We are all born in the bosom of our world and live in it all our lives. Accordingly, the universal immateriality of nature in all its specific manifestations directly penetrates into the souls of people and is deposited in them.

Due to this natural predetermination, the soul of each person possesses:

a) natural qualities as such,

b) a change in natural states,

c) the ability to feel.

Natural qualities as such

§541. Natural qualities precede all that rich content that the soul of each person acquires independently in the course of his entire life.

The first group consists of those natural qualities that are deposited in the soul under the influence of the cosmic and meteorological process of the planet and therefore have a universal character:

Changing seasons

Alternation of parts of the day,

Weather changes.

The second group consists of those natural qualities that are due to the division of the entire mass of humanity into special parts:

Religious,

National,

Zodiac.

The third group of natural qualities is of a single nature:

The innate inclinations of a person

Temperament,

Character.

§542. Universal qualities. Plants and animals are in direct unity with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet. Therefore, one can say that they are closer to it, but this expression is meaningless, since plants and animals are themselves part of nature. People also have a direct connection with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet, but to a lesser extent. The more educated people are and are separated from nature by the benefits of civilization, the less they are dependent on the processes taking place in it.

Change of seasons. Plants are entirely dependent on the changing seasons. In the spring they come to life and bloom, in the summer they grow and form fruits, in the fall they bear fruit, and in the winter they have a suspension of development. The behavior of animals also directly depends on the change of seasons, according to which they have mating periods, migratory seasons, hibernation times, etc.

In humans, the change of seasons manifests itself in the form of a change in the dispositions of the soul. Winter conditions dispose us to self-deepening, to study, to concentrate our energies on creativity and home life. Spring strengthens the feeling of the natural unity of the individual with the family, which, on the one hand, is expressed in an increase in attraction to the opposite sex, and on the other, in an aggravated feeling of loneliness. It is in the spring that both the mass flowering of love feelings and the greatest number of suicides occur. Summer is a hectic time, when a person feels escaped (or pushed out) from the usual rhythm of everyday work to freedom. It disposes to active rest, to get closer to nature, to travel. In the fall, there is a growing predisposition to the restoration of the work and life rhythm, to the consolidation of the achieved results, to the switching of a person's attention to creativity, to creation.

And every fall I bloom again.

Russian cold is good for my health.

Desires are boiling - I'm happy again, young,

I'm full of life again ...

The change of seasons does not cause any manifestations beyond the control of his consciousness in a person. And if, for example, many religious holidays are tied to a particular period of the year, then this was done not by natural instinct, but by a completely conscious calculation.

The alternation of the time of day causes a change in the mood of the soul. In the morning, the soul is still in a state of immersion in itself, in the essential world of man. Therefore, in the morning we are dominated by a mood of concentration and seriousness in relation to the upcoming affairs. During the day, the soul devotes itself to work, in the process of which it intensively perceives the various material of the reality around us. In the evening, the soul is in a state of dispersion. She is tuned in to abstract reflection and entertainment. At night, the soul of a person passes from the tiring state of daytime bustle to the state of solitude in itself. In a dream, all the variability of daytime impressions plunges into its depths and is sensuously experienced by it.

Change of weather. Plants and animals have a long presentiment of a change in the weather, which is clearly reflected in their behavior. Changes in the weather also affect the well-being of people. If the temperature changes by 15-20 degrees per day and, accordingly, the atmospheric pressure changes, then this affects the condition of all people. Meteosensitive people feel less abrupt weather changes. But unlike the changing seasons and the alternation of parts of the day, which are subject to a certain pattern, weather changes are less predictable. But, again, the influence of the weather on the state of mind is only of a procedural nature and does not affect the very essence of human activity.

§543. Special natural qualities. Anthropological differences between human races (Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid) are associated with the geographical features of those territories of the planet where they were formed. But by themselves they do not affect the natural qualities of human souls. It does not matter what race a person belongs to, it is important in what environment he grew up, what kind of upbringing and education he received. The special natural qualities of our souls are determined by the following factors:

Religious,

National,

Zodiac.

§544. Religions. As a basic element of the culture of nations, religion leaves its mark on the mental makeup of the people who practice it. The first difference here takes place between representatives of world religions: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Further, differences are observed already within the religions themselves. The Christian world is divided into Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox and other denominations. Islamic world - on Sunnis and Shiites. In Buddhism - Mahayana, Lamaism, Tantrism.

All the differences contained in them are reflected in the qualities inherent in human souls, but with varying degrees of intensity, which depends on the conditions of upbringing, the level of education, the ideology of society in relation to the church. In some people, they may appear more, in others - less, but if we take the whole people as a whole, then these differences appear very clearly: Christian Europe, the Muslim Middle East and Central Asia, Buddhist China and Southeast Asia.

§545. Nations. The special qualities of the soul receive further specification through the national spirit, or the national character of the people to which the person belongs. During the formation of national qualities, the influence of the geographical features of the territory of the people living was affected: the sea, steppe, forest-steppe, tundra, mountains. We highlight the character of the mountain peoples, the character of the steppe peoples, the character of the northern peoples. The territory inhabited by great peoples, as a rule, includes a diverse relief: forests, and steppes, and mountains, and the sea, which is also reflected in their national character.

In addition to external factors, in the formation of the national spirit of peoples, their reflection in relation to each other plays an essential role. Each nation, striving to realize itself in its national identity, develops in itself those special qualities that are less developed in others. In other words, the traits of the national character developed according to the principle "what one likes, is not suitable for another." As a result, today, when such words as Englishman, Frenchman, Italian, German, Russian, Chinese, etc. are mentioned, in our minds a very definite image of a person arises, which differs from all others in the set of its national qualities.

§546. Zodiac signs. In addition to religious and national qualities, people also differ in the zodiacal characteristics of their spiritual makeup. These differences are described according to two schemes: according to the European, where the year is divided into 12 periods, and according to the eastern, where the division is carried out according to the years of the 12-year cycle.

The differences in psychological types of people born under different signs of the zodiac are so obvious and, moreover, so thoroughly studied that it is impossible not to take them into account. Another question: how are they determined? Three factors can be pointed out here.

1. By the influence of periodically changing combinations of stars, on which the astrologers themselves insist.

2. The difference in the seasons during which there was a period of intrauterine development of a person. If spring crops differ from winter crops, then it must be assumed that the souls of people born in different periods of the year may also differ somewhat from each other.

3. Between the universal qualities of people, which in individual peoples appear in the form of national traits of their character, and the individual qualities of each individual person, there must be a connecting feature. So, such a natural feature can be just the zodiacal differences in the mental types of people. In other words, the division of the entire mass of people into several zodiacal types is necessary to harmonize the life of society itself. Thanks to them, the necessary wealth of special spiritual qualities of individuals constituting the fabric of society is provided.

These are three factors that can be considered as the reasons for the existence of zodiacal differences. As for a more detailed description of these differences, then on this issue you should refer to the relevant literature.

