Human qualities social studies. What is personality: definition in social science through social roles. When it happens

Personality Autonomy an inner feeling of dependence only on oneself, the ability to a certain extent to manage events that affect one's own

Personality is a systemic quality acquired by an individual in objective activity, in communication and in cognition and characterizing the degree of representation of social relations in an individual, in the context of a moral, social and aesthetic ideal.

Modern science of the formation of man.

Human activities and needs.

The concept of "personality". Socialization of the individual.

Social status and social roles of the individual.

Individual freedom and responsibility.

The modern science of human becoming

From the moment of its appearance on Earth until the beginning of the XXI century. century man has gone a long way of development. If we mentally look at the entire path of mankind, we will see what huge changes have occurred in the way of life of people, in their appearance, forms of communication and in the environment. Scientists are sure that not a single living creature on the planet has changed so much during this time. Only man was able to transform himself so significantly and transform the world around him.

There are many versions of the appearance of man on Earth. The most common of these are divine, cosmic, and evolutionary theories. Divine theory claims that man, like all life on our planet, was created by God. Space theory suggests that life was brought to our planet from outer space, from other worlds. Evolutionary theory notes that man arose in the course of the natural and long evolution of life on Earth.

But, despite such a variety of theories on the problem of the origin of man, science with a sufficient degree of reliability claims that the most ancient people appeared on Earth about 3 million years ago in Africa. At the same time, primitive man was significantly different from modern people. He could not speak, but only uttered bestial sounds, his appearance strongly resembled a monkey (low, sloping forehead, jaw protruding forward, pronounced brow ridges, stoop), the volume of his brain was much less than that of a person of our time. But at the same time, the most ancient people lived and worked together and differed from animals in the ability to make and use the simplest tools. According to scientists, it was labor activity that contributed to the separation of man from the animal world.

The formation of a modern-day man went on following paths:

1) upright posture;

2) improving the hand;

3) improving the brain;

4) the formation of labor skills.

Such a person (in science he is called homo sapiens - "reasonable man") appeared about 40 thousand years ago. By this time, man had learned to speak, make fire, sew clothes and build a dwelling. In collective labor activity, a person has developed as a social, social being.

The question of the nature of man is the question of his difference from all other living beings. Man is a part of nature, exists as a biological body within a certain environment. On the one hand, he is a material organism, lives in an environment of his own kind, has innate instincts and vital needs. But at the same time, unlike animals, man has articulate speech, consciousness, self-awareness and abstract (logical) thinking. Man is the only creature on the planet in which nature and spirit are united, he is biosocial being.

This is what is given to him by nature - physical characteristics (age, gender, weight, appearance, etc.), instincts, temperament, etc. As a natural biological being, a person is born, grows, matures, grows old and dies.

This is what he acquires in the process of living in society: speech, thinking, cultural skills, communication skills, etc. In this case, the main difference is consciousness. Consciousness is a reflection of the surrounding world in the human brain. Consciousness includes the psyche (feelings, memory, emotions, will) and thinking.

The following features distinguish a person from an animal:

man produces his own environment (dwellings, tools, household items);

a person changes the world around him not only according to needs, but also according to the laws of morality and beauty;

a person can act not only according to his needs, but also according to his own will, fantasy and choice;

a person is able to act universally, and not only in relation to specific circumstances;

a person treats his life intelligently, purposefully changes and plans his actions.

The aforementioned differences between man and animal characterize his nature: it, being biological, does not consist only in the natural activity of man. A person goes beyond the limits of his biological nature, he is capable of such actions that do not bring him any benefit: he is characterized by altruism, he distinguishes between good and evil, justice and injustice, he is capable of self-sacrifice.

Thus, a person is not only a natural, but also a social being, living in a special world - in society. He is born with a set of biological traits inherent in him as a biological species. He becomes a reasonable man under the influence of society. He learns language, perceives social norms of behavior, learns socially significant values \u200b\u200bthat regulate social relations, and performs certain social functions.

Together, these qualities - both innate and acquired in society - characterize the biological and social nature of man.

