Some misconceptions of those who want to have a well: is quicksand so terrible? Construction of a well in a well Collapse of a tent in a well

The most dangerous phenomenon that can destroy a well shaft and threaten the person inside when arranging hydraulic structures is quicksand in the well, what to do with it is a pressing question. Displacements of sandy or sandy loam soil, supersaturated with water and in a colloidal state, when free space appears, which is a sample in the ground for water intake, can lead to subsidence of the soil around the mine to a significant depth if a well is built on a float, and can also cause curvature and destruction of the trunk of a hydraulic structure.

Pros and cons of quicksand

Representing the smallest particles of sand and clay, which is a hydrophilic substance that gives up water with great difficulty, quicksand indicates the presence of abundant water masses that can become a source of water supply. It is quite difficult to curb the elemental power endowed by a flowing rock layer located at a depth of 1.5 to 10 meters from the surface, and having the opportunity to avoid this, one should take advantage of it, however, the properties of quicksand allow us to judge the possibility of arranging a water intake even in such conditions.

True swimmer

The most dangerous and irresistible of the quicksands is the true one, the saturation gradient of which is maximum and to bring the layer into active movement requires a small liquid pressure, and the possible water loss does not exceed 0.5 cubic meters. meters per day, which means such a source will not satisfy the water needs of even a country plot. The danger of such soil formation also lies in the fact that when it freezes, significant heaving of the soil occurs, and loss of plasticity is possible only when the load is removed, which is an open water intake shaft, which does not allow the quicksand to acquire a solid structure.

True quicksand in a well is an extremely rare phenomenon, and experienced craftsmen involved in the construction of hydraulic structures professionally do not consider it possible to tame it, which can, among other things, be extremely dangerous, since all erected fortifications will be crushed under the incessant pressure of the fluid flow of sand and clay.

False swimmer

Excessive reservoir pressure can cause the release of fine sand with large pores, saturated with water, but not containing colloidal inclusions, which are particles of clay and related rocks. A decrease in pressure characteristic of the earth's strata, which accompanies the release of a sand-water mixture into the well shaft, leads to an increase in the density of the suspension, as a result of which plasticity is reduced and the soil stops flowing. The rise in the water level in a well on a false quicksand can reach from 0.5 to 1.5 meters, and the flow rate can be very high and sufficient for water supply to household plots and private property.

Thus, having found quicksand in a well and deciding whether it is good or bad, one should distinguish the nature of the plastic layer of the earth’s crust, since if it is false, and this happens in most cases, then it is a powerful source of water and is subject to water intake, despite the complexity of the construction hydraulic structure in this case.

How to tame quicksand

Having discovered quicksand in the well while digging or drilling a water intake shaft and deciding what to do next, it is necessary to take into account the experience accumulated over the years and apply the best practices depending on the depth of the plastic soil layer and the intensity of the influx of suspension into the mine.

Procedure for detecting quicksand

A symptom of reaching a plastic soil layer during excavation is the appearance and constant flow of liquid in the mine, which is a water-sand suspension. If, with further deepening, the inflow does not decrease, but on the contrary, an increase in the level is observed, then evidence of the achievement of quicksand is clear. Before continuing excavation, you should take a break and prepare the necessary tools and consumables, since work in the plastic layer should not be extended over several days, due to the possibility of the mine shaft collapsing and soil subsidence in the adjacent area, which will make the work useless.

Depending on the depth of the quicksand, an algorithm of actions is selected:

1. The layer is completely traversed, and the next aquifer is reached, and the walls of the shaft are carefully strengthened with the help of reinforced concrete rings, rigidly connected to each other, with sealing of the joints.
2. The water intake is installed directly in the layer of plastic soil using one of the known methods. It is strictly not recommended to use a bottom filter to purify water in a well installed on quicksand, as it will be broken, mixed and absorbed by the plastic mass, and the useful level of water intake will decrease.