§547. Religious, national and zodiac differences make up the special natural qualities of people. They manifest themselves through the appearance of people, their way of life, their predisposition to certain types of activities, to professions, etc. However, highlighting these qualities, we need to remember that they all refer only to the level of natural definitions of the soul and do not affect the very essence of the human spirit. The consciousness of people is free in relation to the natural qualities of their souls and does not depend on them. This means that segregation theorists of all stripes - racists, nationalists and religious fundamentalists - should understand that all arguments about the spiritual superiority of representatives of one race, nation or religion over others do not contain any truth. The main thing in a person is his mind, for which there are no restrictions associated with the natural qualities of the soul.

§548. Single natural qualities. Universal and special qualities receive their real manifestation only through the souls of specific people. The soul of every person contains a certain measure of all the qualities discussed above. They are joined by his individual natural qualities, which are:

a) natural inclinations,

b) temperament,

c) character.

§549. Natural inclinations should be understood as the totality of those qualities of a person that are given to him from birth, in contrast to all the knowledge and skills that he acquires in the course of his life. Talent and genius belong to the natural inclinations. Both words express a certain predisposition that a person's soul receives from nature, but genius is broader than talent.

Genius engenders something new in the sphere of the universal, while talent engenders something new only in the sphere of the particular. In other words, genius creates a new principle, while talent operates within the already discovered principle. For example, Wilhelm Hegel himself possessed genius, since he was the first to develop in his encyclopedia the principle of the logical systematization of the entire arsenal of definitions of our mind. All subsequent commentators on his teachings are, at best, only talents.

But natural inclinations by themselves, without the human will implementing them, are of little value. In order for talent and genius to be developed and embodied in real deeds corresponding to their measure, a person must work hard. In the words of a born inventor Thomas Edison: "I have 1% genius and 99% sweating." In religion, however, this thought is expressed differently: "To whom much has been given, from that much will be asked."

In addition to hard work, talent and genius also presuppose the need for man to master all those achievements that have already been accumulated by mankind in the relevant field of activity. Without this, the natural inclinations of a person are doomed to either perish or degenerate into empty originality.

§550. If talent and genius are manifested through one or another type of human activity, then temperament, on the contrary, has no direct connection with various types of human activity. For example, one cannot say that all musicians are sanguine, and all librarians are phlegmatic.

It is difficult to determine what exactly is meant by temperament. It does not relate to the content of actions, or to a person's abilities, or to the passion of his attitude to business. The main difference between the generally accepted types of temperament - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic, apparently lies in how the subjective world of a person is integrated into objective processes.

One person easily tunes in to work and immediately begins to perform it. Others, on the contrary, need some time to internally prepare for it, to focus on its execution. Some football players warm up intensively before the game, warm up themselves. Others, on the other hand, sit on the grass in a relaxed state. One person needs a measured way of life, where everything goes "according to the schedule", according to which he methodically moves from one case to another and at the same time does not forget about anything and succeeds in everything. The other person is more impulsive. It is easier to rebuild from one job to another, but for this very reason it is less predictable and less reliable.

It can be assumed that sanguine and choleric people are more easily involved in work, while melancholic and phlegmatic people are more dependent on their subjectivity, they need more time to tune in to it. On the other hand, sanguine and choleric people are more mobile and more easily move from one case to another, while phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, go deeper into the essence of work and get out of it more difficult.

Temperament is an unstable quality that changes depending both on the age of a person and on changes in the external circumstances of his life. The more civilized our life becomes, the less manifest are the manners of human behavior that are dictated by their natural (animal) nature. The contrast between different types of temperament in antiquity and in the Middle Ages showed itself in the behavior of people more sharply and directly than at present. In today's urbanized and technologically advanced society, this distinction loses its former meaning. The parameters of human behavior are already set mainly by society - education and the norms in force in it.

§551. Unlike temperament, a person's character is what sets him apart from all other people. Only through character does a person acquire his stable certainty, his individuality. Character is the procedural side of a person's activity, during which he, not allowing himself to be led astray from the chosen path, pursues his goals and interests, while maintaining agreement with himself in all actions. A person with character appeals to other people, because they know who they are dealing with in his person. Every person should be required to show character.

The interior decoration of the premises is one of the most crucial moments of the renovation. This is where you will live, what will surround you, what you will breathe from day to day. And here in the first place questions come out not so much beauty as safety and environmental friendliness.

What requirements do we have for the materials used for interior decoration? They should be:

• environmentally friendly, there should be no harmful vapors, increased dust content;
• hypoallergenic - the interior decoration of the house should not provoke the development of allergies;
• the material must retain heat well - this is especially important in our climate;
• the material should not be easily soiled;
• it must be durable.

Now digress for a second and think. What material for interior decoration meets all these criteria?

Option one is wood.

Wood is a material used in construction for thousands of years. It is used for both indoor and outdoor use. The material is versatile:

- you can build walls from it;

- make floors;

- overlap;

- decorative carved elements and much more.

Wooden houses are warm in winter and cool in summer. In city apartments, for the decoration of which wood and other natural materials are used, residents have fewer allergy attacks, lower blood pressure, higher immunity, the air in such rooms is fresher than in apartments "sheathed" with plastic.

When a small child appears in the house, the requirements for the quality of products, things and objects around him increase significantly. After all, his health and development largely depends on what the baby eats, what clothes he wears, what he plays with. And this is especially true for the water that children drink. Therefore, the water should be special for them.

Why a nursery?

Water is involved in all vital processes in a child's body, and neither juice nor milk can replace it. But what kind of water does a child need? There is a lot of water (drinking, mineral, dining room, carbonated), but if it is not certified as children's ("from the first days of life"), it means that it is exclusively for adults and such water is not suitable for a child, because it contains too many minerals and microelements. In babies, the digestive and immune systems are not yet fully formed, and improperly selected water can provoke various health problems.

Therefore, when choosing baby water, remember that for babies, the best is considered to be primordial water, which is obtained only from natural sources with a natural unchanged composition, with a reduced content of minerals, which is bottled near the place of extraction. It is also important to pay special attention to which region the water source is located in.

Finding a well with suitable water is not easy, so the production of baby water often produces regular water, which is then passed through a reverse osmosis system. However, in this case, not only the complete destruction of the natural structure of water occurs, but the water itself becomes similar to a simple solution of salts in a distillate. And, of course, artificially created (or treated) water has nothing to do with natural natural waters, especially useful for children and adults.

From Transcarpathia with love

Children's water Bebivita is a unique children's water with a natural, unchanged mineral composition. It is mined in Transcarpathia. Bebivita water has a natural content of minerals and salts that is optimal for a child's body, therefore it does not need a reverse osmosis system, and when it is purified, the natural structure and natural composition are completely preserved for maximum benefit for the child.

Baby water Bebivita

• Natural artesian water with a natural composition.
• The artesian deposit in the village of Kiblyary is one of the few unique sources of water in Ukraine, which has an ideally balanced mineral composition for the child's body.
• On the way from the well to the bottle, water passes only through mechanical purification filters, and is purified from bacteria by the most modern method using a germicidal ultraviolet lamp with an additional sterile filter.
• Water is bottled directly at the production site.

Natural qualities as such

§541. Natural qualities precede all that rich content that the soul of each person acquires independently in the course of his entire life.

