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In Russian, the order of words (more precisely, the members of a sentence) is considered free. That is, in the sentence there is no strict fixed place for one or another member of the sentence. For example, a sentence: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday– allows 120 construction options.
They are distinguished depending on the type, structure of the sentence, ways of expressing its members, style and context of speech direct and reverse word order
. The reverse order most often serves to specifically highlight certain words by rearranging them, which is an inversion, a special artistic technique. The direct order is characteristic, first of all, for scientific and business speech, the reverse - for journalistic and artistic speech, in colloquial speech, the sentence is built according to special laws.
Place of the main members, subject and predicate
In narrative
In sentences, the subject usually precedes the verb: Some left the village to work.
The reverse order of the main members of the sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:
1) in author's words that break direct speech or stand after it, for example: "I'm not strange," the boy answered sadly.;
2) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of becoming, being, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed; Spring came; It was a moonlit night;
3) in descriptions, in a story: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly;
4) as an inversion: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded beast is terrible;
5) often when setting adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence: Noise came from the street.
In interrogative
In sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Will the bookmakers deceive me?
In incentive
In sentences, pronouns-subjects often precede the predicate, which enhances the categorical nature of the order, advice. And when they follow the predicate, they soften the tone. Compare: You finish this job today. - Finish this job today.
Compound predicate.
In colloquial speech, a bunch of nominal predicate is often put in the first place: I was young, hot, sincere. Putting the nominal part of the predicate before the subject and the nominal part serves the purpose of inversion: The dark thickets of forests, the depths of the seas are mysterious and therefore beautiful, the cry of a bird and the crackling of a tree bud bursting from the warmth are mysterious (Paustovsky); Both were hungry.
Place of definition in a sentence
1. Agreed Definition
usually placed in front of the noun it defines, for example: interesting story; verified quotes; our publishing house.
Putting an agreed definition after the word being defined serves the purpose of inversion: On all sides the mountains are impregnable (Lermontov).
Postpositive definitions referring to the noun repeated in this sentence are common: This notion of inflation is, of course, rather naive; Such plans, bold and original plans, could arise only under our conditions.
The means of semantic definition is:
- its isolation: People, amazed, stopped.
- separating it from the noun being defined: Rare stars shone in the ashen sky.
A detached definition (i.e. separated by commas) is usually postpositive: publication of letters received by the company's office; exhibition of paintings nominated for a prize.
2. If there are several coordinated definitions, their order depends on their morphological location.
- Definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech: on this solemn day, our future plans.
- Defining pronouns precede other pronouns: all these amendments, each of your remarks. But the pronoun MOST is placed after the demonstrative: these same possibilities, the same case.
- Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives are placed ahead of definitions expressed by relative ones: new historical novel; light leather binding; late autumn time.
- If heterogeneous definitions are expressed by qualitative adjectives, then one of them is placed closer to the word being defined, which indicates a more stable feature: huge black eyes; interesting new story.
- If heterogeneous definitions are expressed by relative adjectives, then usually they are arranged in ascending order of semantic gradation: daily stock reports, a specialized haberdashery shop.
3. Inconsistent definition
placed after the word being defined: expert opinion; leather-bound book; novel with sequel. BUT definitions expressed by personal pronouns in the role of possessives stand before the word being defined: his objections, their statements.
Agreed definitions usually precede inconsistent ones: high mahogany bed. BUT inconsistent definitions expressed by personal pronouns with a possessive meaning usually precede the agreed one: his last performance, their increased demands.
The place of the complement in the sentence
Complement usually follows the control word (the word it depends on): read the manuscript, sign the contract, ready for the meeting.
Often the object expressed by the pronoun may precede the control word: I liked the work; This sight startled him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression.
It is common to put an addition before the control word with the meaning of a person in impersonal sentences: He needs to talk to you; Sister is unwell.
If there are several additions related to the same control word, a different word order is possible:
1) usually a direct object precedes others: Take the documents from the secretary; Discuss the issue with your employees;
2) the indirect object of the person, standing in the dative case, usually precedes the direct object of the subject: Tell us your legal address; This woman saved Bekoev's life. In the same way, the genitive case with the meaning of the actor (inconsistent definition) precedes the other case (in the role of an object): Arrival of the director to subordinates.
A direct object, coinciding in form with the subject, is usually placed after the predicate: Mother loves daughter; Laziness breeds carelessness. When the subject and object are interchanged, the meaning of the sentence changes or ambiguity arises: Daughter loves mother; Laws protect the courts.
Place of circumstance in a sentence
1. Circumstances of the course of action, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e, are usually placed in front of the predicate: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The pavement shone smoothly.