Ways to “tame” quicksand

In order to carry out work in a well in the presence of quicksand, the walls of the shaft must be strengthened, for which numerous methods are used, some of which have established experience in use, while others are innovative and have been used recently.

The construction of shields from tongue-and-groove boards inside a well shaft has a long-term positive experience of use and does not require special materials or technologies. By driving shields assembled from tongue-and-groove elements (tongues) with pointed ends into the viscous bottom of the well, a box is constructed inside the shaft reinforcement, from which soil is excavated, and the frame is subsequently settled and built up. If the boards are driven in from the inside to the outside, then the settling of the log house will become impossible and the resulting tent will be used as a water intake part, which can be extended with a number of boards. Since it is impossible to assemble a circle from shields, the method has limited use for rectangular log houses or shafts.

The tunneling box, which follows the shape of a well shaft, has a sharp lower edge and a hinged lid at the top of the structure, is a modification of the technology of driving in panels from tongue-and-groove boards. The process consists of driving the box into the quicksand, opening the lid and removing the soil, after which the shaft is settled and built up, and the procedure is repeated until the desired mark is reached.

More innovative, but requiring special materials and devices, and therefore unsuitable for doing it yourself, are the following methods of sinking quicksand:

• freezing - implies the construction of a system of wells along the perimeter of the mine, designed to supply a solution cooled in a special chamber, and lower the temperature of the soil around the excavation;
• silicatization - the introduction of liquid glass or urea resins into the soil, leading to compaction of quicksand; a historically established analogue is the use of rye flour, the abundant addition of which to plastic soil leads to its dehydration;
• cluster of concrete piles - used for tunnel construction and involves drilling and filling several wells with concrete along the perimeter of the tunnel.

Modern water supply to a country house from wells with the development of household technologies needs to be intensified. The presence of washing machines, dishwashers, and high-performance heated showers requires increased water consumption. Wells that have existed for a long time do not always satisfy today's summer residents. Some see the solution in deepening the mines, others believe that the way out of the situation will be a well in a well. We'll tell you how to drill it, and when drilling inside a well makes sense

Low efficiency of wells can be caused by silting, casing collapse, and the presence of quicksand. But there is another reason that forces many to stop using water. Usually the water lies at a depth of 5-10 m, the source of water in them is streams.

Surface water originates in rain and snowdrifts. The distillate that falls to the ground in the form of precipitation, before seeping into the well, undergoes additional filtration with natural sand. Minor harmful impurities are sorbed by active soil ingredients. In the horse-drawn era, the water was always clean - regardless of their depth. The only factor that could spoil the taste of water was the presence of a swamp next to the well.

In the context of the industrial restructuring of the world, rains acquired a persistent acidic taste and alkaline soapiness. Sands and loams collected all the applied components from the endless fertilized fields. Wells from sources of crystal clear water have turned into reservoirs of nitrates, herbicides and heavy metal salts

Modern methods for extracting fresh water recommend drilling deep into the ground - to the groundwater level or, even better, to artesian aquifers. Among the many ways to ensure efficient home water supply, the most budget-friendly option is to make a well in a well.

Well inside a well

It should be noted right away: not in all cases, drilling a well in the bottom of an underground reservoir will save money. It often happens that it is more efficient to drill a hole nearby. This statement is almost always true in cases where the excavation is carried out by a professional team of drillers: the power of their equipment allows drilling on an industrial scale in a short period of time. The machine's performance ensures that the depth of most wells can be reached in a quarter of an hour. Completing the work will take less time than preparing the rig for drilling.

For this reason, most specialized companies prefer to drill in virgin soil. In any case, the cost of work is calculated from the zero mark - the soil level. This point of view contains rational grain for the customer. If you invite drillers, it is more advisable to drill a water well in a place that is as convenient as possible for servicing the source, laying pipes and performing the drilling itself - where fences, trees and decorated paths do not interfere.

