace"
D) the story “The Thaw”
Scientists and artists
1) S. Bondarchuk
2) I. Kurchatov
3) I. Ehrenburg
4) M. Sholokhov
5) A. Fadeev
5. Read an excerpt from the report at the party congress and indicate the year in which it was made.
“...It turned out that many party, Soviet, and economic workers who were declared “enemies” in 1937-1938 were never actually enemies, spies, saboteurs, etc. did not appear..., but they were slandered, and sometimes, unable to withstand the brutal torture, they slandered themselves (under the dictation of the falsifying investigators) all sorts of grave and incredible accusations...
This happened as a result of abuse of power by Stalin, who began to use mass terror against party cadres. ...Stalin by this time had risen so high above the party and over the people that he no longer had any regard for either the Central Committee or the party. If before the XVII Congress he still recognized the opinion of the collective, then after the complete political defeat of the Trotskyists, Zinovievites, Bukharinites, when as a result of this struggle and the victories of socialism the unity of the party and the unity of the people was achieved, Stalin more and more ceased to take into account the members of the Central Committee of the party and even with members of the Politburo."
6. Which of the following was one of the results of the economic policy of I.S. Khrushchev?
1) mass exodus of peasants from the village to the city
2) increase in grain supplies abroad
3) increasing the area under corn
4) introduction of fees for school education
7. Make a correspondence between terms, names and their definitions. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Terms, names
A) demobilization
B) conversion
B) repatriation
D) underground
Definitions
1) transfer of the military industry to the production of civilian products - consumer goods
2) return of prisoners of war to their homeland
3) a number of artistic movements in contemporary art that contrast themselves with mass culture
4) reduction in the number of army personnel
5) underground political organizations
8. Match dates and events. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
A) 1949
B) 1956
B) 1959
D) 1963
1) the first trip of the Soviet leader (I.S. Khrushchev) to the USA
2) the first flight of a woman into space
3) creation of NATO
4) the first circumnavigation of a Soviet submarine
5) debunking the personality cult of I.V. Stalin
9. Which of the following is one of the consequences of the de-Stalinization process?
1) deterioration of relations between the USSR and China
2) increasing the authority of the USSR in the international arena
3) ending the Cold War
4) an increase in the number of countries in Europe that have taken the path of socialist construction
10. Name the main tasks that were solved in the internal policy of the USSR in the second half of the 40s - early 50s. XX century (specify at least two tasks). Give examples of actions taken by the country's leadership to solve these problems (at least three examples).
Answers to a history test: The Soviet Union in the first post-war decades, 1945-1964
1-1
2-245
3-1
4-2413
5-1956
6-3
7-4123
8-3512
9-1
10.
tasks of Russian domestic policy in the second half of the 40s - early 50s. XX century
— strengthening the power of I.V. Stalin
- restoration of the economy destroyed by the war of 1941-1945. increasing labor productivity in agriculture and industry
— increasing the pace of housing construction
— improving the standard of living of the population
examples of actions of the country's leadership
- preparation and conduct of new political processes (“Leningrad case”, campaign against cosmopolitans, “doctors’ case”)
- approval of the fourth five-year economic development plan and implementation of monetary reform (1947)
- abolition of rationing (1947)
- Investigators Telman Gdlyan and Nikolai Ivanov investigated one of the most high-profile criminal cases of the 80s - the “cotton case”
- One of the defendants in the “cotton case”, former first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan Sharaf Rashidov and Nikita Khrushchev
Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit. The launch date is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind.
Launch of the world's first spacecraft with a person on board. The first person to go into space was Yuri Gagarin. Yuri Gagarin's flight became the most important achievement of Soviet science and space industry. The USSR became the undisputed leader in space exploration for several years. The Russian word “sputnik” has entered many European languages. The name Gagarin became known to millions of people. Many pinned hopes on the USSR for a bright future, when the development of science would lead to the establishment of social justice and peace throughout the world.
The entry of Warsaw Pact troops (except Romania) into Czechoslovakia, putting an end to the reforms of the Prague Spring. The largest contingent of troops was allocated from the USSR. The political goal of the operation was to change the political leadership of the country and establish a regime loyal to the USSR in Czechoslovakia. Citizens of Czechoslovakia demanded the withdrawal of foreign troops and the return of party and government leaders taken to the USSR. At the beginning of September, troops were withdrawn from many cities and towns of Czechoslovakia to specially designated locations. Soviet tanks left Prague on September 11, 1968. On October 16, 1968, an agreement was signed between the governments of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the conditions for the temporary presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Czechoslovakia, according to which part of the Soviet troops remained on the territory of Czechoslovakia “in order to ensure the security of the socialist commonwealth.” These events had a great influence both on the internal politics of the USSR and on the atmosphere in society. It became obvious that the Soviet authorities had finally chosen a hard line of government. The hopes of a significant part of the population for the possibility of reforming socialism, which arose during the Khrushchev “thaw”, have faded.
01 Sep 1969
Publication in the West of the book by the famous dissident Andrei Amalrik, “Will the Soviet Union Exist Until 1984?” A. Amalrik was one of the first to predict the imminent collapse of the USSR. The end of the 60s and the beginning of the 70s were a time of stable economic growth and an increase in the standard of living of the population in the USSR, as well as a time of easing international tension. Most Soviet people believed that they would always live under Soviet rule. Some were delighted by this, others were horrified, others simply got used to this idea. Western Sovietologists also did not foresee the collapse of the USSR. Only a few were able to see behind the façade of relative prosperity the signs of an inevitably approaching crisis. (From the book by A. Amalrik “Will the Soviet Union Exist until 1984?” and From the book by A. Gurevich “The History of a Historian”).
02 Sep 1972
The beginning of a super series of eight ice hockey matches between the USSR and Canada national teams. The USSR was a great sports power. The leadership of the USSR saw sports victories as a means of ensuring the prestige of the country, which was supposed to be the first in everything. This was achieved better in sports than in economics. In particular, Soviet hockey players almost always won world championships. However, these competitions did not include hockey players from professional clubs in Canada and the United States, whom many considered the best in the world. The 1972 Super Series was watched by millions of television viewers around the world. In the first match, the USSR national team achieved a convincing victory with a score of 7:3. In general, the series ended almost in a draw: the Canadian team won 4 matches, the USSR team - 3, but in terms of the number of goals scored, the Soviet athletes were ahead of the Canadians (32:31).
Publication in Paris of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's book "The Gulag Archipelago" - an artistic study of Stalinist repressions and Soviet society as a whole. The book was based on the personal testimonies of many hundreds of former prisoners who spoke in detail about their experiences of encountering the machine of state terror to A. Solzhenitsyn, who himself went through Stalin’s camps. Translated into many languages, the book made a strong impression on readers, showing a wide panorama of crimes committed by the Soviet regime against the population of the country. "The Gulag Archipelago" is one of those books that changed the world. A. Solzhenitsyn’s most important idea was that terror was not an accident, but a natural result of the establishment of the communist regime. The book dealt a blow to the international prestige of the USSR and contributed to the disillusionment of the Western “left” with Soviet-style socialism.
Signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Signed in Helsinki (therefore often called the Helsinki Agreement) by representatives of 35 states, including the USSR, this treaty became the high point of the detente of international tension that began in the late 60s. The treaty established the principle of the inviolability of post-war borders in Europe and non-interference of the countries that signed it in each other’s internal affairs, proclaimed the need for international cooperation and respect for human rights. However, the USSR was not going to respect the political and civil rights of its citizens. The persecution of dissidents continued. The Helsinki Agreement became a trap for the USSR: it made it possible to accuse the communist regime of violating international obligations and contributed to the development of the human rights movement. In 1976, the first Russian human rights organization was created - the Moscow Helsinki Group, the first chairman of which was Yuri Orlov.
Assault on the palace of Amin (the leader of Afghanistan) in Kabul. Soviet troops, under the pretext of supporting the democratic revolution, invaded Afghanistan and established a pro-communist puppet regime. The response was a massive movement of the Mujahideen - guerrillas who spoke under the slogans of independence and religious (Islamic) slogans, supported by Pakistan and the United States. A long war began, during which the USSR was forced to maintain a so-called “limited contingent” in Afghanistan (from 80 thousand to 120 thousand military personnel in different years), who, however, were unable to take control of this mountainous country. The war led to a new confrontation with the West, a further decline in the international prestige of the USSR and unaffordable military expenses. It cost the lives of many thousands of Soviet soldiers, and as a result of military operations and punitive expeditions against partisans, hundreds of thousands of Afghan civilians died (there are no exact data). The war ended in 1989 with the virtual defeat of the USSR. It became a difficult moral and psychological experience for the Soviet people, and above all for the “Afghans”, i.e. military personnel who went through the war. Some developed “Afghan syndrome,” a form of mental disorder born of experiences of fear and cruelty. During the years of perestroika, rumors circulated in society about special forces made up of “Afghans” and ready to drown the democratic movement in blood.
Holding the XXII Olympic Games in Moscow. The USSR national team won the unofficial team competition, receiving 80 gold, 69 silver and 46 bronze awards. However, due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, many foreign athletes refused to attend the Moscow Olympics. The USA also boycotted the Olympics, which, of course, reduced the value of the victory of the Soviet team.
Funeral of Vladimir Vysotsky, an outstanding artist and singer-songwriter who enjoyed enormous popularity of songs. Tens of thousands of fans of his talent came to the Taganka Theater to say goodbye to their beloved singer, and they came against the will of the authorities, who did everything to silence the fact of the artist’s death, which occurred during the Moscow Olympics. The funeral of V. Vysotsky became the same mass demonstration of opposition sentiments as the farewells of A. Suvorov (1800) or L. Tolstoy (1910) were in their time - public funerals of great people for whom the ruling elite did not want to give an honorary state funeral.
07 Mar 1981
On March 7, 1981, a “rock session” permitted by the authorities took place in the Leningrad Inter-Union House of Amateur Arts at 13 Rubinshteina Str.
False
Death of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Leonid Brezhnev, who ruled the country after Nikita Khrushchev was removed from power in 1964. The reign of L. Brezhnev is divided into two stages. At its beginning, there were attempts at economic reforms, the rise of the Soviet economy and the growth of the international influence of the USSR, which achieved nuclear parity with the United States. However, fear of the “erosion” of socialism, intensified by the events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia, led to the curtailment of reforms. The country's leadership chose a conservative strategy of maintaining the status quo (the current state of affairs). In conditions of relatively high energy prices, this made it possible to maintain the illusion of growth for several years, but in the 70s the country entered a period called stagnation. The crisis of the Soviet economy was accompanied by a new confrontation with the West, which especially intensified with the outbreak of the war in Afghanistan, a catastrophic decline in the prestige of power and mass disappointment of the Soviet people in socialist values.
09 Feb 1984
Death of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Yuri Andropov, elected to this post after the death of L. Brezhnev. The middle-aged and seriously ill Yuri Andropov, who was the chairman of the KGB for many years, had extensive information about the situation in the country. He understood the urgent need for reforms, but was afraid of even the slightest manifestations of liberalization. Therefore, the reform attempts he made mainly boiled down to “restoring order,” i.e. to investigate corruption in the highest echelons of power and improve labor discipline through police raids on stores and cinemas, where they tried to catch people skipping work.
29 Sep 1984
The “golden” junction of two segments of the Baikal-Amur Mainline under construction - the famous BAM, the last “great construction site of socialism”. The docking took place at the Balbukhta crossing in the Kalarsky district of the Chita region, where two groups of builders met, moving towards each other for ten years.
10 Mar 1985
Death of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Konstantin Chernenko, who became the leader of the party and state after the death of Yu. Andropov. K. Chernenko belonged to the same generation of Soviet leaders as L. Brezhnev and Yu. Andropov. An even more cautious and conservative politician than Yuri Andropov, he tried to return to the practice of the Brezhnev leadership. The obvious ineffectiveness of his activities prompted the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee to choose a representative of the next generation, Mikhail Gorbachev, as its new general secretary.
11 Mar 1985
Election of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. The coming to power of a relatively young (fifty-four-year-old) leader raised optimistic expectations in Soviet society for long-overdue reforms. M. Gorbachev, as General Secretary, had enormous power. Having created his team of liberal-minded party and government figures of the new generation, he began reforms. However, it soon became clear that the new leadership did not have a specific program. M. Gorbachev and his team moved forward intuitively, overcoming the resistance of the conservative wing of the leadership and adapting to changing conditions.
The adoption of the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism”, followed by a wide anti-alcohol campaign, conceived under Yuri Andropov. Restrictions were introduced on the sale of alcoholic beverages, administrative penalties for drunkenness were strengthened, and tens of thousands of hectares of unique vineyards were cut down in Crimea, Moldova and other areas of the country. The result of the thoughtlessly carried out campaign was not so much a decrease in alcohol consumption, but a reduction in budget revenues (which depended on income from the wine trade) and the widespread spread of moonshine. The campaign damaged the reputation of the new leadership. The nickname “mineral secretary” stuck to M. Gorbachev for a long time.
27 Sep 1985
Appointment of Nikolai Ryzhkov as head of the Soviet government - chairman of the Council of Ministers. An engineer by training, former general director of one of the largest industrial enterprises of the USSR - Uralmash (Ural Machine-Building Plant), N. Ryzhkov was appointed Secretary of the Central Committee for Economics in 1982 and joined the team created by Yu. Andropov to implement economic reforms. N. Ryzhkov became one of the main associates of M. Gorbachev. However, his knowledge and experience (in particular in the field of economics) were insufficient to lead the reforms, which became clear as the economic crisis grew in the country.