Some adverbs combined with few verbs are placed after them: walk, lie prone, walk barefoot, walk.
The place of the circumstance of the mode of action may depend on the presence of other secondary members of the sentence: The climbers moved slowly. The climbers walked slowly along the steep path.
The means of semantic selection of circumstances is their statement at the beginning of a sentence or separation from the words to which they adjoin: In vain he tried to make out people on the horizon; We were very friendly.
2. Circumstances of measure and degree stand before the word on which they depend: The director is very busy; I won't repeat myself twice.
3. Circumstances of time usually precede the verb-predicate: Little was said at dinner; In a month we plan to achieve success.
4. Circumstances of the place usually precede the predicate, and often stands at the beginning of the sentence: The factory was restless; Clouds were coming from the west.
If the adverb of place is at the beginning of the sentence, then it is often followed by the predicate, and then the subject: To the right rose the white building of the hospital.
If the sentence contains circumstances of both place and time, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverb of time in the first place, and the adverb of place in the second: Warm weather is expected in Moscow tomorrow. Another order is possible - adverb of time, subject, predicate, finally, adverb of place: Yesterday I met my friend on the street.
5. Circumstances cause and purpose often come before the predicate: Two girls were crying in fear; Some delegation deliberately entered the square.
Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions
1. Not being members of the sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they refer to the sentence as a whole: Unfortunately, he got sick. “Unfortunately, he got sick. “He got sick, unfortunately.
If the introductory word is related in meaning to one member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it: Our dilapidated boat sank, fortunately in a shallow place.
2. The appeal is also freely located in the sentence, but most often it is placed at the beginning, which is logically emphasized. Compare: Doctor, tell me what's wrong with my baby. “Tell me, doctor, what is the matter with my child. “Tell me what's wrong with my child, doctor.
Moreover, in appeals, slogans, orders, oratory speeches, official and personal letters, the appeal is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
3. Particles are in front of the word to which they refer. Compare: This book is difficult even for him. - This book even difficult for him. - Even this book is difficult for him.
4. Separation of a preposition from a controlled noun is undesirable: I will come with a few more comrades.(I will come with a few more comrades). You should also not put two prepositions in a row: Pay attention to outstanding work in every way(Pay attention to outstanding work in all respects).
Word order.
Word order - the location of the components of the proposal in relation to each other.
The syntactic structure is the area of grammar.
In Russian, the word order is neutral.
Neutral word order:
Subject before predicate
Definition before defined
Complement after predicate
The arrangement can change - then the word order performs a stylistic function.
It relies on the semantic function, which is connected by the actual division of the sentence (AFP).
In connected speech, the logic of the development of thought requires movement from the known to the unknown, from the given to the new, and so the sentence is divided.
Topic - what is known.
Rema - what's new.
Basic functions of word order:
Structural-syntactic - performing it, PS becomes an indicator of constructive connections and relationships between verbal forms.
Not typical for the Russian language, but PS often differentiates the meaning.
The first is the subject, after the predicate the object.
Communicative-syntactic - PS expresses a communicative perspective.
Stylistic - PS serves as a means of constructing various proposal options. The PS of words is related to intonation, it helps to focus on the old or the new. This function is carried out by word order, usually in violation of the linear order of the components of the sentence. Then the sentence acquires either a colloquial character or a high poetic one. PS, performing a stylistic function, divides the proposal into styles. In scientific and official business styles, PS is not used for expression, but it is PS that emphasizes the logical division of the text.
In the official business style, the linear word order prevails - this is the essence.
Different types of speech use different PS.
Reverse word order (inversion) is:
A stylistic device to give expressiveness to a sentence
Reverse word order (actually)
When inverted, PS performs the function of actualization (takes on the logical stress).
PS here is associated with AChP.
Inversion functions:
Emphatic (highlight) - basic
Rhythmic and melodic organization of speech
Linguists note a change in the stylistic coloring of the statement during inversion. Characteristic for poetic, colloquial, journalistic and artistic speech.
Reverse word order means:
The subject after the predicate - there is a shade of an indefinite subject.
Coordination definition is after the word being defined - the feature is updated.
Consistent precedes inconsistent.
The complement is placed before the control word.
The circumstance can be located distant from the verb.
Sometimes PS is used as a means of irony.
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In modern Russian syntax, 2 main processes are noted:
Syntax compression - loss of excess verbal components from the logic of detailed constructions and the unification of the remaining ones with full preservation of the meaning. At the same time, the focus of the statement on the adequacy of understanding is also preserved, and at the same time, the implicit (hidden) meaning becomes deeper.