Work on deepening existing sources, including the production of tube wells, is undertaken by individual teams whose equipment has less power, and specialists are ready to pay attention to such “little things” as strengthening walls, creating reinforcing frames, fixing casing pipes and building additional conductors. The customer receives a bonus in the form of a reduction in the cost of excavation due to the existing pit.

In what cases does deepening make sense?

To predict the quality of the result, it is necessary to have an understanding of the structure of aquifers and soil layers.

Clays, loams and sandy loams lie under the black fertile layer. In some pockets, the structure of which contains sandstone, underground streams formed by surface streams can flow.

Below the top layer of sandstones, under the clay crust, there is again a layer of sands (sometimes with pebbles), in which underground rivers flow. In most cases, these groundwaters are a continuation of surface water bodies. Sands at this depth can move along with water currents, forming “quicksands”.

Clays with boulders and granites are located deeper. The third layer of sands mixed with water lies, as a rule, on the surface of porous limestones, in the thickness of which powerful streams of artesian level flow.

Existing wells reach surface or groundwater. Often their filling is limited by quicksand, unnoticeable to users. With regular use, a lens is formed in the thickness of the sand, in which water accumulates. Its flow rate ranges from 300 l/day to 600 l/hour.

This volume may be sufficient for minimal water use, but this amount of moisture is not enough to provide for the average modern family. Attempts to deepen the well end in failure: instead of the selected sand, the underground flow brings new sand, and the natural balance is restored.

You can try to drill a well in such an old well: deepening the casing into the underlying sands will not require much physical effort. The installation process should proceed without unnecessary complications, unless a granite bottom is found under the quicksand.

In which well can a well be made?

There is no separate GOST or SNiP with requirements for the elements of a well in a well. Customers and performers use common sense when choosing methods, giving preference to the most functional and safe.

First of all, you need to make sure that the well will not cause the walls to collapse into the well. To do this, the existing structure is carefully examined, obvious and potential defects are identified, and they are eliminated.

Wells made of logs in 90 percent of cases require additional piping and reinforcement. Concrete rings are more reliable and durable, but they also require preliminary study. The masonry must be free of cracks, damage, and loose elements. The mine route must be vertical.

Violation of the alignment of the rings may indicate that the sand cushion is unstable and is actively affected by water flow. A newly drilled well can cause new masses of water to enter the well, which will simply wash away the ring with everything that was inside it.

Strengthening and reinforcing structures

Two elements are subject to reinforcement: the casing and the installed conductor. The reinforcement operation is easier to perform in a durable concrete well. To carry out the work, anchor bolts are embedded in the walls of the upper, lower and one of the middle elements along four axes, to which vertical posts made of a steel profile are subsequently screwed. The racks are scalded at two or three levels with edging rods, which should form squares. Reinforcing bars are welded into the tops of the squares, holding them together.

The conductor is strengthened in this way. They mark the point where the well will go, and around it, corners located strictly vertically are sunk into the well. The corners are scalded together around the perimeter. If the rings were tied before, the structures are connected, ensuring rigid fixation.

A drilling rig is placed above the shaft, which is equipped with a block with a gate on an axis and a headstock on a cable or chain. The tower is placed on a hard surface; in some cases, concrete slabs are placed under its heels or a monolithic base is poured.

Time to make a well

It is best to drill a well in late summer, early autumn, when the soil contains the least amount of water. The work can also be done in winter; in this case, you can try to freeze the water. To do this, in the most severe frosts, cold air is pumped from the surface of the earth into the well. With intense cooling, the water surface can freeze on the third to seventh day.

The drilling technology itself is similar to traditional ones. The only difference is that before work begins, a pipe - a conductor - is driven into the bottom of the well. The height of the pipe should reach the top edge of the well. The length of the conductor must be sufficient to deepen it as much as possible - to protect the drilling channel from moving masses of water and sand. If necessary, the pipe is extended using couplings.