The first group consists of those natural qualities that are deposited in the soul under the influence of the cosmic and meteorological process of the planet and therefore have general character:

• change of seasons,
• alternation of parts of the day,
• weather changes.

The second group consists of those natural qualities that are due to the division of the entire mass of humanity into special parts:

• religious,
• national,
• zodiac.

The third group of natural qualities has unit character:

• innate inclinations of a person,
• temperament,
• character.

§542... GENERAL QUALITY. Plants and animals are in direct unity with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet. Therefore, one can say that they are closer to it, but this expression is meaningless, since plants and animals are themselves part of nature. People also have a direct connection with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet, but to a lesser extent. The more educated people are and are separated from nature by the benefits of civilization, the less they are dependent on the processes taking place in it.

Change of seasons... Plants are entirely dependent on the changing seasons. In the spring they come to life and bloom, in the summer they grow and form fruits, in the fall they bear fruit, and in the winter they have a suspension of development. The behavior of animals also directly depends on the change of seasons, according to which they have mating periods, migratory seasons, hibernation times, etc.

In humans, the change of seasons manifests itself in the form of change. predispositions souls. Conditions winters dispose us to self-deepening, to learning, to focusing our energies on creativity and home life. Spring enhances the feeling of the natural unity of the individual with the genus, which, on the one hand, is expressed in an increase in attraction to the opposite sex, and on the other, in an aggravated feeling of loneliness. It is in the spring that both the mass flowering of love feelings and the greatest number of suicides occur. Summer- a fussy time, when a person feels himself escaped (or pushed out) from the usual rhythm of everyday work to freedom. It disposes to active rest, to get closer to nature, to travel. In autumn there is a growing predisposition to the restoration of the work and life rhythm, to the consolidation of the achieved results, to the switching of a person's attention to creativity, to creation.

And every fall I bloom again.
Russian cold is good for my health.
Desires are boiling - I'm happy again, young,
I'm full of life again ... 26

The change of seasons does not cause any manifestations beyond the control of his consciousness in a person. And if, for example, many religious holidays are tied to a particular period of the year, then this was done not by natural instinct, but by a completely conscious calculation.

Alternating time of day causes change attitudes souls. In the morning the soul is still in a state of immersion in itself, in the essential world of man. Therefore, in the morning we are dominated by a mood of concentration and seriousness in relation to the upcoming affairs. In the afternoon the soul devotes itself to work, in the process of which it intensively perceives the various material of the reality around us. In the evening the soul is in a state of dispersion. She is tuned in to abstract reflection and entertainment. At night the soul of a person passes from the tiring state of daily bustle to the state of solitude in itself. In a dream, all the variability of daytime impressions plunges into its depths and is sensuously experienced by it.

Change of weather... Plants and animals have a long presentiment of a change in the weather, which is clearly reflected in their behavior. Changes in the weather also affect well-being of people. If the temperature changes by 15-20 degrees per day and, accordingly, the atmospheric pressure changes, then this affects the condition of all people. Less drastic weather changes are felt on themselves meteosensitive people. But unlike the changing seasons and the alternation of parts of the day, which are subject to a certain pattern, weather changes are less predictable. But, again, the influence of the weather on the state of mind is only of a procedural nature and does not affect the very essence of human activity.

§543... SPECIAL NATURAL QUALITIES. Anthropological differences between human races (Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid) are associated with the geographical features of those territories of the planet where they were formed. But by themselves they do not affect the natural qualities of human souls. It does not matter what race a person belongs to, it is important in what environment he grew up, what kind of upbringing and education he received. The special natural qualities of our souls are determined by the following factors:

• religious,
• national,
• zodiac.

§544. Religions... As a basic element of the culture of nations, religion leaves its mark on the mental makeup of the people who practice it. The first difference here takes place between representatives of world religions: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Further, differences are observed already within the religions themselves. The Christian world is divided into Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox and other denominations. Islamic world - on Sunnis and Shiites. In Buddhism - Mahayana, Lamaism, Tantrism.

All the differences contained in them are reflected in the qualities inherent in human souls, but with varying degrees of intensity, which depends on the conditions of upbringing, the level of education, the ideology of society in relation to the church. In some people, they may appear more, in others - less, but if we take the whole people as a whole, then these differences appear very clearly: Christian Europe, the Muslim Middle East and Central Asia, Buddhist China and Southeast Asia.

§545. Nations... The special qualities of the soul are further specified through national spirit , or national character of the people to which the person belongs. During the formation of national qualities, the influence of the geographical features of the territory of the people living was affected: the sea, steppe, forest-steppe, tundra, mountains. We highlight the character mountain peoples, character steppe peoples, character northern peoples. Territory of residence great peoples includes, as a rule, a diverse relief: forests, and steppes, and mountains, and the sea, which is also reflected in their national character.

In addition to external factors, in the formation of the national spirit of peoples, their reflection in relation to each other plays an essential role. Each nation, striving to realize itself in its national identity, develops in itself those special qualities that are less developed in others. In other words, the traits of the national character developed according to the principle "what one likes, is not suitable for another." As a result, today at the mention of words such as a nglichman, Frenchman, Italian, German, Russian, Chinese etc., in our imagination there appears a completely definite image of a person, which differs from all others in the set of its national qualities.

§546. Zodiac signs... In addition to religious and national qualities, people also differ in the zodiacal characteristics of their spiritual makeup. These differences are described according to two schemes: according to the European, where the year is divided into 12 periods, and according to the eastern, where the division is carried out according to the years of the 12-year cycle.

The differences in psychological types of people born under different signs of the zodiac are so obvious and, moreover, so thoroughly studied that it is impossible not to take them into account. Another question: how are they determined? Three factors can be pointed out here.

1. By the influence of periodically changing combinations of stars, as the astrologers themselves insist on.
2. The difference in the seasons during which there was a period of intrauterine development of a person. If spring crops differ from winter crops, then it must be assumed that the souls of people born in different periods of the year may also differ somewhat from each other.
3. Between universal qualities of people, which in individual peoples appear in the form of national traits of their character, and single the qualities of each specific person should be connecting them peculiarity... So, such a natural feature can be just the zodiacal differences in the mental types of people. In other words, the division of the entire mass of people into several zodiacal types is necessary to harmonize the life of society itself. Thanks to them, the necessary wealth of special spiritual qualities of individuals constituting the fabric of society is provided.

These are three factors that can be considered as the reasons for the existence of zodiacal differences. As for a more detailed description of these differences, then on this issue you should refer to the relevant literature.

§547. Religious, national and zodiac differences make up the special natural qualities of people. They manifest themselves through the appearance of people, their way of life, their predisposition to certain types of activities, to professions, etc. However, highlighting these qualities, we need to remember that they all relate only to steps natural definitions souls and do not touch the very essence of the human spirit. The consciousness of people is free in relation to the natural qualities of their souls and does not depend on them. This means that segregation theorists of all stripes - racists, nationalists and religious fundamentalists- you should understand that all arguments about the spiritual superiority of representatives of one race, nation or religion over others do not contain any truth. The main thing in a person is his mind, for which there are no restrictions associated with the natural qualities of the soul.