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is the largest accident in the history of nuclear energy. During a scheduled test, a powerful explosion occurred in the fourth power unit, accompanied by the release of radioactive substances into the atmosphere. The Soviet leadership tried to first hush up the disaster and then downplay its scale (for example, despite the danger of mass infection, the May Day demonstration in Kyiv was not cancelled). The resettlement of residents from the 30-kilometer zone around the station began with great delay. About a hundred people died during the accident and from its consequences, and more than 115 thousand people were evicted from the disaster area. More than 600 thousand people took part in eliminating the consequences of the accident (which are still felt in Belarus and Ukraine). The Chernobyl accident dealt a blow to the prestige of the USSR, showing the unreliability of Soviet technology and the irresponsibility of the Soviet leadership.
Soviet-American summit in Reykjavik. M. Gorbachev and US President R. Reagan reached an understanding on the issue of eliminating medium- and shorter-range missiles and beginning to reduce nuclear stockpiles. Both countries were experiencing financial difficulties and had to limit the arms race. The corresponding agreement was signed on December 8, 1987. However, the unwillingness of the United States to abandon the development of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), colloquially called the “Star Wars” program (i.e., launching nuclear strikes from space), prevented agreement on more radical nuclear disarmament.
German amateur pilot Matthias Rust landing near the Kremlin. Taking off from Helsinki, the 18-year-old pilot turned off his instruments and crossed the Soviet border undetected. After that, he was detected several times by the air defense service, but he again disappeared from radar and evaded pursuit. M. Rust himself claimed that his flight was a call for friendship between peoples, but many Soviet military and intelligence officers saw this as a provocation of Western intelligence services. M. Rust's flight was used by M. Gorbachev to update the leadership of the Ministry of Defense. The new minister was Dmitry Yazov, who was then a supporter of M. Gorbachev, but later supported the State Emergency Committee.
The first episode of the most popular television program of the 90s, “Vzglyad,” aired. This program of Central Television (later ORT) was created on the initiative of A. Yakovlev as an information and entertainment youth program by a group of young journalists (in particular, Vlad Listyev and Alexander Lyubimov). The program was broadcast live, which was new for Soviet viewers. This largely ensured the popularity of Vzglyad, since previously only sports matches and the first minutes of the General Secretary’s speech at congresses of the CPSU could be seen live.In December 1990, at a time of extreme aggravation of the political struggle, “Vzglyad” was banned for several months, but soon again became the main political program supporting Boris Yeltsin’s democratic reforms. However, many Vzglyad journalists, including A. Lyubimov, did not support the president at the decisive moment of the conflict with the Supreme Council - on the night of October 3-4, 1993, calling on Muscovites to refrain from participating in the demonstration organized by E. Gaidar.Since 1994, the program began to be published as an information and analytical program. Closed in 2001 (see articles "" and "").
Publication in the Pravda newspaper of an article about the “cotton case” - an investigation into theft in Uzbekistan, in which representatives of the republic’s top leadership were involved. This article served as a signal for a broad campaign of exposure of corruption in the party and state apparatus.
27 Feb 1988
Armenian pogrom in Sumgait (Azerbaijan). Several dozen people were killed and several hundred were injured. This was the first case of mass violence motivated by ethno-national hatred during the years of perestroika. The reason for the pogrom was the conflict surrounding the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Okrug, populated predominantly by Armenians, within the Azerbaijan SSR. Both the Armenian majority in this district and the leadership of Armenia demanded that Karabakh be transferred to this republic, while the leadership of Azerbaijan categorically objected. Demonstrations began in Karabakh in the summer, and in the fall and winter the conflict continued to worsen, accompanied by mass rallies and armed clashes. The intervention of the union leadership, which called for calm, but generally supported the principle of the immutability of borders, i.e. Azerbaijan's position did not lead to normalization of the situation. Mass emigration of Armenians from Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis from Armenia began, murders based on ethno-national hatred took place in both republics, and new pogroms occurred in November-December ( ").
13 Mar 1988
Publication in “Soviet Russia” (a newspaper with a sovereign-patriotic orientation) of an article by Nina Andreeva, a teacher at the Technological Institute in Leningrad, “I Can’t Give Up Principles,” which condemned “excesses” in the criticism of Stalinism. The author contrasted his position with both the “left-liberals”, i.e. pro-Western intelligentsia and nationalists. The article aroused public concern: is it a signal that perestroika is over? Under pressure from M. Gorbachev, the Politburo decided to condemn N. Andreeva’s article.
On April 5, the main party newspaper Pravda published the article “Principles of Perestroika: Revolutionary Thinking and Action” by Alexander Yakovlev, in which the course towards democratization of public life was confirmed, and N. Andreeva’s article was characterized as a manifesto of anti-perestroika forces ( see articles "", "").
16 Sep 1988
Premiere of the film “Igla” in Almaty (film studio “Kazakhfilm”, director Rashid Nugmanov, starring famous rock musicians Viktor Tsoi and Pyotr Mamonov). The film, dedicated to the problem of youth drug addiction, quickly became a cult classic.
A powerful earthquake in the northwestern regions of Armenia (with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale), affecting about 40% of the territory of the republic. The city of Spitak was completely destroyed, Leninakan and hundreds of other settlements were partially destroyed. At least 25 thousand people were killed and about half a million were made homeless as a result of the earthquake. For the first time since the Cold War, Soviet authorities formally requested assistance from other countries, which readily provided humanitarian and technical support to combat the consequences of the earthquake. Thousands of volunteers arrived at the scene of the tragedy to provide all possible assistance to the victims: people brought food, water and clothing, donated blood, searched for survivors under the rubble, and evacuated the population in their cars.
26 Mar 1989
Elections of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. These were the first partially free elections in the history of the USSR, when in most districts there were alternative candidates with different programs. Despite the fact that the law established numerous “filters” that allowed the authorities to weed out undesirable candidates, many democratically minded public figures were still elected. The elections were a triumph for Boris Yeltsin, who received more than 90% of the votes in Moscow (with a turnout of almost 90%). This is how the future president of Russia returned to politics. On the contrary, many local party leaders lost the elections. A number of democratic candidates became deputies from public organizations. But in general, the majority of deputies were controlled by the party apparatus and took moderate or openly conservative positions.
The First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was held in Moscow, the broadcast of the meetings of which was watched by tens of millions of television viewers. At the congress, a sharp struggle unfolded between democratically minded deputies and the “aggressively obedient majority,” as historian Yuri Afanasyev, one of the opposition leaders, called it. Conservative deputies “slammed” democratic speakers (with applause and noise they did not allow them to speak and were driven from the podium), such as Academician A. Sakharov. M. Gorbachev at the congress relied on the majority, while trying not to alienate the democratic opposition. The congress elected the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and appointed M. Gorbachev as its chairman. B. Yeltsin also got into the Supreme Council - he lacked one vote to be elected, and then one of the elected deputies abandoned his mandate, thus giving way to Yeltsin. During the congress, the organizational formation of the democratic opposition - the Interregional Deputy Group - took place.
Death of A. Sakharov, an outstanding Soviet scientist and public figure, one of the creators of the hydrogen bomb, leader of the human rights movement in the USSR, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1975). Tens of thousands of Muscovites took part in the funeral of A. Sakharov.