It is possible because the information conveyed by the statement can be placed in a more rigid framework.
Result- updating the members of the sentence, saving speech means, new shades of meaning appear.
“his musical talent was discovered early, but musical talent generally manifests itself early”
"Don't forget to come back on time, otherwise..."
We can also include hidden dialogization and secondary predication.
"He found her in perfect health, and she was in perfect health"
Underlies the emergence of composites
Composites - compound words based on phrases (cash, non-waste).
Syntactic reduction - cutting off the necessary syntactic link in the syntactic structure. Based on the reduction, specific terms were formed (quick response policy, peaceful settlement, commonwealth countries)
These processes are usually observed in colloquial speech, but the convenience of using compressed constructions translates them into bookish speech.
They make speech concise, concise and expressive.
Compression and reduction are actual processes of modern grammar.
Order of words in a sentence- this is the arrangement of the members of the sentence, depending on the meaning being conveyed. In Russian, unlike other languages, the word order in a sentence is relatively free and flexible. However, there is a generally accepted order of the members of the proposal (direct order). We'll say: It was a moonlit night but not It was a moonlit night. Departure from the general word order in a sentence is called inversion. Inversion quite often used in fiction to emphasize the action denoted by the predicate, often the predicate is placed before the subject. For example: "My troubles are over"(A. Kuprin).
Word order in a sentence plays a syntactic and stylistic role.
The syntactic role of word order in a sentence is expressed in the fact that with its change, the syntactic function of the sentence member changes: Moscow– the capital of our state. The capital of our state is Moscow.(In the first sentence Moscow- subject, and capital - predicate, and in the second - vice versa.)
The stylistic function of word order in a sentence is expressed in the fact that with the rearrangement of words, opportunities are created for the emergence of additional, additional semantic shades, the expressive function of one or another member of the sentence changes while maintaining its syntactic function.
The locations of the members of the proposal relative to each other are subject to a certain pattern. In a declarative sentence, the subject usually comes first and the verb comes second.
In interrogative sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject.
In incentive sentences, both direct and reverse order of the subject and predicate are found.
Reverse word order, unrelated to inversion, is common in the following cases:
ü in sentences that represent only new information: Once upon a time there lived an old man and an old woman;
ü when setting adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence: "The woodcutter's ax was heard in the forest"(N. Nekrasov).
In all other cases, putting the predicate in first place in relation to the subject is associated with inversion.
Object in a sentence is usually placed after the control word (watch the performance, check notebooks). In the first place in relation to the control word, the addition is placed in impersonal sentences (Cold during the day) and in cases where the object is expressed by a personal or indefinite pronoun ( The article intrigued me.
An agreed definition in Russian is usually placed before the word being defined: cheerful company, summer day.
Qualitative adjectives are placed before relative ones: print Machine dress.
Inconsistent definitions are usually placed after the word being defined: black suit.
Putting additions and definitions in a place that is not characteristic of them in a sentence is also an inversion.
From a communicative point of view, they try to place the most important information either at the absolute beginning of the sentence, or at the absolute end: It seems to you! It seems to you!
Skillful use of word order in a sentence is an important means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech, and unjustified inversion can lead to a stylistic error, a distortion of the meaning of a phrase, unnecessary irony or ambiguity.
Questions and tasks
1. What role does word order play in Russian?
2. What is inversion? What are the features of its use?
Find errors in the following sentences related to word order. Write down the correct option.
a) The boy ate a cutlet with his sheepdog.
b) Today my friend came to me in a new jacket.
c) I want to go to football with you only.
d) She put on a lilac dress for the holiday.
e) It is very hot today.
e) I was very interested in this film.
§ 236. Sentences of different types may differ in word order, which is related to "the content of the sentence, its structure, the number of its members and the way these members are expressed." Word order is understood as the sequence of arrangement of words in a sentence, their grammatical forms and the members of the sentence expressed by them.
Word order is "a certain arrangement of words in a sentence or a syntactic group", "a linear sequence of syntactic components of a sentence", "the arrangement of sentence members in relation to each other".
There are structural types of word order, for example: free(members of the sentence can occupy different places in relation to other members) and connected, or fixed(each member of the sentence is located or preferably used in a strictly defined place in relation to other members); in combinations, definitions with the word being defined differ progressive, or consistent, order (the word being defined is placed first, before the defining word, for example: Pushkin's poem, butter) And regressive(the word being defined is placed after the defining word, for example: butter, Guard Major).
In different languages, the word order in a sentence manifests itself differently: some languages have a free word order, others have a fixed one. Obviously, in each language there are certain regularities in the arrangement of words in a sentence, and at the same time certain "liberties" are allowed in relation to the word order.