§548... SINGLE NATURAL QUALITIES. Universal and special qualities receive their real manifestation only through the souls of specific people. The soul of every person contains a certain measure of all the qualities discussed above. They are joined by his individual natural qualities, which are:

1. natural inclinations,
2. temperament,
3. character.

§549... Under natural inclinations one should understand the totality of those qualities of a person that are given to him from birth, in contrast to all the knowledge and skills that he acquires in the course of his life. Natural inclinations include talent and genius... Both words express a certain predisposition that a person's soul receives from nature, but genius wider talent.

Genius generates something new in the field universal, whereas talent generates something new only in the sphere special... In other words, genius creates a new principle, while talent operates within the already discovered principle. For example, Wilhelm Hegel himself possessed genius, since he was the first to develop in his encyclopedia the principle of the logical systematization of the entire arsenal of definitions of our mind. All subsequent commentators on his teachings are, at best, only talents.

But natural inclinations by themselves, without the human will implementing them, are of little value. In order for talent and genius to be developed and embodied in real deeds corresponding to their measure, a person must work hard. In the words of a born inventor Thomas Edison: "I have 1% genius and 99% sweating." In religion, however, this thought is expressed differently: "To whom much has been given, from that much will be asked."

In addition to hard work, talent and genius also presuppose the need for man to master all those achievements that have already been accumulated by mankind in the relevant field of activity. Without this, the natural inclinations of a person are doomed to either perish or degenerate into empty originality.

§550... If talent and genius are manifested through one or another type of human activity, then temperament on the contrary, it has no direct connection with various types of human activity. For example, one cannot say that all musicians are sanguine, and all librarians are phlegmatic.

It is difficult to determine what exactly is meant by temperament. It does not relate to the content of actions, or to a person's abilities, or to the passion of his attitude to business. The main difference between the generally accepted types of temperament - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic, is, apparently, in how subjective world human being integrated into objective processes .

One person easily tunes in to work and immediately begins to perform it. Others, on the contrary, need some time to internally prepare for it, to focus on its execution. Some football players warm up intensively before the game, warm up themselves. Others, on the other hand, sit on the grass in a relaxed state. One person needs a measured way of life, where everything goes "according to the schedule", according to which he methodically moves from one case to another and at the same time does not forget about anything and succeeds in everything. The other person is more impulsive. It is easier to rebuild from one job to another, but for this very reason it is less predictable and less reliable.

It can be assumed that sanguine and choleric people are more easily involved in work, while melancholic and phlegmatic people are more dependent on their subjectivity, they need more time to tune in to it. On the other hand, sanguine and choleric people are more mobile and more easily move from one case to another, while phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, go deeper into the essence of work and get out of it more difficult.

Temperament is an unstable quality that changes depending both on the age of a person and on changes in the external circumstances of his life. The more civilized our life becomes, the less manifest are the manners of human behavior that are dictated by their natural (animal) nature. The contrast between different types of temperament in antiquity and in the Middle Ages showed itself in the behavior of people more sharply and directly than at present. In today's urbanized and technologically advanced society, this distinction loses its former meaning. The parameters of human behavior are already set mainly by society - education and the norms in force in it.

§551... Unlike temperament character a person is what distinguishes him from all other people. Only through character does a person acquire his stable certainty, his individuality. Character- this is the procedural side of a person's activity, during which he, not allowing himself to be led astray from the chosen path, pursues his goals and interests, while maintaining agreement with himself in all actions. A person with character appeals to other people, because they know who they are dealing with in his person. Every person should be required to show character.

However, in order for a person's character to be in demand, a rich content of his goals is also required. Great goals breed great characters. And vice versa, if a person clings to petty and meaningless goals, then instead of character he shows stubbornness, which has only the form of character, but not its content. In stubbornness - this parody of character - a person's individuality becomes repulsive, preventing him from building relationships with other people.

If inclinations and temperament are of natural origin, then character, as they say, it's a real deal. And nevertheless, it cannot be denied that character also has a certain natural basis, that some people are already from birth predisposed to possessing a stronger character than others. Therefore, we consider character here, in the doctrine of the natural qualities of the soul.

§552... The more unique qualities of human souls include idiosyncrasies : fear of heights, a tendency to steal, the ability to move the ears, the ability to easily sit on a split, multiply large numbers in the mind, feel sympathy for some words and names and dislike for others, etc. These properties are of a single, random nature and therefore cannot have a universal meaning.

These are the natural qualities of the soul:

1. general - dependence on the seasons, time of day, weather;
2. special - religious, national, zodiac;
3. isolated - talent and genius, temperament, character.

Natural states

The natural states of the human soul are conditioned by:

1. age;
2. sexual relations;
3. sleep and awake.

In the section dedicated to living matter we talked about these states as those set by the biochemical process, which is carried out by individual living organisms. Here we have to consider them from the point of view of their spiritual content, which they have in a person.

§553... AGE. The age series begins with the direct separation of the individual from the genus, i.e. from the moment a person is born, and ends with the spiritual fusion of a person with society and the denial of his natural singularity - death. But what is represented by the opposite in biology individual – genus, in the human world exists as the opposite man - society... The genus is based on the genetic unity of people, the basis of society is their spiritual unity. The fusion of the natural and spiritual foundations of society is manifested in the soul of each individual person in such a way that the sequence of physical changes in his body is synchronized with the sequence of development of his spiritual appearance. Hence the developing number of age states of a person: childhood - adolescence - adolescence - maturity - old age.

§554. Childhood- This is the period of direct unity of the individual with his family. A newborn baby is not yet a person in the proper sense of the word, it is a natural material for the further formation of a person out of him. The task of the child during this period is to separate from the kind that gave birth to him and to become aware of himself in his existing being.

On the way to this, the child first of all masters his senses. He learns to recognize and trust his feelings. (Try to remember, dear reader, your very first sensations of color, smell, taste and the surprise with which you found them in yourself.) Having merged with his feelings, the child begins to perceive the world around him as something external to himself. Having acquired a sense of the appearance of the real world, he learns to perceive himself as a real object.

The objective relationship to oneself gives rise to the child's need to use his powers. Through the mastery of walking, he gains access to movement in space, which gives him a sense of independence. Mastering his hands, he begins to show his independence in action. Through communication with other people, he acquires his I, thanks to which he is freed from undivided immersion in the procedure for feeling himself. As self-awareness develops, the child proceeds to the formation of his individuality.

§555. Adolescence- This is the period of development of human individuality, his natural originality. At this age, children develop intelligence, they become inquisitive. It is no longer enough for them to perceive only those objects that are encountered directly in experience. The developing thinking of a teenager requires abstract images, which determines the appearance at this age of an attraction to reading books and listening to stories about distant worlds, about overseas countries, about unusual phenomena, about terrible and heroic stories, so that the images presented not only passively enter the mind of a teenager, but captured their entire being, thereby helping them to feel their individuality.

In adolescence, children are moved by the thought that they are not yet what they should be in this life. Therefore, teenagers want to learn. But what exactly they should learn, they do not know. At this age, children are not yet able to reasonably exercise their will, therefore, in all their activities, they need adult guidance. And since their developing reason during this period is still concentrated mainly in the sphere of figurative representations, then in order to keep adolescents' striving for development in the right direction, they need examples to follow: images of prophets, folk heroes, historical figures, modern idols. With the onset of puberty, young people develop a powerful sense of gender. Boys and girls become boys and girls.