The fall of Nicolae Ceausescu's regime - the most authoritarian of Eastern Europe's communist regimes - after weeks of mass demonstrations and a failed attempt to suppress them with military force. On December 25, after a short trial, N. Ceausescu and his wife (who took an active part in organizing reprisals against opponents of the regime) were shot.
Opening of the first McDonald's fast food restaurant in the USSR in Moscow. On Pushkin Square there were hours-long queues of people wanting to try classic American food - hamburgers. McDonald's amazed us with its unusual cleanliness - even in the winter slush, its floors were always perfectly washed. The service staff - young men and women - were unusually diligent and helpful, trying to reproduce in their behavior the ideal image of the West, which was opposed to the Soviet (“Soviet”, as they said then) way of life.
04 Feb 1990
Holding a demonstration in Moscow, in which more than 200 thousand people took part, demanding the deepening of democratic reforms and the abolition of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution, which established the leading role of the CPSU in Soviet society. On February 7, the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee voted to abolish Article 6. M. Gorbachev managed to convince the party that it would be able to maintain a leading role under a multi-party system.
Election by the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church of Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad and Novgorod (1929-2008) as head of the Russian Orthodox Church - Patriarch of Moscow. Alexy II replaced Patriarch Pimen in this post who died in May. The period of the patriarchate of Alexy II was marked by decisive changes in the life of the country, a crisis of communist ideology, the end of the persecution of citizens for religious beliefs and the growth of religious sentiment in society. Under the leadership of the Patriarch, the Russian Orthodox Church made attempts to establish control over various spheres of public life and culture ( see article "").
Death in a car accident of Viktor Tsoi, the leader of the Kino group and the brightest figure of the Leningrad rock club. Tsoi belonged to the “generation of janitors and watchmen,” as another famous musician, Boris Grebenshchikov, called representatives of the forbidden culture (“underground”) of the 70s and 80s. This generation blossomed brightly during the years of perestroika. V. Tsoi's albums and films with his participation were extremely popular. V. Tsoi’s song “We are waiting for change” became one of the symbols of perestroika: “Change! - our hearts demand. // Change! - our eyes demand.” The death of an idol at the peak of fame caused an extraordinary resonance among young people. In many cities, “Tsoi walls” appeared, covered with words from songs and the statements “Tsoi is alive.” V. Tsoi's former place of work - a boiler room in St. Petersburg - has become a place of pilgrimage for fans of his work. Later, in 2003, the V. Tsoi club-museum opened there.
17 Mar 1991
Conducting a union referendum on the issue of preserving the USSR, as well as a Russian referendum on the introduction of the post of president of the RSFSR. 79.5% of citizens who had the right to vote took part in the union referendum, and 76.4% of them were in favor of preserving the USSR (Results in the union republics that supported the referendum on preserving the USSR on March 17, 1991). The Union leadership wanted to use the victory in the referendum to prevent the collapse of the Union and force the republics to sign a new Union Treaty. However, six union republics (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenia, Georgia, Moldova) boycotted the referendum on the grounds that they had already made decisions on secession from the USSR. True, in Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia (which sought to separate from Moldova and Georgia, respectively), the majority of citizens took part in the vote and spoke out in favor of preserving the USSR, which meant an increase in internal conflict in these republics. 71.3% of participants in the Russian referendum were in favor of creating the post of president.
Election of Boris Yeltsin as President of the RSFSR. He won in the first round, ahead of the communist and nationalist candidates who opposed him. At the same time as B. Yeltsin, Alexander Rutskoi, an aviation general and one of the leaders of democratically minded communist deputies, was elected vice president. On the same day, the first direct elections of regional heads took place. Mintimer Shaimiev was elected President of Tatarstan, and the chairmen of the democratic Moscow City Council and Leningrad City Council, Gavriil Popov and Anatoly Sobchak, were elected mayors of Moscow and St. Petersburg.
On July 4, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin signed the law “On the privatization of housing stock in the RSFSR”
False
On November 18, 1991, the Mexican television series “The Rich Also Cry” was released on USSR television screens. It became the second “soap opera” shown on our television, after the huge success “Slave Isaura”.
False
On December 25, 1991, USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev announced the termination of his activities in this post “for reasons of principle.”
Statement by USSR President M. Gorbachev about his resignation and the transfer to President of the RSFSR B. Yeltsin of the so-called “nuclear suitcase”, with the help of which the head of state has the ability to control the use of nuclear weapons. From that day on, the RSFSR became officially known as the Russian Federation. Instead of the Soviet red flag, the tricolor Russian flag was raised over the Kremlin.
On January 2, 1992, prices were liberalized in Russia, marking the beginning of large-scale market reforms carried out by the government of Yegor Gaidar.
23 Feb 1992
From February 8 to February 23, 1992, the XVI Winter Olympic Games were held in Albertville, France. They became the third in the history of France - the first were in Chamonix in 1924, the second in Grenoble in 1968.
March 31, 1992
On March 31, 1992, the Federative Treaty, one of the main sources of constitutional law of the Russian Federation in the field of regulation of federal relations, was signed in the Kremlin.
On April 6, 1992, the VI Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation opened. It witnessed the first sharp confrontation between the legislative and executive branches of government on two main issues - the progress of economic reform and the draft of a new Constitution.
On August 14, 1992, Boris Yeltsin signed a decree “On the introduction of a system of privatization checks in the Russian Federation,” which launched check privatization in Russia.
07 Sep 1992
On October 1, 1992, Russia began issuing privatization checks, which were popularly called vouchers.
False
The president was supported in the referendum by the majority of Russians, who expressed confidence in the president (58.7%) and approved of his socio-economic policies (53%). Despite Boris Yeltsin's moral victory, the constitutional crisis was not overcome.
23 Sep 1993
Conducting the X Extraordinary (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation in connection with B. Yeltsin's decree No. 1400. On the very first day of work, the congress decided to depose B. Yeltsin. Vice-President A. Rutskoy, who, along with the Chairman of the Supreme Council R. Khasbulatov, was the leader of the opposition, was appointed acting president. The White House - the meeting place of the Supreme Council, around which the events of the August putsch unfolded - was cordoned off by the police. As in August 1991, the White House was surrounded by barricades. Nationalist militants hastily flocked to Moscow to defend the Supreme Council.
The capture of the White House by troops loyal to the president. During this operation, the tanks, having warned about the opening of fire, fired several shots (not with live shells, but with training blanks) at the upper floors of the White House, where, as was known in advance, there was not a single person. During the day, units loyal to the government occupied the White House and arrested the organizers of the coup. As a result of these events, there were no deaths, which, unfortunately, cannot be said about armed clashes on the street: from September 21 to October 4, from 141 (data from the Prosecutor General’s Office) to 160 (data from a special parliamentary commission) people died. This was a tragic consequence of the October conflict, but it was precisely this that made it possible to avoid an even more terrible development of events - a repetition of the civil war, when more than 10 million people died.