The shaft of a modernized well is often backfilled after completion of the work. The well must be protected from overhead wastewater entering the well from the soil surface.

The construction of a well is best illustrated by the saying “Man proposes, but God disposes”: the success of the enterprise depends not so much on the skill of the builders, but on luck. One example of bad luck is when a well fell on quicksand.

When constructing a well you need luck

What is quicksand, how to deal with it and is it worth it - this will be discussed in the publication.

Quicksand: The Great and Terrible

It is about him that there are horror stories: how, when digging a well, concrete rings are suddenly carried away in an unknown direction by an erupting stream of water and sand, along with the poor fellow-digger. Indeed, a collapse may occur in the well shaft and a person will suffer, or even die, crushed by the soil and the shifted rings. And the cause of deformation of the mine shaft may also be quicksand.

True, it is unlikely that in the event of such an accident the consequences will be like in a high-budget Hollywood disaster film with special effects - with concrete rings being carried away into the distance by a stormy stream. Maybe only if you are “lucky” to get not on quicksand, but to pierce a stormy underground river with a well.

But quicksand is really dangerous and can cause a lot of trouble. To get a feel for it, I suggest watching the video.

The metro section, notorious to all St. Petersburg residents, between the Lesnaya and Ploshchad Muzhestva stations passes through just such a dangerous place. The quicksand near Lesnaya brought trouble to metro construction workers twice.

The first was during construction, in the 70s (the Soviet film “Breakthrough” was based on these events). Then, after the accident, to continue work, the quicksand was frozen, pumping more than 8,000 tons of liquid nitrogen into the tunnel. But at the beginning of 1995, the quicksand returned, and in December, after numerous attempts to contain the erosion, the stations were closed until 2004.

What is quicksand

Quicksand is a porous, loose soil saturated with moisture, consisting of unconnected particles. Due to the large amount of water, such soil acquires the properties of a liquid and begins to flow.

The quicksand is under pressure in a sealed cavity in the soil. When this cavity is opened, for example, by a pit or a well shaft, the quicksand masses begin to move under the influence of that same pressure, and masses of sand and water break through into the resulting excavation.

It is impossible to guess the location of the quicksand. Photo from the site otvali.ru

Most often, such formations are found on swampy soils or in river floodplains. The thickness of the quicksand layer and its dimensions may vary. Outwardly, on the surface of the earth, quicksand does not reveal itself in any way, so it is impossible to predict its location. Just as it is impossible to take measures to avoid meeting him. Experts distinguish true quicksand and false.

True quicksand

In addition to dusty sand, it contains hydrophilic particles of clay or silt, which envelop larger grains of sand, acting as a lubricant. Even with a slight pressure, the mass of this sandy loam comes into a mobile state.

If while digging a well you come across a true quicksand, then you are really out of luck. True quicksand practically do not give up water - they have a low filtration coefficient. Therefore, it will not be possible to build a well in such a place: instead of water, it will contain a viscous clay-sand solution.

False quicksand

Fortunately, true quicksands are not that common. Usually when digging a well they encounter pseudoquicksands. False quicksand does not contain colloidal particles - it is a soil consisting of fine sand and a large amount of water.

Dense sand saturated with water liquefies under pressure

To imagine how quicksand behaves, think of the sand at the water's edge. It looks hard and almost dry, but as soon as you step on it, it becomes fluid and water appears.

In order for a false quicksand, unlike a true one, to move at depth, it is necessary to apply significant hydraulic pressure. If there is a false quicksand on the way of the mine, it will not interfere with the construction of the well. Moreover, a well on quicksand is particularly water-rich compared to a regular one. However, it will complicate the life of both the diggers and the owner of the well during its operation.