Human activities and needs

In everyday life, activity is understood as any kind of human activity. In social science, the concept of activity is more complex.

This is a way of human existence. It is a person's adaptation to the environment and its transformation.

All living things interact with the environment. However, a person, unlike other living organisms, not only adapts to natural conditions, but also transforms nature and its processes to meet his needs and achieve his goals.

In the structure of human activity, one should distinguish following items:

subject - one who carries out the activity;

object - what the activity is directly aimed at;

the goal is a mental model of the result of the activity, this is exactly what distinguishes human activity from the behavior of an animal;

means to an end;

results of activity.

Activity appears in the most varied forms, and the forms of activity and its types become more and more diverse with the course of history. Social relations are formed on the basis of the whole variety of socially significant types of activity.

Allocate the following activities.

Practical (material) activity - is aimed at transforming nature and society. She, in turn, is divided into:

Spiritual activity - change in the consciousness of people. She, in turn, is divided into:

All of these activities are closely related. For example, the implementation of reforms (social transformation activities) should be preceded by an analysis of their possible consequences for the state (predictive activity).

In addition to the types of activity, its forms are also distinguished. The forms of activity are cognition, communication, work, play, learning, creativity.

The main form of activity that determines all the others is labor. is a type of human activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Labor is carried out under the influence of necessity and has the goal of transforming the objects of the surrounding world, turning them into products to satisfy the numerous and varied needs of people.

A distinctive feature characteristic of labor activity is the originality of its motives. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed, pre-expected results. Skill, skills, knowledge are required for the success of work. In all cases of labor activity, its participants solve some specific problem, plan their actions, and anticipate the result. In its best examples, work cannot do without initiative and creativity.

This is an activity that generates something qualitatively new that has never existed before. The significance of creativity in culture, science, politics is characterized by the fundamental novelty of the result obtained, commensurate with the needs of the time.

Creativity is multifaceted. It has an objective basis associated with the transformation of the world according to the laws of beauty, and a subjective creative intention, whim, artistic and scientific imagination, fantasy, allegorical expression of truth. Creativity is always associated with the development of the personality, with its spiritual growth and improvement. Modern science recognizes that any person, to one degree or another, has the ability to be creative.

There is a connection between the needs and motives of a person. - these are motives for activities related to the satisfaction of needs.

This is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain the human body and develop its spiritual qualities.

Human needs can be roughly divided into three groups:

Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones. The need for knowledge often acts as a means of acquiring a profession, taking a worthy position in society and living, not knowing material needs. At the same time, among geniuses, among major scientists, writers, creators, among great politicians and commanders, ideal needs are often the leading ones in their lives.

The concept of "personality". Socialization of personality

Quite often the terms "man", "individual", "personality" are used in scientific and fiction literature as close in meaning. However, from the point of view of social science, each concept has its own specifics.

One of the types of living beings on Earth (as opposed to fish, birds, snakes, etc.), i.e. this concept denotes the universal, inherent in all people, abilities that distinguish us from the animal world.

A separate representative of the human race, a carrier of social and mental traits.

This is a unique combination of natural and social qualities in a particular person.

This is an individual as a carrier of social qualities. The concept of "personality" helps to characterize in a person the social beginning of his life, those properties and qualities that a person realizes in social relations, social institutions, culture, ie. in public life, in the process of interaction with other people. The concept of "personality" characterizes the social position, place and role of the individual in the system of social relations.

Historically, man originally existed as a herd animal, a tribal creature. As social factors develop, individuals become isolated, personalities begin to form. A similar process takes place in the individual development of a person. Initially, a child is just a biological creature with only instincts and reflexes. But as he develops, assimilates the social experience of mankind, he gradually turns into a personality. Thus, the personal principle is not innate: a person from birth is given only the prerequisites for growing into a personality and further development of the personal principle.

The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person. A person is born as an organism, but is formed as a person. The personality is not formed outside the society.

The assimilation of social experience by an individual, during which he is formed as a person, is associated with the concept of socialization.