§556. Youth- this is the age when the spirit of a person enters into the relationship of the opposite to society. On the one hand, the minds of young men are striving to comprehend this world and to find their place in it. On the other hand, they still see this world not as it is, but as they want to see it, proceeding from their increased ideas and ideals based on sensuality. Therefore, young men are prone to making exaggerated demands, both in relation to society as a whole, and in relation to those of its areas that arouse their greatest interest. The positive side of having such ideals is the awareness by young men of the need for special education.

Based on his ideals, the young man may think that the whole world is in evil and that it must be rebuilt without fail. However, as he attempts to transform the world, he plunges into real Affairs, gradually departs further and further from their ideals. He begins to realize that everything is just the opposite, that he exists with his ideals only because this world exists. That he can find the sphere of application of his strength and inclinations only in this, albeit far from perfect, but still the only world given to us. Having reached this point of view, boys and girls become adults.

But even after that, a person continues to carry the dreams and ideals of his youth in his soul for a long time. And somewhere, only in the fourth decade of his life, he gradually begins to forget about them. At this age, a person, as a finite being, who is allowed a certain period of life on this earth, becomes like the two-faced god Janus, who in the mythology of the ancient Romans was the god of entrances, doors, transitions. He had two faces, one of which was observing the already passed stage of life, the other was contemplating the future. So a person aged 30-40, on the one hand, still continues to carry his youthful ideals and dreams, and on the other hand, he begins to see more and more clearly emerging outlines of his future life. What he managed to achieve by this age allows him to a certain extent to judge what else he can expect from his future life. "We have already played the first half ...". Of course, there will also be a second half, and something else can be corrected, but the level of the game that you are capable of has already been determined. It is only at this age that the last illusions of youth disappear and the human spirit finally resigns itself to what he was really capable of in this life. This reconciliation with reality is given to everyone in different ways. Someone blames no one for the prose of life that has conquered his ideals, someone begins to blame their neighbor for this, someone - the distant one.

§557... V mature age the place of ideals is taken by the real a business, practical activities of people. This is the age husband , when a person already lives primarily by the interests of the business he serves. Due to his activity (work), a person integrates himself into society, where, on the one hand, he realizes himself in his own way, all his creative potential, and on the other hand, he develops his country. Only through practical activity does a person acquire his significance for society and the justification of his life.

But since the successes of social development become noticeable only with a very significant amount of what has been done, then, accordingly, a person only at the end of his life's journey, looking back, will be able to see his contribution to the common cause. Awareness of this contribution frees a person from sadness about his failed youthful ideals. What was true that was contained in them received its transformation, well, and what was absurd that was adjacent to them, irrevocably gone, as it should have gone, into the river of oblivion, into oblivion.

In every private life, in every profession there is something regular, stable, and repetitive. And the longer a person lives and works, the more their main features emerge from the entire wealth of their content. Thanks to them, he completely masters his profession and his entire well-established life. He internally merges with them, as a result of which his interest in business and in everyday life in general gradually fades away. Having reached the peak of his spiritual development, as well as due to physical wear and tear of the body, a person passes into his last age - old age.

§558. Old age... Lived life in the filmed form is an act of fusion of the individual with society. An elderly person mastered everything in this life: there was childhood, there was study, there was daring and love, there was marriage and children, there was work and creativity, there were ups and downs, there was health, and weakness came ... After going through all these definitions of his life , the old man eventually merges with them. The original opposition to this content of life has now been removed by him, and his interest in what he lived is gradually fading away. Of all that he may still encounter, he already knows the essential. The old man's mind is directed only to this essential content and to those past times when he mastered it, mastered it.

The end is the crown of the work. This established unity with the outside world returns the human soul to its original state, to infancy, which does not yet know the opposite. Falling into childhood and survival out of mind indicate that the spirit of the old man seeks to start a new life. But since his body has already exhausted all its resources, death occurs.

Thus, a sequential series of ages forms a single cycle of human life:

1. Childhood is the period of separation of the child from the clan.
2. Adolescence is the formation of individuality.
3. Youth - entering the state of opposition to society.
4. Maturity is the unity of the opposite, achieved through human activity for the benefit of himself and society.
5. Old age is the fusion of the individual with society.

A number of age states ends with a total denial of further changes - death person.

§559... SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP. The second type of natural states of the human soul is due to sexual relations.

1. Gender... The first phase of the development of sexual relations is the entry of an individual into a state of sexual self-identification, a feeling of his own sexual identity. It would seem that it goes without saying that I am always a man, and this or that person is a woman. But what goes without saying becomes so familiar that it is often forgotten by itself. Only during the period of hypersexuality, which occurs in the young years, the feeling of gender relentlessly accompanies a person. In subsequent years, a person has to periodically remember this. Only when we feel the lack of our opposite in ourselves, we become able to realize ourselves in our sexual difference.
2. The state of the opposite... The second state, caused by sexual relations, is the appearance in the soul of a person of an attraction to a person of the opposite sex. In this state, the abstract opposite of the sexes takes on concrete outlines. Moreover, the object of sexual attraction is determined not so much by our consciousness as by our souls. Sensual interest in a certain person arises not on the basis of the arguments of reason, but on the basis of the sympathies of the soul that are not subject to consciousness. It is rightly said that love is blind, since it is the work of our souls, and not of consciousness.

   It does not suit me and beyond my years ...
   It's time, it's time for me to be smarter!
   But I recognize by all the signs
   The disease of love in my soul...
   When I hear from the living room
   Your light step or dress noise,
   Or the voice is virgin, innocent,
   I suddenly losing all my mind...
   You smile - I am glad;
   You turn away - I'm longing;
   For a day of torment - reward
   Your pale hand to me ... 27
   

3. Unity of opposites... During copulation, the souls of lovers pass into a state of feeling of their unity with the family, which remains after that for some time, after which they again enter the state of sexual self-identification.

At first glance, it may seem that the genus is so far from us, from a couple of its representatives, who at these moments always think only of themselves. However, the countless number of sexual acts we perform during our life carries, nevertheless, some real result - the birth of (two, three or more) children. Thus, the sensual egoism of individuals also contains a general interest in the continuation of the human race.

§560... STATES OF SLEEP AND WAKE. The third kind of natural states of mind is alternation sleep and wakefulness... To the state wakefulness any marked with a sign applies self-awareness human activity During the period of wakefulness, the human soul actively perceives in itself all the richness of colors of the surrounding world felt by it. When immersed in dream the activity of a person's self-consciousness ceases. Instead, the sensual life of the soul is activated.

Capable of sleep there is a consolidation of the various sensations outside world. Soul awakening is an act judgments person about himself: "I opened my eyes; I woke up." In this judgment, we pass from an unconscious state of concentration in the inner life of our soul to a state of active conscious life.

Since daylight helps to reveal the content of the external world, and the night, on the contrary, darkens it, so it is quite natural for people to stay awake during the day and sleep at night. The period of wakefulness, during which the soul is in a tense state in relation to the external world, has a certain measure in itself. The activity of the waking spirit causes fatigue and attracts a person to a transition to a state of sleep. Sleep, in turn, also has a certain border in itself and passes into its opposite - into a state of wakefulness of the spirit.