How to deal with quicksand

It is better to entrust digging a well to specialists who have experience in encountering quicksand and can quickly make the right decision. If you decide to dig yourself, you must follow safety precautions:

• the walls of the well must be strengthened, that is, the well cannot be built on complex, loose soils without rings;
• there should be a partner at the top, and the digger should have a safety rope so that, if necessary, it is possible to immediately lift the person: the quicksand can move suddenly;

• if there is reason to believe that the quicksand layer is of small thickness, and the decision is made to pass through it, then you need to work as quickly as possible, and if it is impossible to pass, stop and arrange a water intake part in the quicksand.

Work in the well. Photo from the site stroytolk.ru

In the old days, in order to pass quicksand, in addition to the speed of work, strengthening the walls and installing a tunnel shield that fenced off the quicksand and slowed down the flow of water and sand into the well, they “bound” the water-saturated soil by adding a substance that absorbed water. If moisture is taken away from false quicksand, the sand becomes compacted and loses its quicksand qualities.

To do this, for example, they poured several bags of flour into a well and mixed it with a water-sand slurry. After some time, the flour absorbed the water, and work could continue.

Another option is to dig a well in winter. At this time, firstly, the groundwater level is the lowest, and secondly, the soil freezes.

Well on quicksand

You shouldn’t be upset that you came across quicksand while digging a mine: more than 40% of wells in the Moscow region are built in similar conditions. As mentioned above, such wells usually have a high flow rate (that is, the rate of water flow into them is high), and sand is an excellent filter. You just need to accept the inevitable sand drift as one of the features of your well and deal with it correctly.

Exploitation

You should not try to pump sandy slurry from a well: the more you pump, the more it comes. And this is fraught not only with a waste of energy: the sand entering the well is carried away by water from behind the outer walls of the shaft, and cavities form there.

And this is where the development of events follows the scenario of a disaster movie: the ground may move and the rings may shift, with all the sad consequences. In addition, the surface layer of soil can settle in cavities formed in the soil. And if there is a building nearby, then the weakening and even destruction of its foundation and the building itself is likely.

Ploshchad Muzhestva metro station in the film about the Leningrad metro accident. Photo from masterok.livejournal.com

Some subsidence of the soil is inevitable - this is normal. It is worth being patient and waiting until the soil around the new well compacts and the “well-aquifer” connection comes into balance. Only after this can a blind area be built around the well head. The process of soil compaction and subsidence can take several years.

After the situation stabilizes and the soil stops actively flowing into the mine, you can try to remove the applied sand until the quicksand begins to manifest itself again. And then you will have to wait again until the system calms down. The procedure may need to be repeated again.
It is impossible to use a submersible vibration pump in a well on quicksand, since its work will lift the sand located at the bottom. It is necessary to install a pump with surface water intake.

Surface pump connection diagram

Also, you cannot pump out water in one burst (at one time); at least a third of the usual volume should always remain in the well, and better yet, no less than half. Taking in a large amount of water can “wake up” the quicksand. It is better to organize a storage tank on the surface, the volume of which obviously exceeds daily water consumption, and install a low-power pump that fills it. And the entire water supply system at home should be drawn from a storage tank.

And most importantly, you should not use shields or install a bottom filter in an attempt to contain quicksand. You can find out the reasons for this in one of the following publications.

For five days, fellow diggers of the deceased 25-year-old guy worked at the site of the well collapse. Before this, a commission on emergency situations was convened at the district executive committee, and a plan for further action was developed. An individual entrepreneur professionally engaged in the construction of wells was appointed as the executor - the one who will dig up the body. The commission instructed the Ministry of Emergency Situations to provide him with all the necessary equipment, and the local police to establish posts.

The body of a young man was discovered at approximately eight o'clock in the evening, July 21, but it was only possible to remove it this morning, July 22, at approximately 7.40.