This is the process of an individual's entry into society, his formation as a full-fledged "social being". Socialization includes:

training and education of the individual;

interaction with other people;

assimilation of cultural values \u200b\u200band norms of society;

the acquisition of certain rights, responsibilities, views, habits;

development of types of joint social activities;

finding your place in society.

The need for socialization is associated with the fact that social qualities are not inherited, they are assimilated and developed. Socialization requires the active participation of the individual himself.

The socialization process goes through certain stages, which are also called life cycles: childhood, adolescence, maturity and old age.

Associated with the period of childhood and adolescence primary (early or initial) socialization... It is associated with the acquisition of general cultural knowledge, with the development of initial ideas about the world and the nature of human relationships. A separate stage in early socialization is adolescence. The particular conflict nature of this age is due to the fact that the child's capabilities and abilities significantly exceed the prescribed rules and framework of behavior.

Associated with the maturity phase secondary (continued) socialization... Its essence is the mastery of special knowledge and skills, i.e. the acquisition of a profession. At this stage, the social contacts of the individual, the range of his social roles, expand.

The third stage of socialization is conditionally associated with the onset of retirement age or loss of working capacity. It is characterized by a change in lifestyle due to exclusion from a full-fledged work process.

The socialization process is carried out through “assistants”. These are people and institutions that have a significant impact on socialization. These "assistants" are called socialization agents... At each stage of the life path, their own agents of socialization stand out.

During the period of primary socialization, the family is the main agent. In the period from 3 to 8 years, the circle of socialization agents expands significantly. These are educational and preschool institutions, friends, other people around the child. School is an extremely important agent of socialization. At school, children learn to work in a team, to correlate their needs with the interests of other children, to develop skills in being in the social structure of management (submission to teachers, head teacher, director, etc.).

Along with “official” organizations, peer groups are socialization agents for children and adolescents, whose influence often outweighs that of the family. Thus, individuals in a child's environment can have more authority than parents. Mass media are of great importance as an agent of socialization in modern society, especially television, which distributes and replicates more and more new role models (movie heroes, "show business" stars, advertising characters, etc.). Television imposes certain standards of behavior, lifestyles and life goals. Often, such an impact deforms the consciousness of a child, has a negative impact on his life priorities, and leads to conflicts with the older generation.

One of the results of socialization is the acquisition by a person of certain social statuses and the development of the corresponding social roles.

Social statuses and social roles

In the process of interacting with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine his social status.

Social status - This is the position of an individual in society in accordance with his gender, age, education, marital status and occupation.

Allocate two types of social status.

There are also personal status is the position of a person in a small group (classroom, courtyard company, sports team, etc.). Personal status is determined by the attitude of the surrounding familiar people to a person.

In any society, there is a hierarchy of status. The assessment that society gives to the status of an individual or official status is called social prestige... The hierarchy of statuses is formed under the influence of two factors:

1) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

2) a system of values \u200b\u200bcharacteristic of a given society.

Social status has a direct impact on personality behavior. Each status position corresponds to a specific pattern of behavior that is normatively approved and expected from everyone who takes this position. This pattern of behavior is called a social role.

Social role - these are certain actions that an individual (or group) must perform in accordance with one or another social status.

These role-playing actions in each society are determined by generally accepted norms. A number of norms are enshrined in various documents (rules, statutes, laws).

The mismatch between status and role is called status-role conflict... In this case, society applies certain sanctions to violators. For example, if a woman with the status of a “mother” does not fulfill her duties towards a child, does not take care of him properly, then society may apply such sanctions to her as public condemnation and “deprivation of parental rights”.

Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of these social roles is called role system... The variety of human statuses, as well as the variety of actions associated with each status, leads to a variety of role-playing set.

Despite the fact that the behavior of an individual is largely determined by the status that it occupies and the roles that it plays in society, the individual nevertheless retains its autonomy and a certain freedom of choice. An individual has the opportunity to choose from a variety of social statuses and roles those that allow him to better realize his plans, to use his abilities as efficiently as possible. Any role-playing prescription only outlines the general scheme of human behavior, preserving the possibility of choosing the ways of its implementation.

