Everything is a verb. What is a verb? Are verbs of the same root with different prefixes and different meanings an aspect pair: rewrite - add

Verb- is an independent part of speech, meaning an action or state of an object. Verb answers questions "what to do? what to do?”: fly, walk, watch, jump.

Verb forms.

• The verb has initial (infinitive) form, which is also called indefinite form of the verb. The indefinite form of the verb is verbs ending in the formative suffixes -т, -ти, -ч: bathe, go, guard. The initial form is such because it has no number, no time, no person.
• Most verbs are conjugated verbs. They have certain characteristics of a verb;
• Participle;
• Participle.

Constant and inconstant signs of a verb.

Verbs have permanent and non-permanent signs.

Constant signs:

• Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs;
• Transitive and intransitive verbs;
• Perfective and imperfective verbs;

The inconstant features of a verb include:

• Verb mood: indicative, subjunctive and imperative;
• Verb tenses;
• Person category of verbs;

• Verb number category;

• Verb gender category.

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.

Reflexive verbs are called verbs that have a postfix -sya (s): to return, to dream, to dream, to start. The remaining verbs are called irrevocable: watch, read, eat, run.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Transitive verbs- these are verbs indicating an action that transfers to another object or person. This object or person can be expressed:

• With a noun in the genitive case without a preposition: cut off the sausages, drink compote.
• By a noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case with a prepositional connection: read a book, see the sun, count sheep.
• By a noun or pronoun in the genitive case with negation, but also without a preposition: have no right.

Other verbs are considered intransitive: lie on the bed, look into the darkness, sunbathe under the sun.

Perfective and imperfective verbs.

Perfect Verbs indicate the completion, effectiveness, end of an action or its beginning and answer the question “what to do?”: run, run away, sing, sing, gallop, gallop away. Perfective verbs have two tense forms: past (what did you do? - galloped up) And future simple (what will they do? - they'll gallop). Perfect Verbs Dont Have present tense forms.

Imperfect verbs indicate the course of an action, but do not indicate its completion, result, beginning or end and answer the question “what to do?”: run, jump, sing. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:

• Past (what they were doing? - watched, listened);

• The present (what are they doing? - look, listen);

• The future is complicated (what will they do? - they will read, they will watch).

Syntactic role of the verb.

The verb in a sentence most often performs the role of the predicate. But verb infinitive can act as different members of a sentence:

• Subject: Live- means to breathe;

• Compound predicate: I I'm going to enroll to the Faculty of Philology;
• Definition: I have a burning desire go out to the air;
• Addition: Mother asked me come up closer.
• Purpose circumstance: Grandma sat down take a break.

It’s not for nothing that our ancestors basically called speech “verb”; this word is also interpreted in V. Dahl’s dictionary. We will look at examples of verbs, their use, and changes in this article.

Verb as part of speech

The part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions “what to do?”, “What to do?” is a verb. Relating to independent parts of speech, it is determined by its general grammatical meaning.

For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.

1. Any physical labor: cutting, chopping, knitting.
2. Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
3. Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
4. Subject's state: hate, be sick, sleep.
5. It's getting cold, frozen, and getting dark.

Morphological and syntactic features

As for morphological characteristics, we will analyze these various examples in detail later, but for now we will simply list them. Mood, person, tense, number, reflexivity, gender, aspect and conjugation.

As for the verb, most often it is used as a predicate; together with the subject, it forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in a sentence can be extended. This function is performed by a noun or adverb.

Infinitive

Every verb has an initial form, which is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: “what to do?”, “what to do?”. Examples of indefinite verbs: teach, draw (what to do?), learn, draw (what to do?).

The verb is unchangeable; time, person and number are not determined by it - purely action. Let’s compare two examples: “I work in my specialty” - “A person needs to work for life.” In the first example, the verb indicates that the action occurs in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun “I” indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without indicating the number or person.

There is still debate among linguist scientists about what is the -t(s) of the infinitive: a suffix or an ending. In this article, we agree with those who position it as inflection. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be taken into account that when a word changes, alternation may occur: oven-bake; leak-flow; burn-burn.

The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: “To read is to know a lot.” Here the first verb, “read,” is the subject, the second, “know,” is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.

Types of verb

The type of verb is determined by the question it answers. In the Russian language there are imperfect (what to do? What is he doing? What did he do?) and perfect (what to do? What will he do? What did he do?) types of verbs. Examples: speak, says, spoke - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.

The types of verb differ in semantic meaning. Thus, imperfect denotes a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: to write - I am writing. An action has a duration, an extension. Let’s compare it with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - I’ll write - I wrote. This indicates that the action is completed and has some result. The same verbs determine the one-time action (shoot).

Form of inclination

Verbs also change according to mood. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.

