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Many representatives of the scientific community. Despite the fact that they have different political views, they all made a significant contribution to the development of certain branches of science.
Scientists of various specialties and directions work in the Duma of the 7th convocation. Among them are Russians who are known all over the world and who have earned the respect of the international scientific community. Dni.Ru represent the most famous scientists - deputies of the State Duma of Russia.
The oldest member of the Russian parliament is the physicist Zhores Alferov, who has enjoyed unquestioned authority in the Duma since 1995. Then he became a deputy for the first time and since then it is he who has been honored to open each first meeting of the chamber of a new convocation. Alferov's merits are impressive: suffice it to say that he is a Nobel Prize winner in physics. Alferov received a high award in 2000 for discoveries in the field of semiconductor physics. While still in the Union, Alferov became a laureate of the Lenin and twice State Prizes, and new Russia- Full Cavalier of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland".
Alferov devoted his entire life to physics. After studying at LETI, he worked at the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, where he took part in the development of the first Soviet transistors. Defended first PhD, then doctoral dissertation. For 16 years (from 1987 to 2003) he headed the Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute. Today, Academician Zhores Alferov holds the positions of Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences, heads the Advisory Scientific Council of the innovation center in the Russian "silicon valley" - Skolkovo.
Alferov is the author of more than five hundred scientific papers, three monographs and fifty inventions. In 2001, he created the Foundation for the Support of Education and Science (Alferov Foundation) to support talented youth, making the first contribution to it from the funds of his Nobel Prize.
Zhores Alferov is also involved in the support of science and its popularization in the State Duma, being a deputy from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He is a member of the House Committee on Education and Science. He was the initiator of the laws "On Education for All" and "On the Support of Innovation in Russia".
Artur Chilingarov can rightfully be called a legend - the famous polar explorer has repeatedly visited both poles of the Earth. And not only as a member of scientific expeditions as a leader or an oceanologist, he solved important state tasks in the Arctic and Antarctic. In the late 1960s, Chilingarov led the high-latitude scientific expedition "North-21". The results obtained made it possible to substantiate the possibility of year-round use of the Northern Sea Route. Chilingarov participated in the Il-76 transcontinental flight to Antarctica and led the Mi-26 ultra-long flight, which showed the possibility of operating helicopters in the central regions of the Arctic Ocean.
Chilingarov's work is an occupation for real men. In 1986, he took part in the most difficult operation to rescue the research vessel "Mikhail Somov" from the ice of Antarctica, more than once led other rescue operations and vessels during the drift period.
In the piggy bank of his merits are the gold medals of the Hero Soviet Union and Russian Federation. Chilingarov - Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, First Vice President of the Russian Geographical Society, President of the State Polar Academy. A lifetime bust was erected to the famous polar explorer in the Moscow park of St. Petersburg.
Chilingarov can also be safely called a political mastodon, he was a deputy of the Duma from 1993 to 2011, then a senator in the Federation Council, now he is again a deputy of the lower house from United Russia, he is a member of the committee on international affairs. His scientific experience is in demand not only in the Duma, but also in many international organizations. Artur Chilingarov is a member of the British Royal Geographical Society and the International Explorers Club established in the USA and President of the Russian Association of Polar Explorers.
Gennady Onishchenko was remembered by Russians mainly for his bright statements as Chief Sanitary Doctor and head of Rospotrebnadzor. For example, to combat the heat in the hot summer of 2010, he advised Muscovites to come to work early so as not to sweat on the subway; at the peak of the influenza epidemic, Onishchenko suggested lubricating the nose with laundry soap; wash not with water, but with snow, where there is a lot of it and show “food patriotism”, refusing hamburgers and sushi.
But, oddly enough, Onishchenko, who seemed to be a frivolous head of Rospotrebnadzor, did a lot to preserve the health of Russians. He personally initiated large-scale inspections at food-producing enterprises, department specialists checked the same factories in countries exporting products to Russia. Mass inspections took place in cafes, restaurants and shops.