According to J. Vandries, "there is no language in which the word order would be absolutely free, but there is also no language in which the word order would be completely connected."
Russian and many other related and unrelated languages are considered languages with a free word order - Slavic, Baltic (Lithuanian and Latvian), Finnish, Spanish, Latin, Greek, etc. In each of these languages, certain patterns of word arrangement in a sentence can be found. In Russian, for example, in a simple uncommon two-part declarative sentence, there is a tendency to put the subject in the first place, before the predicate. In a common two-part sentence, the addition is usually located after the predicate, the agreed definition - before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition - after the word being defined, the circumstance of place and time - before the member of the sentence to which they refer, etc. If there are homogeneous members in the sentence, they are sometimes arranged taking into account such factors as the sequence of processes or events they designate, the importance of the subject, process, feature denoted by words in the role of one or another member of the sentence, and some others (cf., for example: "I said goodbye And went home "(A.P. Chekhov. House with a mezzanine):" For Andrey, Lieutenant Yurgin was always commander And friend, has now become friend And commander"(M. Bubennov. White birch); Tourists visited a number of cities in the country: Moscow, Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod; and etc.).
Some of these patterns are also characteristic of other languages with free word order. For example, the placement of an object after a predicate in a simple declarative sentence is observed in a number of Slavic languages, in Lithuanian, Greek and others. At the same time, in a number of other languages characterized by a free word order, the members of the sentence are arranged in a different sequence. Thus, in the Baltic languages, any definition is used before the word being defined, not only agreed, but also inconsistent (cf. in Lithuanian: nauja knyga- "new book" and draugo princess- "book of a friend"). In special cases, an inconsistent definition (in Lithuanian) can also be placed after the word being defined, but in such cases it expresses a different meaning, for example: butelis kefiro- "bottle of kefir" (cf .: kefiro butelis- "a bottle of kefir"), maisas cukraus -"bag of sugar" (cf.: cukraus maisas- "sugar bag"), etc. A distinctive feature of word order in Latin is the placement of the verb at the end of a sentence.
Fixed word order languages include English, German, Bulgarian, Chinese, etc. The trend towards a fixed word order is characteristic of modern French, the new Indo-Iranian or Aryan languages, which represent one of the branches of the Indo-European family, etc. .d. In English, for example, the subject is used in the first place in a simple sentence, the predicate in the second, the object in the third, and the circumstance in the fourth.
The order of words in a sentence can perform various grammatical, semantic and stylistic functions. In languages with a fixed word order, this order is used, for example, to indicate the grammatical form of a word and its syntactic function. In a number of cases, it performs a similar function in languages with a free word order (cf. in Russian: mother met daughter And Daughter meets mother.(This was discussed, in particular, when explaining the question of grammatical means.) In the actual articulation of a sentence, word order serves as one of the most important means of distinguishing between theme and rheme (see below, in § 238). In combinations of nouns with cardinal numbers, the word order expresses the meaning of approximation (cf.: You can save hundreds of dollars on this And You can save a hundred rubles). The order of words in a sentence can serve as a means of distinguishing speech styles and genres. Significant freedom of word order is characterized, for example, by colloquial speech. Violation of the usual word order (reverse order, or inversion) in fiction, especially in poetic speech, can serve as one of the artistic and expressive means.
Order of words in a sentence The mutual arrangement of the members of the sentence, which has a syntactic, semantic and stylistic meaning. The first is expressed in the fact that its syntactic function can be associated with the place occupied by a member of a sentence. So, in the sentence Sunny day, the adjective solar acts as a definition with the word day - the main member of the nominative sentence; with a different word order (Sunny Day), the same adjective plays the role of a predicate in a two-part sentence. In sentences like Mother loves daughter with homonymous nominative and accusative cases, the syntactic role of both nouns is determined by their place in the sentence: in direct word order ( cm. below) in the first place is the subject, in the second - the direct object. In the sentence Free brother returned, the adjective patient occupies the position of an agreed definition, and in the sentence Brother the patient returned - the position of the nominal part of the compound predicate. In sentences of identity like Moscow - the capital of the USSR, the subject is in the first place, the predicate is in the second; in a different word order (the capital of the USSR is Moscow), the former predicate becomes the subject, and the former subject becomes the predicate. The grammatical-semantic meaning of word order finds its expression, for example, in combinations of a quantitative numeral with a noun. In the sentence Fifty people attended the meeting, the prepositive cardinal numeral indicates the exact number of persons; in the sentence At the meeting, fifty people were present;
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "word order in a sentence" is in other dictionaries:
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