Individual freedom in its various manifestations is the most important value of civilized humanity in modern society. The striving for freedom, liberation from the fetters of despotism, permeates the entire history of mankind. The importance of freedom for human self-realization is undeniable. People have considerable freedom in determining the goals of their activities, as well as in choosing the means to achieve these goals.

Freedom is a special philosophical category. As the great German philosopher G. Hegel wrote, "freedom is a conscious need." This statement contains the idea that if this need is not comprehended, not realized by a person, he is her slave; if it is realized, then the person acquires the ability to make a decision “knowingly”. This is where his free will is expressed. In other words, a truly free person will not be a slave to his momentary moods and passions.

No matter how people strive for freedom, they understand that there can be no absolute, unlimited freedom. A person is a member of society and must reckon with its laws, primarily because the complete freedom of one person would mean arbitrariness in relation to another.

In this way, liberty is the ability of a person to create himself and the world of other people, to choose the image of the future world. Human freedom is preserved in any environment and is expressed in the ability to make a choice.

The concept is closely related to freedom - human responsibility.

Responsibility is part of freedom. If a person acts freely, choosing the means of his activity, then he is responsible for its results. Responsibility is a necessary component of freedom, an integral part of it. If a person can freely choose the option of his behavior, then he should be responsible for the choice made.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains provisions stating that in the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone should be subject only to such restrictions that are intended to ensure recognition and respect for the rights of others. A person cannot be absolutely free. And one of the limitations here is the rights and freedoms of other people.

All people living on Earth for more than 50 thousand years belong to the same species - Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens). This fact is generally recognized. However, it turned out to be not so easy to isolate that specific that distinguishes humans from animals. In most modern anthropological, ethnographic and social theories, culture, which plays a decisive role in determining human actions, acts as the initial distinguishing feature of the species Homo sapiens. In this case, human nature is recognized as binary, i.e. dual, including both biological and social characteristics. However, the question of their relationship still remains unresolved.

So, the concept of "man" generalizes the social and biological principles. Therefore, along with it, concepts were introduced into scientific terminology that reflect individual aspects of a person, on which attention is focused during his study, such as an individual, individuality, personality.

Individual (from Lat. individuum - indivisible, individual) is a separate person, a representative of the human race, possessing certain biological characteristics, stability of mental processes and properties, activity and flexibility in the implementation of these properties in relation to a specific situation. The concept of "individual" should be distinguished from the concept of "individuality".

Individuality - a kind of combination of biological and social characteristics of a person that distinguishes him from other people. If a person is an individual by the fact of his birth, then individuality is formed and modified in the process of his life.

Ability and character.

In the structure of personality, the following are important:

1. Abilities.

2. Temperament.

3. Character.

4. Strong-willed qualities.

5. Motivation.

6. Social attitudes.

Ability - the hereditary capabilities of a person for any kind of activity.

Ability types:

• General
• Special

• Intellectual (mental, cogitative)
• Artistic.
• Organizational.
• Communicative.
• Instrumental.

Stages of development of abilities:

Hereditary abilities (inclinations)

Developed abilities.

Giftedness - the ability to many types of activities.

Talent - outstanding inborn abilities, special natural endowments.

Genius - the highest level of development of human abilities, in which human activities are distinguished by perfection, originality; things are created that have never existed before.

Natural (innate) inclinations of abilities (for example, strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition and other anatomical and physiological features) are called giftedness.Giftedness is only a natural precondition for ability. The latter are expressed in the skill that comes in the process of acquiring life experience, education in the broad sense of the word. The development of the abilities of a gifted person occurs in the event that a person shows a stable inclination to any business, love for this business. The general working capacity of a person, the ability to work tirelessly, persistently achieving the desired result, contributes to the development of abilities. A kind of combination of abilities that provides the ability to creatively perform any activity is called talentto this activity.
Activity, human activity is due needs.