Before that, Onishchenko was remembered for the fact that in 1994 he actually saved the Chechen Republic from cholera. Then the militants refused the help of Russian doctors, and he (at that time the first deputy head of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision) was seconded to the region to carry out field vaccination of the population together with the military. There he was even captured by terrorists.
Gennady Onishchenko - Honored Doctor of Russia, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, winner of the State Prize in the field of science and technology, author of many scientific papers and studies. He is new to the State Duma and has not yet made loud statements in his own style, but it is obvious that his scientific experience and deep knowledge of medicine will be in demand in the development of laws. Onishchenko is a deputy of the Duma Committee for Education and Science, he is a member of the United Russia party.
Vyacheslav Nikonov was born, as it was customary to say then, in a high-ranking Soviet family. His father served in the NKVD at the beginning of his career, then worked at MGIMO and in the Kommunist magazine. Mother - a historian by education, was the only daughter of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vyacheslav Molotov.
With such a rich past, Nikonov studied at the special school No. 1 in Moscow, then graduated from the history department of Moscow State University and seriously took up history. First of all, he wrote a detailed biography of his grandfather. In addition, Doctor of Historical Sciences Nikonov is the author of almost a thousand scientific papers and monographs. At the dawn of the intellectual television club “What? Where? When?" was one of the first to know.
Vyacheslav Nikonov is visible in public and political activity: he heads the Politika Foundation, is a member of the Presidium of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy, holds the post of editor-in-chief of the Russian Strategy magazine, heads the Russkiy Mir Foundation, which promotes the Russian language and culture.
Nikonov is very serious about the study of history in schools and universities, often talking about the need to remember the great past of Russia.
Elected to the State Duma in the 2011 elections on the list of United Russia, in 2016 he extended his mandate. In the Duma of the 7th convocation, Nikonov heads the committee on education and science.
Along with the deputies, whose personalities often flash in the media space, there are also representatives of the scientific community in the Duma of the 7th convocation, who are not so famous, but scientific activity which also bore fruit. Among them is Gadzhimet Safaraliev, a Soviet and Russian physicist, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences. He heads the Department of Experimental Physics of the Dagestan State University and is a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
During his scientific life, Safaraliev not only wrote about 200 works, he is the author of several textbooks on physics. The professor prepared five doctors of sciences and 26 candidates. His research interests include the physics and technology of high-temperature semiconductors and ceramic materials.
Since this is not the first time Safaraliev has been elected as a deputy (he has been in the Duma since 2000), he personally is the author of more than 40 bills. Safaraliev was elected from the United Russia party, and now he is a member of the Committee on Education and Science of the State Duma of Russia.
Most of them do not have not only higher education but even average. It is noteworthy that this did not prevent them from making amazing discoveries and becoming the founders of completely new scientific disciplines.
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky
Russian and Soviet self-taught scientist and inventor, school teacher. Founder of theoretical astronautics. He substantiated the use of rockets for flights into space, came to the conclusion that it was necessary to use "rocket trains" - prototypes of multi-stage rockets. His main scientific works relate to aeronautics, rocket dynamics and astronautics.
For unknown reasons, Konstantin never entered the school, but decided to continue his education on his own. Living literally in Moscow on bread and water (his father sent 10-15 rubles a month), he began to work hard. “Apart from water and black bread, I then had nothing. Every three days I went to the bakery and bought 9 kopecks worth of bread there. Thus, I lived 90 kopecks a month. To save money, Konstantin moved around Moscow only on foot. He spent all his free money on books, instruments and chemicals.
Every day from ten in the morning until three or four in the afternoon, the young man studies science in the Chertkovo public library - the only free library in Moscow at that time.
Work in the library was subject to a clear schedule. In the morning, Konstantin was engaged in exact and natural sciences, which required concentration and clarity of mind. Then he switched to simpler material: fiction and journalism. He actively studied "thick" journals, where both review scientific articles and journalistic articles were published.
For three years, Konstantin fully mastered the gymnasium program, as well as a significant part of the university one.
Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengor
Having no special mathematical education, he received remarkable results in the field of number theory. Most significant is his work with Godfrey Hardy on the asymptotics of the number of partitions p(n).
At school, his outstanding abilities for mathematics showed up, and a student friend from the city of Madras gave him books on trigonometry. At the age of 14, Ramanujan discovered Euler's formula for sine and cosine and was very upset to learn that it had already been published. At the age of 16, the two-volume work of the mathematician George Shubridge Carr, "Collection of Elementary Results of Pure and Applied Mathematics", written almost a quarter of a century earlier, fell into his hands (later, thanks to the connection with the name of Ramanujan, this book was subjected to careful analysis). 6165 theorems and formulas were placed in it, practically without proofs and explanations. The young man, who had neither access to a university nor communication with mathematicians, plunged into communication with this set of formulas.
In 1913, the famous Cambridge University professor Godfrey Hardy received a letter from Ramanujan, in which Ramanujan reported that he did not graduate from the university, but after high school he studied mathematics on his own. Formulas were attached to the letter, the author asked to publish them if they were of interest, since he himself is poor and does not have sufficient funds for publication. A lively correspondence began between the Cambridge professor and the Indian clerk, as a result of which Hardy accumulated about 120 formulas unknown to science. At the insistence of Hardy, at the age of 27, Ramanujan moved to Cambridge. There he was elected a member of the English Royal Society (English Academy of Sciences) and at the same time a professor at Cambridge University. He was the first Indian to receive such honors.
Milton Humason
Born in Minnesota, in the family of a major banker. At the age of 14 he left school and from 1917 began working at the Mount Wilson Observatory - first as a laborer, then as a night assistant. Despite his lack of special education at that time, he showed extraordinary abilities as an observer, and by order of D. E. Hale was soon enrolled in the staff of scientists. He worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory until his retirement in 1957.
The main works in the field of spectral characteristics of stars and galaxies. In the initial period of his activity, together with W. S. Adams and A. H. Joy, he participated in the program for determining the absolute spectral magnitudes of 4179 stars; received a large number of photographs of nebulae and stellar regions. In 1928, he successfully continued the systematic spectral observations of faint galaxies begun at the Mount Wilson Observatory in order to determine their velocities. Developed a special technique for photographing the spectra of faint galaxies on a 100-inch, and then on a 200-inch reflector; in 1930-1957 he determined the radial velocities of 620 galaxies. Performed spectral observations a large number supernovae, former novae, and faint blue stars, including white dwarfs. In 1961, he discovered a comet (1961e), which was distinguished by high activity at large distances from the Sun.
Camille Flammarion
He did not receive higher education. From 1858 to 1862 he worked under the direction of Le Verrier as a calculator at the Paris Observatory, from 1862 to 1866 he worked at the Bureau of Longitudes, in 1876-1882 he was an employee of the Paris Observatory. He was the editor of the scientific department of the journals Cosmos, Siecle, Magasin pittoresque.
In addition to astronomy, Flammarion dealt with the problems of volcanology, the earth's atmosphere, and climatology. In the years 1867-1880 he made several ascents in balloons in order to study atmospheric phenomena, in particular atmospheric electricity.
Michael Faraday
Faraday never managed to get a systematic education, but early showed curiosity and a passion for reading. There were many scientific books in the shop; in later memoirs, Faraday especially noted books on electricity and chemistry, and in the course of reading, he immediately began to conduct simple independent experiments. Father and older brother Robert, to the best of their ability, encouraged Michael's craving for knowledge, supported him financially and helped to make the simplest source of electricity - the Leyden Bank. The brother's support continued after the sudden death of his father in 1810.
An important stage in Faraday's life was his visits to the City Philosophical Society (1810-1811), where 19-year-old Michael listened to popular science lectures on physics and astronomy in the evenings and participated in disputes. Some scholars who visited the bookstore noted a capable young man; in 1812, one of the visitors, musician William Dens (William Dance), presented him with a ticket to a cycle of public lectures at the Royal Institute of the famous chemist and physicist, the discoverer of many chemical elements Humphrey Davy.