These are the natural states of the soul: age, genital as well as states sleep and wakefulness... Negatively wakefulness defined through dream, and vice versa. In a positive respect, the difference between wakefulness and sleep is to activate feeling human activities.

Feel

§561... At the moment of a person's transition from a state of sleep to a state of wakefulness, his ability to feeling outside world. When we wake up, the first thing we do is open our eyes and activate the activity of our senses: hearing, smell, touch, taste, vision. Stretching, we thereby feel our body and make sure that everything is still in place. Thus, we certify our wakefulness, our transition to the state of wakefulness.

In the waking state, our senses actively perceive objects of the surrounding world. In the course of this, various sensations are pouring into our souls in a continuous stream.

§562. Sensation - This is a positive attitude of a person to the world around him. For example, a simple touch is a relationship between me and something external to me - the object that I touched. The impulses of sensation perceived by the sense organs are removed by the soul and become its own ideal filling. If, having touched any object, I felt it, then this sensation took on an ideal form in me and became the property of my spirit. If now I stop the very action of touch, then this sensation will nevertheless remain in me, for it has been removed and preserved by my soul.

The same happens when we do not pay attention to any of our external sensations at all, although we constantly experience them. Our soul also transforms them into an ideal form and makes them our property. For example, against the background of all the affairs that you, dear reader, have been doing throughout the day, life was constantly raging around you. While you were putting yourself in order in the morning, some messages were broadcast on the radio or TV, doors were slamming somewhere in the neighborhood, dogs were barking ... Sun. Some cars rushed past you, people's faces flashed, the facades of buildings and interiors of premises were changing, music was playing somewhere, some conversations were heard, a variety of smells were felt, etc. And although you did not pay any attention to all this, since your consciousness was occupied with other problems, nevertheless, your soul absorbed all these sensations, idealized them and kept them in its innermost depths.

§563... SOUL - A BOTTOMLESS SHAFT OF SENSATIONS. The eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin receptors are open and function in us throughout the day and throughout our life. Through them, in an endless stream, a mass of external sensations pours into our souls, which become their own filling. If for our consciousness there are only those sensations to which we turn our attention (the attention of our I), then all sensations in general are important for our soul. where-or, when-or and how- or were perceived by our senses. All of them are absorbed by it and become its own content.

The human soul is a bottomless mine into which all the unconsciously perceived sensations are carried away. A person can never know how many sensations he really has in the depths of himself, even if forgotten by him or even completely unfamiliar to him, entered into him, bypassing his consciousness. How many people have seen, heard, smelled, tasted, touched, he never knows. But all this goes into the depths of his soul and remains in it. Neurospecialists claim that in humans, only 5% of the brain volume is involved in the process of thinking. Based on these figures, it can be assumed that the remaining 95% are involved in the perception and processing of that abyss of sensations that accumulates in each of us over all the years we have lived. And these 95%, as we will learn later, also represent a necessary component of the activity of our thinking.

§564... THE SOUL IS UNIQUE. Feelings are momentary and specific. They always belong to this or that person, unlike, for example, words that have the same meaning for all people. Due to such fleetingness and targeted concreteness of the sensations we perceive, each of us contains own unique abyss of sensations accumulated by us throughout our life. Insofar as my abyss my sensations make up the content my soul, insofar as its (abyss of sensations) individual originality predetermines the uniqueness and originality of my souls generally.

§565... In addition to the fact that the soul of each person contains in itself its own unique abyss of sensations, it also, by virtue of its natural qualities, manifests its own attitude towards them, determining their meaning for itself. Therefore, the same content of sensations can be perceived by different people in different ways. When one of the two interlocutors standing on the street says: “I think it’s cold,” and the other: “I think not,” then they feel the same air temperature. But the fact that this temperature was reflected in their souls in different ways allowed each of them to say: to my mind... As I sense the world in my own way, insofar as in the totality of the sensations I have perceived throughout my life, I have a content different from all others his souls.

§566... Sensations connect the soul to the body. Sensations enter our souls from two sides. Sensory impulses coming from external objects perceived by us come from outside into us. These are the senses of color, sound, smell, taste and touch. Another stream of sensations comes to our souls from within, from the side of our consciousness. These are inner sensations - affects. (From Lat. Affectus - emotional excitement.) These include: grief, anger, shame, annoyance, fear and others that arise in us as a result of the activity of our consciousness.

Both external and internal sensations of the soul are directly connected with the body and pass into it. External sensations enter the soul through the external sense organs, and the internal sensations of the soul (excitement, worries, remorse) are made external, appearing through the body, incarnating in him.

§567... EXTERNAL FEELINGS. The ability to feel the objects around us determines the presence in our body of the corresponding sense organs ... In them, the human spirit has its external agents aimed at perceiving the content of the world around us. The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, fingers and the surface of the skin generally perceive objects of the external world and remove their sensations, which become the property of both the soul and the consciousness of a person.

The external senses are specialized as follows:

1. vision and hearing are feelings universality the world of objects around us,
2. smell and taste- feelings peculiarities items,
3. touch- feeling them singularities.

Eyes and ears perceive simultaneously all the objects around us at the moment. Vision perceives illuminated objects. It deals not with light as such, but with the spectrum of colors. Connecting with dark bodies, light darkens and generates Colour . Light there is a means of seeing, whereas Colour- this is what we actually see. In other words, we see not light as such, light itself is invisible, but the colors that arise when light is combined with real objects.

Although in ordinary life vision seems to us the most important feeling, in reality the opposite is true. Sight is the most imperfect sense. Through vision, we perceive objects not as three-dimensional three-dimensional bodies, but as plane images with two dimensions inherent in the plane: width and height. We learn to comprehend the depth of objects only with the help of the sense of touch. Feeling with our hands the volumetric shape of objects, we notice further that their depth corresponds shadow falling from them. Taking into account the contemplation of shadows, in the future it begins to seem to us that we also see the depth of objects.

This imperfection of visual perception is also associated with the fact that the distance of objects' remoteness from us we comprehend not at the expense of the sense of sight as such, but only at the expense of the conclusions of our reason. Knowing from experience that the further away objects are from us, the smaller they seem to us, we judge by their size the degree of their remoteness from us. We can observe a similar picture of the perception of the depth of space in young children (up to 1 year old), whose eyes both distant and near objects appear to be on the same line. For this reason, the child stretches out his hands to all objects, wanting to make sure whether they are near or removed. If at the same time the child is sitting in your arms, then your hair, nose, ears are the first to suffer from this. For the same reason, all vehicles are equipped with rear brake lights, which light up synchronously when braking starts, warning the drivers of vehicles following behind that the distance is starting to decrease.

To the indicated deficiencies of vision, one must also add the fact that it gives us an idea only of the external appearance of objects and does not say anything about their internal content. The feeling of the insides of bodies gives us hearing... The internal vibration of the shaken body in itself, the rhythmic tremor of its particles generate its sound. Thanks to the sound, the inner space of the object is made external, accessible to our perception. Remember, dear reader, how, holding an unfamiliar object in our hands, we first examine it, and then, wanting to find out what it is from the inside, we knock on it, determining the material of which it is composed by the frequency of sound vibrations.