Relatives hoped for a miracle until the very end, so they expressed many complaints about the fact that the operational services did not begin the rescue operation as quickly as possible. However, the results of an inspection of the emergency site showed that the risk of a repeat collapse is too high to begin work immediately. At the same time, taking into account all the factors, there was almost no chance of saving the man alive. “We were not talking about rescue work, but about an operation to extract the body.”, - stated earlier in the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

It later turned out that the well had been dug since May 2014 by two workers: a deceased 25-year-old guy and a 42-year-old partner. On July 15, on the eve of the collapse, an older, more experienced man refused to continue working when he saw the displacement of the rings and chips at the level of the 27th. Experts later established the fact that the well shaft deviated from the vertical.

The young worker decided to finish the well; the next day, July 16, he found another assistant. Later, a witness to the incident said: after removing about 15 buckets of soil, he heard five pops from below from the well where the digger was located. These were the sounds of the “folded” lower rings.

Experts state that it is better to entrust the most complex work of digging wells to qualified and experienced specialists. This is a dangerous activity that requires extreme supervision. This is confirmed by dry statistics - over the past five years in Belarus, 20 people died due to soil collapse. Many of these cases occurred during well work.

Thus, on August 30, 2010, in the village of Selishche (Chaussky district, Mogilev region), the soil collapsed on one of the private farmsteads while deepening a well 10 meters deep. Various equipment and dozens of workers were deployed at the site, but the deceased man was only pulled out from under the rubble on the fifth day. This required digging a huge pit with a diameter of 20-25 meters and a depth of up to 12 meters.

On August 12, 2014, on the territory of the Drazhnya gardening partnership in Minsk, a 31-year-old man fell asleep while he was digging a well at a depth of 5.6 meters. Emergency services teams and special equipment worked on the spot for several hours, but, alas, the man could not be saved.
On November 2, 2014, a similar incident occurred on the territory of the Solnechnoye gardening partnership near the village of Kurgany (Minsk region). A 29-year-old worker was “hack-working” on one of the plots. He also died under the rubble of the earth.

Part two

When starting to dig a well, you need to take safety precautions very seriously. Here are its main requirements: Mine well consists of a head located above the surface of the earth, a trunk and a water intake part. Depending on the design of the water intake part, there are imperfect (incomplete), perfect (full) wells and perfect wells with a sump (grand launcher). In the first, the mine support does not reach the underlying water-resistant layer; water inflow here is possible through the bottom and side walls; in the second, the support rests on a water-resistant layer, the influx of water is only through the side walls; in the third, the sump is an additional reservoir made in the underlying water-resistant rock to increase the water supply. In addition, the water supply can be increased by expanding the underwater part of the well in the form of a tent. If the thickness of the aquifer is up to 2-3 m, a sump is installed, and if it is larger, a tent is installed. However, the supply of water in the well and the daily need for it should be coordinated, if possible, otherwise the water will stagnate and rot. Therefore, for individual water intake it is recommended only imperfect well with water inflow through a bottom filter (additional side filters do not provide a significant increase in flow rate here, and they are difficult to manufacture). The shaft of an imperfect well should not be buried more than 3 times its thickness into the aquifer, since the underlying water, as a rule, does not feed the well.

The bottom filter is made from three layers of crushed stone or gravel, using 6-8 times larger material for each successive layer. The thickness of the lower layer in contact with the aquifer is 0.1 m, the upper two are 0.15 m each. If the aquifer is very liquefied and the influx of water is abundant, a gravel filter is poured onto a plank floor with cracks or holes placed underneath the shaft fastening.

The well head is usually placed 0.6-0.8 m above ground level. A clay castle 0.5 m wide and 1.0-1.5 m deep is made around the well, on top of which it is recommended to build a continuous reinforced concrete blind area. The walls of the well are made of wood, concrete, natural stone or brick. Wooden well It is best to make it from oak, which in the above-water part lasts up to a quarter of a century, and in the underwater part - even a hundred years, but larch, elm, and alder are quite suitable. For the surface part, pine is a good material. Most other breeds are short-lived, and some impart an unpleasant odor and bitter taste to the water. Regardless of the species, the forest must be dry, straight, healthy, free from wormholes and mold.