Elections to the State Duma and referendum on the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Yegor Gaidar's resignation from the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, to which he was appointed on September 18, 1993 - on the eve of decisive events related to the struggle between the President and the Supreme Council. On the night of October 3-4, when militants of the Supreme Council tried to seize the Ostankino television center, E. Gaidar’s televised appeal to Muscovites calling on them to gather at the Moscow City Council building and express support for the president helped turn the situation in favor of B. Yeltsin. However, the electoral bloc “Russia's Choice” created by E. Gaidar failed to obtain a majority in the Duma in the elections in December 1993, which could have allowed the continuation of radical market reforms. It became obvious that the government of V. Chernomyrdin would be forced to pursue the previous policy of compromise. Under these conditions, E. Gaidar left the government and focused on working as the leader of the Duma faction “Russia’s Choice”. E. Gaidar no longer worked in the government ( see articles "", "" and "").
Return to Russia of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. On this day, the writer flew to Magadan from the USA, where he had lived since 1974 after being expelled from the USSR. The writer, universally greeted as a triumphant, made a long trip around the country.
01 Mar 1995
Holding a military parade in Moscow in honor of the 50th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany. The parade consisted of two parts - historical and modern. The historical part took place on Red Square. It was attended by veterans of the Great Patriotic War, who marched along Red Square in columns of war-era fronts, with front banners in front; as well as military personnel dressed in the uniform of the Red Army of the 40s. The modern part of the parade took place on Poklonnaya Hill, where units of the Russian army and modern military equipment marched. The reason for this division was the condemnation by the leaders of other countries of military actions on the territory of the Chechen Republic. They refused to attend the parade of troops participating in these events, and it was for this reason that only the historical part of the parade was held on Red Square.
Option 1.
A 1. The United States put forward the “Marshall Plan” in:
1946
1947
1948
1949
A 2. The first of the “famous” resolutions directed against cultural figures disliked by the Stalinist regime was the resolution:
“About the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””
“On the repertoire of drama theaters”
“About the film “Big Life””
“About the opera “Great Friendship” by V. Muradeli.”
A 3. A characteristic feature of agriculture in the USSR in 1945-1953. was:
Redundancy of labor on collective farms
Increasing the size of personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers
Significant increase in government purchase prices for agricultural products.
Heavy burden of taxes on collective farmers.
A 4. Read an excerpt from the memoirs and indicate their author:
It ended with me being removed from the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces and sent to command the Odessa Military District, and at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, I was removed from the Central Committee without any wording<...> In 1947, a large group of generals and officers was arrested, mainly those who had ever worked with me<...>All of them were physically forced to confess to preparing a “military conspiracy” against the Stalinist leadership.
M.N. Tukhachevsky
A.A. Novikov
K.K. Rokossovsky
G.K. Zhukov
A 5. The most important goal of the USSR’s foreign policy in the period 1945-1953. was to:
to surround the territory of the USSR with a belt of friendly states, to ensure the interests of strengthening our own security
strengthen friendly relations with partners in the anti-Hitler coalition
surround US territory with a ring of Soviet military bases
expand Soviet military presence in southeast Asia.
A 6. In 1945-46. The head of the State Planning Committee N. Voznesensky made the following proposals:
On strengthening the planned nature of the Soviet economy
On the USSR's accession to the Marshall Plan
On some easing of state pressure in economic management and reorganization of collective farms
On the priority development of defense industries.
A 7. The Soviet government (Sovnarkom) was renamed the Council of Ministers into:
1946
1947
1948
1949
A 8. Read an excerpt from the text and determine the year in which the described event occurred:
I. Stalin and A. Zhdanov signed a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which stated that the reform was being carried out with the aim of strengthening the ruble and removing a large amount of counterfeit money from circulation. In addition, this was to prevent speculative elements, who had accumulated significant sums during the war years, from buying up goods after the abolition of the rationing system. The exchange of old money for new ones was carried out with restrictions, namely, 10 rubles in old money for 1 ruble in new ones. The revaluation of household deposits in savings banks and the State Bank was carried out on more preferential terms - deposits up to 3 thousand rubles inclusive remained unchanged, i.e. they were revalued 1 ruble with old money for 1 ruble with new ones.
1945
1946
1947
1948
A 9. Unsuccessful blockade of part of this city, undertaken on the instructions of I.V. Stalin, could not prevent the process of creating two independent states within one country.
Berlin
Prague
Budapest
Seoul.
A 10. Events in Pechora (1948), Salekhard (1950), Kingir (1952) Vorkuta (1953). Norilsk (1953) are associated with:
Discovery of new gas fields
Opening of higher educational institutions
Uprisings of political prisoners
Construction of the largest machine-building enterprises.
A 11. Look at the map and complete the task:
Determine the years of the event indicated on the map.
1949 - 1951
1950 – 1953
1951 – 1955
1952 – 1954
This poster is dedicated to the implementation of:
Truman Doctrines
Marshall Plan
Helsinki agreements
Decisions of the Potsdam Conference
Renaming the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to the CPSU
Resolution “On unity in the party”
Abolition of the State Defense Committee
The case of the anti-Soviet right-Trotskyist bloc.
Q 2. Compare the foreign policy of our country in the 30s and in the second half of the 40s. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarities in the first column, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second.
An attempt to create a collective security system
Organization of the union of countries of the socialist camp
Strained relations with Western countries
Promotion of communist ideology in other countries
Similarities
Features of difference
Q 3. Which of the named sciences were banned in 1945-1953? Find two sciences in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated?
physiology
genetics
cybernetics
economy
quantum mechanics
AT 4.Write down the word missing in the diagram:
AT 5. Using the data in the table, complete the judgments below:
The level of development of the leading countries of the world in 1950 in comparison with the USA.
Main macroeconomic indicators
USA
(taken as 100%)
Second country
Third country
USSR
Gross National Income
100 %
UK 19%
France 13%
29%
Military spending
100%
China – 18%
UK – 16%
106 %
Industrial production
100%
Japan – 19%
Germany – 13%
24%
INITIAL PARTS OF JUDGMENT
A) From the countries indicated in the USA table
B) By the level of GNP and industrial production
C) The main capital investments of the USSR were made
OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT
The USSR was in second place in the world.
ahead of all countries in GNP and industrial production.
lagged behind Japan and Germany.
was the absolute leader in all macroeconomic indicators.
in the military industrial complex.
Q 6. Below are a number of state names. All of them, with the exception of one, were members of the CMEA
Austria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia.
Find and write down the state that “falls out” from this series
Read a fragment of the document and complete tasks C1, C2. Use information from the text as well as knowledge from the history course in your answers.
The USSR again entered a period of peaceful socialist construction, interrupted by the treacherous attack of Nazi Germany...
The Supreme Soviet of the USSR establishes that the main tasks of the five-year restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR ... are to restore the affected areas of the country, restore the pre-war level of industry and agriculture and then exceed this level to a significant extent.
For these purposes it is necessary:
1. To ensure the priority restoration and development of heavy industry and railway transport, without which the rapid and successful restoration and development of the entire national economy of the USSR is impossible.