Temperament - a set of mental properties of a person, depending on the physiological characteristics of the organism and constituting a certain psychological type.

Character- from the Greek "seal, chasing" - an individual combination of stable personality traits, manifested in typical ways of behavior:

• In relation to other people (sociability, isolation, kindness)
• In relation to work (initiative, responsibility, hard work, laziness, dishonesty).
• In relation to things (generosity, neatness, stinginess, slovenliness).
• In relation to oneself (modesty, self-criticism, pride, conceit, ambition)

Character is formed under the influence of three conditions:

• heredity.
• public environment.
• self-education.

Will- the mental process of conscious management of activities, manifested in a person's ability to overcome limitations, difficulties and obstacles on the way to the goal. Overcoming obstacles and difficulties requires volitional effort - a special state that mobilizes the physical, intellectual and moral strength of a person

Personality- This is the integrity of the social properties of a person, a product of social development and the inclusion of the individual in the system of social relations.

Not every person is a person. People are born, they become a person.

The personality is formed in the process of socialization, during which the individual assimilates the value-normative system of society, its social functions, and also develops self-awareness. Social relations are the basis for personality formation. The inclusion of an individual in various social groups, the implementation of constant interactions with other people - a necessary condition for the formation and development of the social "I". Otherwise, that is, in the case of social isolation of the individual, he turned into a feral person (a phenomenon called the "Mowgli phenomenon" from Kipling's tale). Feral people in their behavior are practically no different from animals. They do not know how to talk, think abstractly, cannot interact with people, are afraid of them, they lack self-awareness, self-identification. Attempts at their belated socialization and inclusion in public life do not lead to tangible successes. Usually, feral people die quickly without adapting to an alien social environment. Thus, it is precisely the involvement of the individual in the social environment that makes it possible for a biological being to turn into a public one, to become a human.

Personality is the embodiment of a certain social character, individual and, at the same time, typical, social. The personality, thus, can manifest itself as an individually expressed phenomenon. Thus, a person can only be called a person who, in his actions, behavior and thinking, is distinguished by independence and self-sufficiency. The social role that a person performs is formed and has significance only in society, in this sense, a person always expresses himself as a representative of a particular society, a historical era. However, the personality is always unique, since it always realizes the social, the typical in an individual form inherent only to it. In addition, we must not forget that the reasons for individual - unique features are determined by a set of genes received from parents, and in this sense, each person is unique.

The concept of personality began to reflect in itself 4 essential characteristics: individuality, spirituality, social status and communicative character.

Common personality typology

Personality type Characteristics

Freedom and responsibility.

“I believe in freedom, in the human right to be himself, to defend himself and to rebuff all those who prevent him from taking place. But freedom is more than the absence of oppression. Freedom is not only “freedom from ... It is“ freedom for. - freedom to become independent; freedom to feel one's being, and not to possess things or command people .. These arguments of the psychologist E. Fromm introduce us to the difficult problem of human freedom and his responsibility to himself and society.
One philosopher said: “freedom is not independence. Freedom - in the awareness of the need for someone "

Man - This is a generic concept indicating the attribution of a creature to the highest degree of development of living nature - to the human race. In the concept of "man", the genetic predetermination of the development of proper human characteristics and qualities is affirmed.

Individual - This is a single representative of the species "homo sapiens". As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological characteristics (such as height, body constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).

Individuality - this is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intelligence, worldview, life experience).

Personality (from Lat. persona - person) is a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life (a person with socially significant qualities).

The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of formation of personality and individuality.

The formation of the personality is the process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence by him. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life. The formation of a personality is associated with the acceptance by an individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.

The formation of individuality is the process of individualizing an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of a person, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and originality. A person who has become an individual is an original person who actively and creatively manifested himself in life.

In the concepts of "personality" and "individuality", different sides, different dimensions of the spiritual essence of a person are recorded. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality", such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others. They say about individuality "bright", "unique", "creative", meaning the qualities of an independent entity.