If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to have the form of tense, person and number. Examples of verbs of this mood: “We are making this craft” (present tense) - “We will make this craft” (future tense) - “We were making this craft” Or by person: “I made this craft” (1st person) - “You made this craft" (2nd person) - "Anya made this craft" (3rd person).

Subjunctive verbs indicate the execution of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding the particle “would” (“b”) to the past tense, which is always written separately. Such predicates are modified by persons and numbers. The time category is not determined. Examples of verbs: “We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher” (plural, 1st person) - “I would make this craft with the help of a teacher” (singular, 1st person) - “Anya would make this craft with with the help of the teacher" (singular, 3rd person) - "The guys would make this craft with the help of the teacher" (plural, 3rd person).

The speaker encourages some action using a verb. Imperative verbs are also used to prohibit an action. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (prohibition) - “Wash your hands before eating!” (impulse) - “Please write a letter” (request). Let's look at the last example in more detail. To give your request a polite tone, you should add the word “please” (“please”, “be kind”) to the imperative verb.

It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in and it is preserved for those that end in -sya and -te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb “lie down” (lie down - lie down - lie down).

The past tense implies that at the time of speaking the action has already completed. For example: “I bought this dress last year.” Typically, such verbs are formed using the suffix -l- added to the base of the infinitive: buy - bought. These predicates vary in numbers, and in units. number - and by birth. The shape of the face is not determined.

The present tense form is characteristic exclusively of the imperfect form. To form it, you need to add verbs. Examples: mine - wash - washes - mine - wash.

Verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect, can have the future tense form. It comes in two types: simple and complex. The first is typical for perfective verbs: I will build, I will glue, I will saw, etc. The future complex is formed by imperfective verbs. Let's compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb “to be”, placed in the future simple, and the infinitive.

In the present and future tenses, verbs have person and number. We'll talk about them below.

Person and number

If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself. For example: “I harden myself every day by dousing myself with cold water and wiping myself with snow.”

The second person of the verb will tell us that the action is being performed by the speaker’s interlocutor. For example: “You know perfectly well how much two and two are.” Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning and denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often this can be found in proverbs: “You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth.” It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, they lack a subject.

Verbs in the third person express an action that the subject of speech produces or performed. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." “The hurricane was so strong that hundred-year-old trees were bent like twigs.”

Each person in singular or is characterized by a certain ending of verbs. Examples: “I am flying” - “We are flying” - “You are flying” - “You are flying” - “She (he, it) is flying” - “They are flying.”

Conjugation and personal verb endings

Conjugation of a verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is not typical for all predicates, but only for those that are in the indicative mood, present or future tense.

There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in a table.

Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs, examples of which we examined above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed to those that denote an action without an actor. That's what they're called - impersonal.

They never have a subject; in a sentence they act as a predicate. Such verbs do not have the category of number. That is, they define purely time, present and future. For example: “It’s getting cold” (present time) - “It will freeze even more at night” (future), “It was cold. It froze even more at night” (past).

Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions: what to do? what to do?

Verbs are imperfect and perfect types, are divided into transitive and intransitive, and vary in mood.

A verb has an initial form called the infinitive (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender.
The verbs in the sentence are predicates.
The infinitive form of a verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an object, a modifier or an adverbial clause.

Types of verbs

There are two types of verbs: perfect and imperfect. Verbsimperfect formanswer the question what to do?, and verbsperfect form- what to do?

Imperfect verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result (did, painted).

Perfect Verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result (done, painted).

When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used (sing, sing, sing along, sing along).
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are calledtransitional.

Transitive verbs denote an action that transfers to another object (wash a window, shake hands).
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs areintransitive, if the action does not directly transfer to another object (talking, walking).
Intransitive verbs include verbs with the suffix-sya (s)(smile, get angry).

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with suffix-sya (s) are calledreturnable (laugh, rejoice).
Some verbs can be reflexive or non-reflexive; others only reflexive (without suffix-xiathey are not used).

Verb mood

Verbs inindicative mooddenote actions that are happening or will actually happen (I am reading, I have read, I will read, I will read).
Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.

Verbs inconditional mooddenote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.

The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using a suffix-l- and particles would (b)(I would look, I would go). This particle can appear after or before the verb, and can be separated from the verb by other words.

Verbs in the conditional mood change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender.

Verbs inimperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request (read, go, bring).

Verbs in the imperative mood are usually used in the form2nd person.
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change tenses.

Imperative forms are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense using a suffix-And-or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural --those.
Sometimes the particle is added to imperative verbs-ka, which somewhat softens the order (tell me, play).

Verb tenses

Verbs in present tense show that an action occurs at the moment of speech.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.

Verbs in past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using a suffix -l-.