2. To achieve a rise in agriculture and industry producing consumer goods to ensure the material well-being of the peoples of the Soviet Union and create an abundance of basic consumer goods in the country.
3. To ensure further technical progress in all sectors of the national economy of the USSR, as a condition for a powerful rise in production and increasing labor productivity, for which it is necessary not only to catch up, but also to surpass in the near future the achievements of science outside the USSR.
4. Complete the post-war restructuring of the national economy in 1946, use the production capacity of the military industry to further increase the economic strength of the Soviet Union.
5. To ensure a further increase in the defense capability of the USSR and equipping the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union with the latest military equipment.
8. To exceed the pre-war level of national income and the level of national consumption, for which purpose to develop the food industry in every possible way, expand mass production of consumer goods, increase collective farm incomes, and increase trade turnover; abolish the card system in the near future, replacing it with an expanded cultural Soviet trade.<...>
10. To increase labor productivity through full use of the 8-hour working day, comprehensive mechanization of labor-intensive industries, further electrification of the national economy and intensification of production processes...
Indicate the year of this event.
Name the politician.
C 4.
Option 2.
Basic difficulty level tasks
A 1. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in:
1)1946
2) 1947
3) 1948
4) 1949
A 2. The last act of Stalin’s repressions was a process called:
"Leningrad affair"
"process of the generals"
"The Doctors' Case"
"the case of the Industrial Party"
A 3. One of the sources of the successful restoration of the Soviet economy in the post-war period was:
Application of new technologies in industrial production
Massive placement of loans for the purchase of bonds among workers
Investments of Western European powers
Mass dispossession.
A 4. Read an excerpt from the document and indicate the year of the event described in it:
The Soviet government declared: there is no secret to the atomic bomb. This meant that the Soviet Union had atomic weapons at its disposal. But in the West, open and honest recognition hastened to be declared a “propaganda trick.”<...>In ... the year, an American Air Force plane equipped with special equipment delivered to the ground air samples taken at high altitude and leaving no doubt that an atomic bomb had been tested somewhere in Soviet Asia.
1948
1949
1950
1951
A 5. In the work “Economic problems of socialism in the USSR” I.V. Stalin justified:
introduction of collective farms
the need to develop market relations
expansion of economic ties with Western countries
existence of a shortage of consumer goods
A 6. The USSR’s provision of assistance to people’s democracies in the first post-war years was dictated primarily
Expanding trade and economic cooperation with these countries.
Restoring the European market and ensuring free trade
Fear of loss of political influence on the states of Eastern Europe
The entry of these territories into the USSR.
A 7. The CPSU (b) was renamed the CPSU in:
1950
1951
1952
1953
A 8. Read the document and determine the years of the events described:
We understand that during the war, more grain was needed to supply the army, and we happily gave everything we collected and spared nothing to defeat the enemy. In ... year, despite the crop failure, they also handed over everything in order to restore the national economy as quickly as possible. We hoped that this year, having fulfilled the state grain distribution plan, we would be able to distribute approximately one kilogram per workday. Now we have fulfilled the state plan 200% ahead of schedule, delivering twice as much as planned. But despite this, the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) and the district committee gave us and all collective farms a firm assignment for above-plan delivery, which exceeds state plans several times, so there is nothing to distribute for workdays and there is not even enough seed to fill up completely to sow in the new year.
1946-1948
1949-1950
1951 – 1952
1953-1954
A 9. J.V. Stalin demanded that the countries of Eastern Europe obey and carry out political and socio-economic transformations according to the Soviet model. Any deviation from it was perceived with extreme hostility. This is what became the basis for breaking off relations with:
Yugoslavia
Hungary
Albania
Romania
A 10. Read the passage and determine which of the leaders of the USSR is being said:
He was considered one of the most gifted farm managers in the country. Since March 1941, he was the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. After the war, he headed the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Author of the book “The Military Economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War.” In 1949, he was arrested on charges of creating an anti-party group and shot:
N. Voznesensky
A. Zhdanov
N. Shcherbakov
A. Mikoyan
A 11. Look at the map and complete the task.
Which of the following states does the event shown on the map belong to:
Austria
Finland
Hungary
Germany
A 12. Look at the image and complete the task:
When was this photo taken:
May 1945
June 1945
November 1945
May 1946
High level of difficulty task:
Q 1. Arrange the following events (phenomena) in chronological order. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.
Education of the GDR
Speech by W. Churchill in Fulton
Munich Agreement on the partition of Czechoslovakia
Treaty of Rapala
Q 2. Compare the domestic policy of our country in the 30s and in the second half of the 40s. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarities in the first column, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second.
The main investments are made in the development of heavy industry and the military-industrial complex
One of the main sources of financing is the transfer of funds from the village to industry
Reparations are one of the sources of industrial development
Increasing the share of female labor in all spheres of the national economy.
Similarities
Features of difference
Q 3. Which of the named cultural figures was persecuted in 1945-1953? Find two names in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are listed?
S. Prokofiev
D. Shostakovich
I. Dunaevsky
S. Mikhalkov
K. Simonov
Q 4. Write down the word missing in the diagram:
Q 5. Using the data in the table, complete the statements below:
Standard of living of the population of the USSR in 1947
Name of professions
Monthly salary
Name of main products
Price
Doctors
185 rub.
woman coat
180 rub.
Teachers
180 rub.
sweater
60 rub.
Collective farmers (not counting payments in kind)
12.5 rub.
leather boots
288 rub.
Low skilled workers
200 rub.
100 g toilet soap
4 rub.
Locomotive driver
790 rub.
1 kg black bread
3.4 rub.
State farm directors
900 rub.
1 kg of meat - 30 rubles.
30 rub.
Policemen
330 rub.
1 kg butter
66 rub.
Welder
1200 rub.
1 liter of milk
4 rub.
Miner
824 rub.
1 liter kerosene
2.34 rub.
INITIAL PARTS OF JUDGMENT
A) Among representatives of working professions
B) Most rural workers
B) Industrial goods
OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT
there were no major differences in wage levels.
was below the poverty line.
there was strong economic differentiation.
were inaccessible to many members of the intelligentsia.
belonged to the middle class of Soviet society.
Q 6. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are related to the history of the USSR during the period 1945-1953.
The Iron Curtain, the Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, Lend-Lease, cosmopolitanism.
Find and write down the term “outlier” from this series.
High level of difficulty tasks:
Read a fragment from the work of the historian N. Werth and complete tasks C1, C2. Use information from the text as well as knowledge from the history course in your answers.