Nose and mouth are designed for closer contact with the test object. Smell perceives the smells of objects formed due to the evaporation and volatilization of their substances. For the sensation taste direct contact of the subject with the object is already necessary. Contacting an object, our tongue discovers various chemical compounds in its composition, which gives us the sensation of sweet and bitter, salty and neutral, alkaline and sour.

Tactile finger receptors hands and our skin in general give us the perception singularities items. Since the basis touch lies the direct contact of the subject with the mass and shape of the object, insofar as this feeling is the most concrete and most important of all feelings. Strictly speaking, only the sense of touch allows us to perceive individual objects separately. It gives us information about properties such as severity, the form, elasticity, character surfaces, temperature.

The sense of touch is most important for living organisms. It is primary in its origin. All other senses came out of him and took the form of his various modifications. Therefore, loss of sight and even hearing can be compensated for through touch, but not vice versa. Although one can hardly imagine such a situation.

Thus, thanks to the external sense organs, the diverse sensations of the objects of the world around us become the inner property of our soul.

§568... INNER SENSES. If external sensations enter the arsenals of the soul through the bodily sensory organs (eyes, nose, ears, tongue, skin), then inner sensations (affects), on the contrary, appear in it due to the activity of our consciousness. Our thoughts are different in their emotional content: bitter, joyful, sad, scary, sublime, tender, angry, etc. Accordingly, they evoke various sensations in our souls: excitement, anxiety, remorse, resentment, etc.

In order for such inner ideal sensations of the soul (affects) to be felt by the person himself, they must be put in him as something different from their ideal form and at the same time as something identical to it in their content. This happens in such a way that the inner sensations of the soul are embodied in the human body.

Our body is everywhere permeated with a soul, due to which embodiment her inner sensations becomes as much as possible, as necessary a phenomenon. All the ideal experiences and excitements of our soul pass into the flesh our body, or, in other words, they in- area) are in him.

And who at the mercy of the senses ,
When blood boils and runs cold ,
Didn't know our temptations:
Suicide and love! 28

In this quatrain of FITyutchev, the first two lines are indicative for us, talking about the manifestation of the "power of sensations" in the body, under the influence of which the blood "boils and freezes" in it. The clearest example incarnations ideal experiences of the soul are stigmata- bloody wounds showing through fanatically believers in those places of their bodies where they were inflicted during the execution of Jesus Christ. The principle of operation of the famous lie detectors is based on the same effect.

§569... Depending on its ideal content, the inner sensations of the soul are embodied in various systems and organs of the human body. Some - through the skin, others - through the organs of the circulatory system, others - through the digestive organs, the fourth - through the organs of the reproductive system, etc. It is difficult to establish any regularity here. The same principle works: "All diseases are from the nerves!", But it manifests itself in everyone in different ways.

Grief - this is the powerless self-closure of the soul in itself. It finds its embodiment mainly in diseases of the lower abdomen (genitals). Consequently, the sensation experienced by a person is embodied precisely in the system that represents the negative moment of the organism's return to itself - through the denial of its reproductive function.

Joy - this is a one-act recognition of the correspondence of any event or any thing to my subjective idea. Joy restores a person's positive attitude to the world, stimulating the efficiency of all his systems. Satisfaction b there is a longer, quieter feeling of correspondence of something external to our inner ideas without a moment of intensity.

Feeling anger mobilizes the body against hostile forces. It is embodied in the chest area, in the heart - in the focus of excitability and outward aspiration. When the soul is angry, a person's heart rate increases, blood rushes to the face, muscles tense. When anger is forced to remain inside a person, without pouring it out, then he has a feeling close to grief. annoyance , and the digestive system comes into play. Annoyance is embodied in the form of an outpouring of gastric and pancreatic juices, as well as bile. Through this action, the irritation of the organism splashes out onto the contents of the stomach, which is inside it, but initially alien to itself.

A related feeling shame also incarnates through the circulatory system. Shame - this is the germ of anger at oneself, it is a protest against one's inappropriate behavior. With a feeling of shame, the blood rushes to the face, the person's cheeks and ears turn red.

Pride on the contrary, there is a satisfying sense of the correspondence of a person's actions to what he wants and is obliged to be. Pride is manifested in the tension of the muscles of the body, in straightening the posture, in twitching the head, which, in particular, leads to some lifting of the nose.

As opposed to shame fear - this is the contraction of a person's soul in itself in the face of the threat of seeming inevitable loss in the form of physical or mental damage to oneself or to one's loved ones. Fear manifests itself in the outflow of blood from the face, in pale skin and trembling of the body. V dismay we feel a sudden inconsistency of something external (a situation, an object) with our subjective idea. Fright is embodied in the nervous system of the body, which leads to stuttering, shaking, and immobilization of the limbs.

Envy - this is a feeling of irresistible dependence on any circumstances. Addiction, therefore, is a chronic feeling of fear for your position, which also leads to the development of internal diseases.

Thus, the inner ideal sensations of the soul (affects) are embodied in the body, due to which they become tangible both for the person himself and for the people around him. A joyful person's face shines, his eyes shine, everything sings inside, his feet dance. A person who is shackled with grief turns dark, eyes grow dull, and body becomes limp.

Do you really fall under your soul as under a burden? 29

§570... The embodiment of the inner sensations of the soul also occurs through vote ... V crying, v laugh, v screams, v lamentations the inner sensations of a person find such a way of their external manifestation, in which they disappear with the same speed with which they manage to reveal themselves. Passing into sounds, they immediately leave the person.

Laughter is caused by a contradiction that is directly revealed as a result of the fact that something immediately turns into its opposite, due to which it denies itself. It is assumed that the laughing ones themselves are not at the mercy of such an object and do not regard it as their own, for otherwise they would not laugh, but cry.

Cry the opposite of laughter. In crying, the inner rupture of a person is manifested - pain... In tears, the pain is converted into a chemically neutral compound - water. Tears represent overcoming the critical point of pain. The healing effect of crying lies in the release of tears.

Language , articulate speech allows a person to express his inner experiences in words, thanks to which they acquire an objective form and become external. It makes a lot of sense that in the event of death, prayers are read, funeral songs are sung and condolences are expressed. No matter how painful and formal these condolences are, they nevertheless contain the good side that during their pronunciation there is a repeated discussion of the loss that has happened, due to which the intimate sorrow of the soul is carried out of the sphere of inner experiences. In such situations, doctors recommend talk a person locked in grief, help him pour out your soul.

These are the external and internal sensations of people. External sensations, acting through the sense organs of the body, become the inner ideal property of the soul, and its inner ideal sensations (affects) are embodied in the body and thereby become external.

§571... This concludes our consideration of the natural qualities of the soul. They are formed: a) by the seasons, time of day, weather, b) religious environment, national spirit of the people, zodiacal affiliation, c) innate inclinations, temperament and character of a person. The soul is also subject to a change in its natural states, which manifest themselves: a) as age, b) as a sexual desire, and c) as an alternation of sleep and wakefulness. And finally in abyss of its external and internal sensations, the soul of each person has its own unique content.