Discovered electromagnetic induction, which underlies the modern industrial production of electricity and many of its applications. Created the first model of the electric motor. Among his other discoveries are the first transformer, the chemical effect of current, the laws of electrolysis, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and diamagnetism. He was the first to predict electromagnetic waves. Faraday introduced the terms ion, cathode, anode, electrolyte, dielectric, diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and others into scientific use.
Walter Pitts
Walter Pitts was born in Detroit on April 23, 1923 to a dysfunctional family. He independently studied Latin and Greek languages, logic and mathematics in the library. At the age of 12, he read the book “Principia Mathematica” in 3 days and found several controversial points in it, about which he wrote to one of the authors of the three-volume book, Bertrand Russell. Russell responded to Pitts and suggested that he go to graduate school in the UK, however, Pitts was only 12 years old. After 3 years, he learned that Russell had come to lecture at the University of Chicago and ran away from home.
In 1940, Pitts meets Warren McCulloch and they begin to pursue McCulloch's idea of neuron computerization. In 1943 they published "A logical calculus of ideas relating to nervous activity".
Pitts laid the foundations for the revolutionary idea of the brain as a computer, which stimulated the development of cybernetics, theoretical neurophysiology, and computer science.
Vladimir Andreevich Nikonov
A self-taught scientist without higher education, one of the largest Soviet onomasts. Honorary Member of the International Committee of Onomastic Sciences at UNESCO (1972).
After the gymnasium, he did not study anywhere, being engaged exclusively in self-education. Nikonov, therefore, did not have a higher education, a certificate of secondary education and a certificate of completion of elementary school.
The main scientific interests in onomastics are Russian surnames, geographical names (toponyms), names of space objects (astronyms), animal nicknames (zoonyms). More than 300 articles and notes by Nikonov have been published in various Soviet encyclopedias. He lectured at 18 universities of the USSR.
Boris Vasilievich Kukarkin
After graduating from school, he was engaged in self-education and at the age of 18 headed the observatory of the Nizhny Novgorod Society of Physics and Astronomy Lovers, having stayed in this post until 1931.
In 1928, he discovered a relationship between the period and spectral type of eclipsing variable stars.
In 1934, together with P. P. Parenago, he established a statistical relationship between the flare amplitude and the duration of the cycles between flares for U Gemini variables, which led to their prediction of the flare of the nova-like star T Northern Corona.
Conducted studies of light curves, periods and luminosities of Cepheids.
Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov
Russian entomologist and apiologist, animal painter, specialist in breeding and protection of insects, writer. Honored ecologist of Russia, member of the International Association of Bee Scientists, as well as a member of the Social and Ecological Union and the Siberian Ecological Fund.
Self-taught, had no higher education.
In 1946, he was convicted of forging bread cards (he drew them "by hand"), and was released under an amnesty in 1953. Since 1976, he worked in Novosibirsk, at the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Chemicalization Agriculture. Created in the village of Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, where he lived, several micro-reserves (reserves) for insects.
He devoted his entire life to the study of insects.
He died April 10, 2001 at the age of 73.
Israel Moiseevich Gelfand
The main works of Gelfand relate to functional analysis, algebra and topology. One of the creators of the theory of normed rings (Banach algebras), which served as the starting point for the theory of rings with involution created by him (together with M. A. Naimark) and the theory of infinite-dimensional unitary representations of Lie groups, which is essential for theoretical physics. Along with this, the author of fundamental results in the field of the theory of generalized functions, studied differential equations, the theory of topological linear spaces, inverse problems of spectral analysis, quantum mechanics, dynamical systems, probability theory, approximate and numerical methods, and other areas of mathematics. Author of numerous works on the neurophysiology of volitional movements, cell migration in tissue cultures, proteomics (classification of the tertiary structure of proteins) and the algorithmization of the clinical work of doctors.
It is noteworthy that he is the founder of a large scientific school, although he himself did not even receive a secondary education.