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Goal:to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe concepts "person", "individual", "personality"

Tasks:

Educational:

• Describe the concepts of individual, individuality, personality;
• Reveal the relationship between biological and social conditions for personality development

Developing:

• Promote the development of skills in working with the text of the textbook, analysis and generalization
• proposed material

Educational:

• Contribute to the education of respect for a person, personality.

• Man, approaches to its study.
• Individual and individuality (originality of human manifestations)
• Personality.

Lesson type: lesson in learning new material.

Technology: IT, problem learning method

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector

Basic concepts: man, individual, individuality, personality

Homework: paragraph 2, write an essay on the topic “A person is unthinkable outside of society” L.N. Tolstoy

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Checking homework.

Students read poems on the proposed topic

Frontal poll on the topics covered

Sample questions:

1. What is society?

2. What areas of public life do you know?

3. Are the spheres of public life interconnected (examples)

3. Introductory conversation

Lesson topic announcement

Statement of the purpose of the lesson: to characterize the concepts: man, individual, personality, to reveal the ratio of biological and social conditions for personality development.

4. Man, approaches to his study.

In modern science, there are over 800 disciplines that study man and society. Biology, genetics, medicine, psychology, history, sociology are just a few of them. Despite the many scientific disciplines, there is still a lot of controversial and unknown in the origin and nature of man and society.

The first man appeared on Earth about 2.5 - 3 million years ago. Together with the first people, human society inevitably arose.

Let's take a look at the concept of "person". Who is this man? (students' answers)

Man is an integral biosocial being. At the same time, an organism among other organisms (a representative of Homo sapiens), the creator and bearer of the culture of human society.

There are many theories of human origin. Let's get acquainted with some of them.

Basic theories of human origins

1. Until now, many adherents have a theory divine origin, or theological. For five days, God created light and peace. On the sixth day, God created man:

26. And God said: Let us make man in our image, in our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air, and over every animal that creeps on the earth.

27. And God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.

The Koran, the holy book of Muslims, says that Allah created the world with the help of the life-giving word "kun" ("be"). The creation of heaven and earth took two days. It took four days to create what is on Earth. God created the first man from the dust of the earth, “from the ringing clay”. God "created him with the best build and breathed soul into him."

In Judaism, God is the creator of everything that exists. Brahma created brahmanas (priests) from his lips, kshatriyas (warriors) from his powerful hands, vaisyas (farmers) from his belly, and sudras (servants) from dusty feet. These are the four main castes of Indian society.

All peoples of the world have their own legends about the creation of the world and man by higher powers.

2. The development of astronautics, the popularity of science fiction, the inability of science to immediately answer many important questions, an interest in the paranormal - all this contributed to the emergence of ufological theory (from UFO - the English abbreviation for UFO). The essence of the theory is the assumption that the Earth was populated by aliens from Space.

Man almost simultaneously appeared in Central Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, i.e. in regions separated by very large distances. On the walls of the Temple of the Sun in Central America, on the Egyptian pyramids, on the walls of Sumerian temples, ancient images of flying vehicles similar to modern spaceships were found.

Natural science (materialistic) theories are associated primarily with the names of Charles Darwin and F. Engels.

By the beginning of the 19th century, a huge amount of factual material had been accumulated in botany and zoology, which had to be systematized. A new one was required evolutionary theoryand she was created. Charles Robert Darwin did it. In 1859 he published the book "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection ...". Darwin's main scientific merit lies in the fact that he identified the driving factor of evolution - natural selection: the preservation, survival of the most adapted organisms in the struggle for existence. Natural selection is based on variability and heredity. But Darwin's theory did not answer the question of why man differs from monkeys in upright posture, developed forelimbs, and a large brain volume.

Adherents labor theory agreed that the appearance of the above differences was associated with a systematic activity in the manufacture and use of tools, first primitive, and then more and more advanced. In his work "The role of labor in the process of transformation of a monkey into a man" F. Engels concluded: "Labor made a man out of a monkey." It was under the influence of labor activity and the manufacture of labor tools that such qualitative characteristics of a person as consciousness, speech were formed, various forms of a community of people developed.