On August 14, the Central Committee of the Party attacked the magazines “Leningrad” and “Zvezda” (the first was reprimanded, and the second was closed) for becoming vehicles of “ideologies alien to the spirit of the party,” especially after the publication of works... A few days later, these writers were expelled from the Writers' Union at a meeting where Zhdanov explained at length that in the story “The Adventures of a Monkey” (more than any other, blamed ...) “the portrayal of the life of Soviet people, deliberately ugly, caricatured and vulgar, was needed ... in order to to put into the mouth of a monkey a vile, poisoned anti-Soviet maxim about the fact that it is better to live in a zoo than in the wild, and that it is easier to breathe in a cage than among Soviet people.” Appointed first secretary of the board of the Writers' Union, Fadeev was tasked with bringing order to this organization. On September 4, a new resolution of the Central Committee criticized “ideologicalless” films, that is, without ideological slogans. It named three films: “Big Life,” which told about the life of Donetsk miners and was accused of “falsely depicting party workers”; it did not show “modern Donbass with its advanced technology and culture created during the years of Stalin’s five-year plans” ; “Admiral Nakhimov” by Pudovkin and the second series of “Ivan the Terrible” by S. Eisenstein. The famous director was criticized primarily for creating a false image (as a “spineless man” “like Hamlet”) of the Tsar, who henceforth figured among the great builders of the Russian state next to Peter the Great and... Stalin
The reasons why the intelligentsia “cleaned up” were understandable in conditions when the authorities set a course for the full praise of Stalin, for the final creation of a cult of his personality and a legend about him. The severe economic crisis, which again led to famine (especially severe in Ukraine, Moldova and the Lower Volga region), prompted the authorities to decide to silence the intelligentsia.
C 4.
Self-study assessment system No. 11.
For correct completion of tasks of a basic level of difficulty, 1 point is awarded. A task with a multiple choice answer is considered completed correctly if the student indicated the number of only the correct answer. In all other cases (a different answer is selected; two or more answers are selected, among which there may be a correct one; there is no answer to the question), the task is considered not completed.
A task of increased complexity with a short answer is considered completed correctly if the required one or two words or sequence of numbers are correctly indicated.
For the correct answer to each of the tasks B1, B2, B3, B6, 1 point is awarded. For a correct answer in task B5, 2 points are awarded if all elements of the answer are indicated correctly; 1 point if 1 element is incorrect.
№ tasks
Option 1.
Option 2
Highly complex tasks are graded depending on the completeness and correctness of the answer. For tasks C1, C2, the analysis of a historical source is given from 0 to 2 points, for tasks C3, C4, C5 from 0 to 3 points.
Option 1.
C 1. What was the name of the period in the Soviet economy, the goals and objectives of which are listed in the document? Name the chronological framework of this period.
Points
Fourth Five Year Plan
1946-1950
The answer is incorrect
Maximum score
2
C 2. Extract from the text the main task set by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for the Soviet economy. Indicate how, in the opinion of the authorities, the solution to this problem should have affected the standard of living of the population.
Points
The answer must indicate the task:restore the affected areas of the country, restore the pre-war level of industry and agriculture and then surpass this level by a significant amount
Impact on standard of living may be indicated:
According to the authorities, as a result of economic recovery, the pre-war level of national income and the level of public consumption should be surpassed, the food industry should be raised, mass production of consumer goods should be launched, collective farm incomes should be increased, and trade turnover should be increased; the card system will be canceled in the near future
The answer can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.
The task and influence are correctly specified.
Only the task or only the influence is correctly specified.
The answer is incorrect
Maximum score
2
From 3. One of the most prominent politicians of the 20th century, having lost elections in his country, visited the United States on a private visit. Speaking to American students, he spoke out in favor of keeping the secret of the atomic bomb in the USA, England and Canada, called on all Anglo-Saxon states to create a new union and accused the USSR of establishing an Iron Curtain over the countries of Eastern Europe.
Indicate the year of this event.
Name the politician.
What were the consequences of this performance?
Points
Answers may be given:
1946
W. Churchill.
It became one of the signals for the beginning of the Cold War. Led to the establishment of the Truman Doctrine and the formation of NATO.
Three answers are correct
Two answers are correct
One answer is correct
The answer is incorrect
Maximum score
C 4.There is an opinion that in the second half of the 40s - early 50s. The totalitarian regime in the USSR reached the apogee of its development. Nevertheless, scientists argue that many common features remained with the period of the beginning of the formation of totalitarianism in the late 20s and early 30s. Give at least two facts confirming this generality.
Points
Facts can be given:
The presence of a single party that holds power and control over society.
Carrying out repressions in order to destroy dissidents and strengthen the power of the leader.
Cult of personality I.V. Stalin
Two facts are correct
One fact is correct
The answer is incorrect
Maximum score
C 5. You are instructed to draw up a plan on the topic “Ideology and culture in the post-war years.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.
The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the topic: “Ideology and culture in the post-war years.”
Points
OR
The wording of the plan points and explanations reflects the content of the topic and does not contain factual errors.
OR
The plan contains at least three points, two of which are explained.
The wording of the plan points and explanations reflects the content of the topic and does not contain factual errors.
OR
OR
The plan contains at least three points, one of which is explained.
OR
OR
Maximum score
3
Option 2.
C1. Name the year of publication of the resolution and the names of two writers expelled from the Writers' Union as a result of this resolution.
Points
The answer should include:
1946
M. Zoshchenko, A. Akhmatova.
Two answer units are correctly named.
Any one answer unit is correctly named.
The answer is incorrect
Maximum score
2
C 2. Find and write down from the text two explanations of the measures taken by the authorities. Please indicate at least two measures taken.
Points
The answer must include explanations:
The authorities set a course for the full praise of Stalin, for the final creation of a cult of his personality and a legend about him.
a severe economic crisis, which again led to famine (especially severe in Ukraine, Moldova and the Lower Volga region), prompted the authorities to decide to silence the intelligentsia
Measures may be indicated:
Leningrad magazine was reprimanded, and Zvezda magazine was closed
The films “Big Life”, “Admiral Nakhimov” and the second part of “Ivan the Terrible” were criticized and banned
The result and three reasons are correctly indicated.
The result and one or two reasons are correctly indicated.
Only the result is correct or the answer is incorrect
Maximum score
2
C 3. As noted in the report of the Minister of Internal Affairs S. Kruglov, in Moscow, consumer demand for food products suitable for long-term storage has sharply increased. Store shelves are almost empty. The influx of people into restaurants has increased. In restaurants, drunken individuals take out wads of money and shout: “That's a lot of paper!”
In what year did these events take place?
What was the name of the event, the holding of which caused such a reaction from the population?
Why did goods begin to disappear in stores, and people called money paper?
Points
Answers may be given:
1947
Currency reform
The exchange of old money for new ones was carried out with restrictions, namely, 10 rubles in old money for 1 ruble in new ones. The revaluation of household deposits in savings banks and the State Bank was carried out on more preferential terms - deposits up to 3 thousand rubles inclusive remained unchanged, i.e. they were revalued 1 ruble with old money for 1 ruble with new ones. But a very large percentage of the population kept their savings at home. These people sought to spend the money in their hands on goods in order to somehow compensate for their losses.
Other formulations similar in meaning can be given
Three answers are correct
Two answers are correct
One answer is correct
The answer is incorrect
Maximum score
C 4.There is an opinion that although Soviet culture in the 30s. and in the post-war period (1945-1953) developed in slightly different historical conditions, these two periods are connected by the commonality of certain cultural features. Give at least two facts confirming this generality.