Wooden wells are usually built square in plan - with sides from 0.7 to 1.4 m (usually 1x1 m). Here you need to be guided only by the convenience of working in the mine. The log house is made either from plates into which logs with a diameter of 22 cm are cut, or from solid logs with a diameter of 15-18 cm. The log house is first assembled on the surface of the ground, and each of its crowns is marked for subsequent correct installation in the shaft. The mating of logs in the corners of the log house - into a paw without a trace, with or without a root tenon - a descendant. The crowns are connected to each other by 10-centimeter dowels, which are placed vertically apart. To eliminate the possibility of the lower crowns being torn off from the upper ones, adjacent crowns are tied with steel staples, sewn together at the corners with bars, and in the middle of each side with boards.

There are three ways to install a log house in a mine: erection from the bottom of the shaft, lowering (building up the log house from above as it sinks into the ground) and building up from below.

Construction from the bottom of the shaft is used when the depth of the well is no more than 6 m, when the walls of the shaft do not collapse or swell, and the influx of water is not strong. Having dug the shaft to its full depth, a base frame is installed at the bottom, on which the frame is assembled. Sometimes logs (logs sawn lengthwise) are placed at the bottom of the shaft, a floor is sewn onto them, and a frame is mounted on this base.

Lowering fastening is recommended for wells with a depth of more than 6 m. Work here proceeds in the following sequence. Having dug a shaft to a depth of 3-6 m, the frame is installed on the base and taken out of the ground by three crowns. Then the shaft is deepened by about 25 cm, removing the soil under the middle of the walls without touching the corners. All sides of the frame are supported with wedge linings. After this, select the soil in the corners. All that remains is to knock out the wedge linings and lower the frame evenly.

If the soil is loose and loose, the log sometimes gets stuck in the shaft. Then he is besieged with blows to the upper crown. If this does not help, a flooring is made of logs and boards on the upper crown, on which a significant load is placed. When such a measure does not give the desired effect, the work is completed in the third way - by building up the frame from below, which we will talk about a little further.

To make it easier to lower the log house into the shaft, its base is widened in the form of a tent, and the lower part is equipped with a shoe with a cutting knife.

If the soil is dense and the well is relatively shallow, the frame, which is built up from above, can be suspended in the shaft on ropes at a height of 0.5-1.0 m from the bottom. Then the log house does not interfere with the choice of soil. The ropes are brought under each corner of the log house in the middle, and the ends are secured with several turns to a frame made of logs installed above the shaft. The ropes hold the frame due to frictional forces between its turns and the logs; All you have to do is loosen the rope a little, and the frame lowers.

Building from below is used, as a rule, for deep wells. The peculiarity of this method is that in the log house, every 4-5 crowns, a crown with “fingers” is made (that is, the ends of the two lower logs are 0.4-0.5 m longer). They are placed in horizontal recesses dug in the walls of the shaft (“mortgages” or “pechurs”), pushed up with jacks and wedged. Thanks to the “pechurs” the log house is securely fixed in the shaft.

Aquifers are usually quicksand and require special working methods. So, if the sand is very fine and very liquefied, they stop lowering the log house and install a second tent - a catchment tent, retreating 0.35-0.4 m from the walls of the main tent. The second tent must be assembled from the bottom up very carefully, caulking it with moss and sewing it up with slats. When deepening the mine, sand from the inner tent is placed between the walls, and the water is pumped out.

In very liquid quicksand at the bottom of the shaft, a tongue-and-groove sheet (tongue-pile partition, bulkhead) is driven from boards on all four sides to a depth of 0.35 m between the guides and spacer frames. Then the soil is removed without exposing the ends of the boards of the sheet pile row, after which the sheet pile is deepened again. Sometimes it becomes necessary to isolate an overlying aquifer with bad water and go through it with a mine. This is also done using a row of tongue and groove boards, which are hammered into the outside of the log house. A clay castle is installed between the tongue and groove.