Today there are facts that cannot be explained using this theory. For example, the skills of making tools are not recorded in the genes. Each new generation is learning again the skills of work.

Anomaly theorywas put forward back in 1903 by the Russian biologist II Mechnikov in the book "Studies on Human Nature". Mechnikov writes: “From the sum of all known data, we have the right to deduce that man represents a stop in the development of an apes of an earlier era. He is something like a monkey "freak" not from an aesthetic, but from a purely zoological point of view. Man can be seen as an “extraordinary” child of great apes, a child born with a much more developed brain and mind than his parents ... An abnormally large brain, enclosed in a voluminous skull, allowed the rapid development of mental abilities much more powerful than those of their parents ... We know that sometimes extraordinary children are born, differing from their parents in some new, very developed abilities ... We have to admit that some types of organisms do not obey slow development, but appear suddenly, and that in this case nature makes a significant leap. Man probably owes his origin to such a phenomenon. "

At that time, the theory of anomaly was not widespread. But in the 60s of the XX century, the situation changed. Data has accumulated on the effect on humans and even on their genetic code of magnetic anomalies and fluctuations in solar activity. A radiation anomaly has been discovered in the supposed ancestral home of humanity. As a result of volcanic activity several million years ago, there was a break in the earth's crust in the places of occurrence of uranium ores and the radiation background increased. The monkeys living in this area may have begun to give birth to a variety of mutants, including those that were physically weak, but had a relatively large brain. Trying to survive, mutants began to use different tools and, probably, evolved to modern humans. But there are no facts that 100% confirm these assumptions.

Thus, the mystery of human origin is still very far from being solved.

Which theory do you find most convincing? Why? (students' answers)

Nevertheless, two approaches to the study of man can be distinguished.

Undoubtedly, man is an amazing and immensely interesting creature. Since ancient times, man has tried to find out his nature, essence.

Filling in the table "Philosophical searches for the essence of man" (working with the text of the textbook)

It can be assumed that this table is not complete, since the search for the essence of man continues.

4. Individual and individuality

How often we hear about a person who stands out from others: “He is an individual!”. Close in sound and origin to this word and the concept of "individual". In everyday speech, these words are used as equivalent. However, science distinguishes them by meaning. Let's consider these differences.

1.A separately taken representative of the entire human race;

2. a person - as one of the people.

For the first time the concept of "individual" was used in his writings by the ancient Roman scientist and politician Cicero. From the Greek “atom” is an individual.

The term “individuality” makes it possible to characterize the differences between a person and other people, implying not only an external appearance, but also the whole set of socially significant qualities.

Individuality is a unique identity of a person, a set of his unique properties.

Each person is individual, although the degree of this originality may vary. Examples: Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolo Machiavelli.

5. Personality. The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person.

Personality -

1. the human individual as a subject of relationships and conscious activity;

2. a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize an individual as a member of a society.

Approaches to the study of personality:

1. Through the essential (the most important for understanding a person) characteristics: a) personality - an active participant in their actions;

b) assessment by other people of a person's personality in accordance with the norms;

c) self-esteem.

2. Through a set of functions, roles.

The study of personality through role characteristics certainly presupposes a person's connection with social relations, dependence on them.

Thus, the concept of "personality" is associated with the concept of "society".

6. Summing up.

So, in the course of the lessons, we got acquainted with the concepts of man, individual, personality, revealed the relationship between biological and social conditions for the development of personality.

7. Reflection. Working with basic concepts.

1. Knowledge of the term "individual"

From the list of words suggested below, choose one that matches this sentence.

A person as a separate representative of the human community, the bearer of individually special traits is called:

b) doer;

c) an individual;

d) a person;

e) personality.

2. Knowledge of the main characteristics that characterize the personality:

From the list of signs, select those that characterize a person as a person:

a) the winner of the erudite competition;

b) a tall person;

c) the “soul” of the collective;

d) ready to come to the rescue at any moment

8. Grading, announcing homework.