Points
Facts can be given:
Strict ideological control of the party.
Repressions against some cultural figures.
Persecution of individual scientific schools and areas (for example, genetics)
The only allowed direction of development is “socialist realism”.
Other facts may be given
Two facts are correct
One fact is correct
Reasoning of a general nature is given that does not correspond to the requirements of the assignment.
The answer is incorrect
Maximum score
C 5. You have been instructed to draw up a plan on the topic “Restoration of the Soviet economy after the Great Patriotic War.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.
The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the topic: “Restoration of the Soviet economy after the Great Patriotic War.”
Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:
– the number of points of the plan and explanations for them;
– the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic;
– correctness of explanations to the points of the plan (absence of factual errors
The plan contains at least three points, two of which are explained.
The wording of the plan points and explanations reflects the content of the topic and does not contain factual errors
The plan contains at least three points, one of which is explained.
The wording of the plan points and explanations reflects the content of the topic and does not contain factual errors.
OR
The plan contains two points, both of which are explained.
The wording of the plan points and explanations reflects the content of the topic and does not contain factual errors.
OR
The plan contains at least three points, two of which are explained.
The explanations for one or two points of the plan, along with correct positions, contain factual errors that do not significantly distort the answer.
The plan contains at least three points without explanation.
The wording of the plan points and explanations reflects the content of the topic and does not contain factual errors.
OR
The plan contains two points, one of which is explained.
The wording of the plan points and explanations reflect the content of the topic and do not contain factual errors.
OR
The plan contains at least three points, one of which is explained.
The explanation, along with correct positions, contains factual errors that do not significantly distort the answer.
The plan contains less than two points, regardless of the quality of the explanations.
OR
The plan points do not reflect the content of the topic.
OR
There were factual errors in the points of the plan and explanations that distorted the content of the topic
Maximum score
Option 2
Test 9. USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 -1945
Option 1
A1 The event that finally derailed Germany's plan for a "lightning war" against the Soviet Union
1) Battle of Smolensk 3) defense of Kyiv and Odessa
2) battle for Moscow 4) defense of the Brest Fortress
A2
A) Battle of Moscow B) Battle of Stalingrad
B) Battle of Smolensk D) Battle of Oryol-Kursk
A3
1) reward for the capture of saboteurs.
2) rehabilitation of Soviet prisoners of war.
3) the formation of penal battalions and companies.
4) sending all NKVD units to the front.
A4 Are the following statements true? During the Battle of Smolensk
A) the first guards units appeared as part of the Red Army.
B) German troops were forced to go on the defensive for the first time, and units of the Red Army launched a counteroffensive.
A5 The emergency body governing the country during the war was formed on June 30, 1941.
1) People's Commissariat of Armaments 3) State Defense Committee.
2) Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks 4) Evacuation Council
A6 The areas of greatest development of the partisan movement in the rear of the Nazi occupiers during the Great Patriotic War were:
A) Western Ukraine D) Baltic states
B) Belarusian Polesie D) Bryansk region
B) North-Eastern Ukraine E) Moldova
A7 Soviet troops during the Battle of Moscow (September 30, 1941 - January 7, 1942) were led by General
1) I.S. Konev. 2) K.K. Rokossovsky. 3) G.K. Zhukov. 4) I.G. Chernyakhovsky.
A8 The second front in Europe was opened by the USSR's allies in the anti-Hitler coalition in
1) 1942. 2) 1943. 3) 1944. 4) 1945.
A9 Read an excerpt from the memoirs of Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky and indicate to which period the described events belong:
“...Officially the campaign lasted 24 days. The enemy's strike forces were completely defeated. The Japanese militarists lost their springboards for aggression and their main bases for supplying weapons and ammunition in China, Korea and South Sakhalin. The collapse of the Kwantung Army accelerated the surrender of Japan as a whole.”
A10 Mark the main military operations that were part of the radical turning point during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945 (select all the correct answers from the list and write down the numbers corresponding to them in ascending order).
1) Defense of Odessa.
4) Battle of Kursk.
A1 After which battle did German troops move over the entire length of the Soviet-German front to strategic defense?
1) Stalingrad 2) Kursk 3) Moscow 4) for the Caucasus.
A2 Place the following events of the Great Patriotic War in chronological order:
A) crossing the Dnieper;
B) Battle of Moscow;
B) lifting the blockade of Leningrad;
D) the battle for Berlin.
A3 Order No. 227 “Not a step back,” adopted in June 1942, provided
1) reward for the capture of saboteurs. 3) putting on trial commanders who retreated without orders.
2) rehabilitation of Soviet prisoners of war. 4) sending all NKVD units to the front.
A4 Are the following statements true? During the Great Patriotic War
A) a second industrial base was created in the eastern regions of the country, in the Urals and Siberia.
B) an important factor in the victory was the labor enthusiasm of the Soviet people and the awakening of their self-awareness.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false
A5 Read a fragment from the memoirs of the Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces
P.A. Rotmistrov and determine during which battle the described tank battle took place.
“From the very first minutes of the battle, two powerful avalanches of tanks in deep formation, raising clouds of dust and smoke, moved towards each other...
The battle lasted until late in the evening. The tanks, clinging together in one giant ball, could no longer disperse. Frontal attacks were accompanied by ramming attacks on the side, fire duels of cannons and machine guns. The earth groaned from the explosion of shells and the roar of steel. Tanks and self-propelled guns were burning all around. It was a terrible, unprecedented tank battle."
1) The Battle of Smolensk 3) The Battle of Stalingrad.
2) the battle on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge 4) during the breaking of the blockade of Leningrad.
A6 Indicate the names of the commanders of the largest partisan formations during the Great Patriotic War:
A) S.A. Kovpak; B) A.N. Saburov; D) V.N. Tolmachev;
B) K.E. Voroshilov; D) A.F. Fedorov; E) N.N. Voznesensky
A7 The German plan for the encirclement and capture of Moscow had the code name
1) "Barbarossa". 2) "Typhoon". 3) "Citadel". 4) "Ost".
A8 The second front in Europe was opened by the USSR's allies in the anti-Hitler coalition in June 1944
1) in southern Italy and Sicily. 2) in the Balkans. 3) in North Africa. 4) in Normandy.
A9 Which of the Conferences of the three powers participating in the anti-Hitler coalition are being discussed in the given fragment of the document:
"...German militarism and Nazism will be eradicated, and the Allies, in agreement with each other, now and in the future, will take other measures necessary to ensure that Germany never again threatens its neighbors or the preservation of world peace"?
1) Moscow. 2) San Francisco. 3) Berlin. 4) Tehran.
A10 Mark the main military operations that were included in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 -1945 and that thwarted the German plan for a lightning war (select all the correct answers from the list and write down the numbers corresponding to them in ascending order).
1) Defense of Odessa.
2) The defeat of the Germans at Stalingrad.
3) Smolensk defensive battle.
4) Battle of Leningrad.
5) Liberation of Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv (battle for the Dnieper).