Opposing its own content to itself, the soul makes it an object of its internal perception, due to which a person forms his feeling of oneself.

Natural qualities

We are all born in the bosom of our beautiful world and live our lives in it. Accordingly, the universal immateriality of nature directly penetrates into our souls and is deposited in them. Because of this, the human soul possesses:

• a) natural qualities as such;
• b) natural states;
• c) the ability to feeling.

Natural qualities as such

General natural qualities ... Plants and animals are in direct unity with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet. People also have a direct connection with nature, but to a lesser extent. The more educated people are and are separated from it by the benefits of civilization, the less they are dependent on the processes taking place in it.

Change of seasons... In humans, the change of seasons manifests itself in the form of change. predispositions souls. Conditions winters are conducive to self-deepening, to learning, to concentrating our energies on creativity and home life. Spring enhances the feeling of the natural unity of the individual with the family, which, on the one hand, is expressed in an increase in attraction to the opposite sex, and on the other, in an aggravated feeling of loneliness. Summer- a fussy time, when a person feels himself escaped (or pushed out) from the usual rhythm of everyday work to freedom. It disposes to active rest, to get closer to nature, to travel. In autumn there is a growing predisposition to the restoration of the work and life rhythm, to the consolidation of the achieved results, to the switching of a person's attention to creativity, to creation.

And every fall I bloom again.

Russian cold is good for my health.

Desires are boiling - I'm happy again, young,

I'm full of life again ...

A.S. Pushkin

Alternating time of day causes change attitudes souls. In the morning the soul is still in a state of immersion in itself, in the essential world of man. Therefore, in the morning we are dominated by a mood of concentration and seriousness in relation to the upcoming affairs. In the afternoon the soul devotes itself to work, in the process of which it intensively perceives the various material of the reality around us. In the evening the soul is in a state of dispersion. She is tuned in to abstract reflection and entertainment. At night the human soul goes into a state of concentration in itself. During sleep, all the variability of daytime impressions plunges into the depths of the soul and is sensuously experienced by it.

Change of weather... Plants and animals have a long presentiment of a change in the weather, which is clearly reflected in their behavior. Changes in the weather also affect well-being of people. If the temperature changes by 15-20 degrees per day and, accordingly, the atmospheric pressure changes, then this affects the condition of all people. Less drastic weather changes are felt on themselves meteosensitive people. But unlike the changing seasons and the alternation of parts of the day, which are subject to a certain pattern, weather changes are less predictable.

Special natural qualities are determined by the following factors:

• - religious;
• - national;
• - family (generic);
• - zodiac.

Religions... As a basic element of the culture of nations, religion leaves its mark on the mental makeup of the people who practice it. The first difference is between representatives of world religions: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Further, differences are observed already within the religions themselves. The Christian world is divided into Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox and other denominations. Islamic world - on Sunnis and Shiites. In Buddhism - Mahayana, Lamaism, Tantrism.

All the differences contained in religions are reflected in the spiritual qualities of people. But with varying degrees of intensity, which depends on the conditions of upbringing, the level of education, the ideology of society in relation to the church. In some people they may appear more, in others - less, but if we take the whole people professing one religion or another, then these differences appear very clearly: Christian Europe, the Muslim Near and Middle East, Buddhist China and Southeast Asia ...

Nations. When forming the national qualities of this or that people, the influence of the geographical features of the territory of its residence affected: the sea, steppe, tundra, mountains ... We highlight the character mountain, steppe, northern peoples. Territory of residence great peoples includes, as a rule, a varied relief: forests, steppes, mountains, sea, which is also reflected in their national character.

In addition to external factors, in the course of the formation of the national spirit of peoples, their reflection in relation to each other plays an essential role. Each nation, striving to realize its originality, develops in itself those special qualities that are less developed in others. In other words, the traits of the national character developed according to the principle "what one likes, is not suitable for another." As a result, today at the mention of words such as a nglichman, Frenchman, Italian, German, Russian, Chinese and so on, a completely definite image of a person arises in our imagination, which differs from all others in the set of its national spiritual qualities.

Family (generic) qualities... They also have a place to be and be inherited. They say, for example: "Everybody in our family sings well." Or: "Their whole family is obsessed with cats."

Zodiac types... In addition to religious, national and family qualities, people also differ in the zodiacal characteristics of their spiritual makeup. Someone takes into account these differences, someone does not, but almost no one denies their existence.

Religious, national, generic and zodiac differences form the special natural qualities of human souls. They manifest themselves through their appearance, lifestyle, their predisposition to certain types of activities, to professions, etc. However, highlighting these qualities, it is important to remember that they all relate only to steps natural definitions souls... The consciousness of people is free from these qualities and does not depend on them. This means that segregation theorists of all stripes - racists, nationalists and religious fundamentalists - should understand that all arguments about the spiritual superiority of one race, nation or religion over others do not contain any truth! The main thing in a person is the mind, for which there are no restrictions associated with the natural qualities of the soul.

TO single natural qualities relate:

• a) natural inclinations: talent and genius;
• b) temperament;
• c) character.

TO natural inclinations belong to talent and genius... Both words express a certain predisposition that a person receives from nature, but genius is broader than talent. Genius generates something new in the field universal, whereas talent generates something new only in the sphere special... In other words, genius creates (develops) a new principle, while talent operates within the already discovered one.

If talent and genius are manifested through this or that type of activity, then temperament has no direct connection with the difference in the types of activities of people. This is not to say that all musicians are sanguine, and librarians are phlegmatic. The main difference between the generally accepted types of temperament is sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic - is how subjective world human being integrated into objective processes ... One person easily tunes in to work and immediately begins to perform it. Others, on the contrary, take time to prepare internally for it. Some football players warm up intensively before the game, warm up themselves. Others, on the other hand, sit in a relaxed state. One person needs a measured way of life, where everything goes "according to schedule", and at the same time does not forget about anything and succeeds in everything. Another person is easier to change from one job to another, but that is why he is less predictable and less reliable. natural feeling feeling

The contrast between different types of temperament in antiquity and in the Middle Ages showed itself in the behavior of people more sharply and directly than at present. In the modern urbanized and technologically advanced world, the parameters of human behavior are set predominantly by society - by upbringing and the moral norms operating in it.

Unlike temperament character a person is what distinguishes him from all other people. Only through character does a person acquire his stable certainty, his individuality. Character is the procedural side of a person's activity, during which he, not allowing himself to be misled from the chosen path, pursues his goals and interests, while maintaining agreement with himself in all actions. A person with character appeals to other people, because they know who they are dealing with in his person. Every person should be required to show character.

If inclinations and temperament are of natural origin, then character, as they say, it's a real deal. And nevertheless, it cannot be denied that character also has a natural basis, that some people are already from birth predisposed to possessing a stronger character than others.

The more unique qualities of human souls include idiosyncrasies : fear of heights, a tendency to steal, the ability to move the ears, the ability to easily sit on a split, multiply large numbers in the mind, feel sympathy for some words and names and dislike for others, etc. These properties are of a single, random nature and therefore cannot have a universal meaning.