Verbs in the indefinite form in -whose, -ti form past tense singular masculine forms without a suffix -l-(oven - bake, carry - carried, reach - reached).
Past tense verbs change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.

Verbs in future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.

The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. The compound future tense of imperfective verbs is formed from the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. The simple future tense is formed from perfective verbs, and the composite future tense is formed from imperfective verbs.

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At school, every child learns Russian. What is a verb is one of the topics that needs to be learned in elementary school. A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state. The following questions are asked: what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what will he do? what will it do? What did you do? and others. This is an action (to run), a state (to lie down, to be sad), an attitude (to have, to belong). That's what a verb is.

Verb categories

• type (imperfect and perfect);
• pledge. Compare: the proofreader corrects errors (active voice) - errors are corrected by the proofreader (passive voice, this is also indicated by the postfix -sya);
• reflexivity (reflexive verbs have postfixes –sya, -sya): dressed, dressed. Thus, verbs are reflexive and non-reflexive;
• transitivity;
• time (past, present, future);
• person (verb must be present or future tense, indicative mood). Also, the category of person has forms of the imperative mood: write, we write a dictation, let the darkness disappear;
• number (singular, plural);
• gender (in the subjunctive mood and in the past tense): masculine, feminine, neuter.

Verb mood

• Indicative mood: I dream, I dreamed, I will dream.
• Subjunctive: would have chosen, would not have done, b.
• Imperative: don’t wake me up, let’s read, let’s go, go.

Type category

1. Imperfect view (what to do? what is he doing? what did he do?): draw, draw, draw.
2. Perfect view (what to do? what will he do? what did he do?): draw, draw, drew.

Some verbs do not have paired imperfective and perfective forms:

• belong (imperfective only);
• to appear, to burst out (only the perfect form).

It happens that verbs combine the meaning of both types. These are two-type verbs (to wound, promise, command).

Transitive and intransitive verbs

It is necessary to understand what a transitive verb is. This is a verb combined with a noun, numeral or pronoun without a preposition in the accusative case.

With a transitive verb, the object can appear without a preposition in the genitive case:

• with a negative particle “not” before a transitive verb: did not buy bread, did not drink milk;
• if the action passes only to part of the object: drank water (all the liquid mentioned in the context) - drank water (not all, only part of the liquid).

All other verbs that do not meet these requirements. are intransitive. Example: play (what?) sports, give up (what?) money.

Verb forms

And now about what a verb form is:

• indefinite (initial form, infinitive): what to do? what to do? Examples: read, count, solve, speak.
• conjugated forms (the verb changes according to persons, tenses, moods, numbers, voices). Gender is a variable characteristic. Verbs have a singular gender in the past tense of the indicative and conditional mood.
• participles and gerunds.

Verb conjugations

Verbs of the present and future simple tense are conjugated according to persons and numbers. There are I and II conjugations, including exceptions. These tables and notes will tell you how to determine the conjugation and write the appropriate ending.

Here is a fairly brief description of how the Russian language defines what a verb is, its categories and forms.

VERB - part of speech that includes words denoting the action or state of an object or living creature: go, sleep, be.

In Russian, as in many others, there is a distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs control the direct object in the accusative case without a preposition: read a book, to cut bread. The accusative case can be replaced by the genitive case

a) if the action is directed not at the entire object, but at part of it: cut off some bread;

b) in case of negation: haven't read this book. Intransitive verbs cannot have a direct object.

The Russian verb has grammatical categories of aspect, voice, tense, mood; verbs change according to persons and numbers (and in the past tense - according to numbers and gender) and belong to one or another type of conjugation.

Verbs differ in form - perfect and imperfect.

The perfect form shows that the action has been brought to the limit and cannot be continued: do, Mark, read, pour out, collect. The perfective form means that the action lasts or is repeated many times: do, note, read, pour out, gather.

Verb forms that differ only in aspect meaning form an aspect pair: do – do, mark – note. Some verbs do not have aspectual pairs: they are used either only in the perfect form: sink, wake up, rush and so on. , or only in the imperfect: abide, be, be available, depend, expect and so on.

In form, perfective and imperfective verbs differ from each other by the presence/absence of suffixes and prefixes: put on - clothes-va -t, see - look-yva -t, jump-Well -t - jump-A -t, With -do – do, on -write – write. A change in suffix can be accompanied by alternating the root vowel with another vowel or with a zero: zap e roar - zap And army, collect - sob And army. Some verbs have different root (supplemental) aspect pairs: take – take, talk – say, catch - catch.

Some verbs have the same perfective and imperfective forms. Such verbs are called bi-aspect. For example: marry, execute, use, mobilize, electrify and the like. Wed. : The weightlifter is already used two attempts(perfect view). - I used this device for two years(imperfect species).

The lexical and grammatical compatibility of verb forms of the perfect and imperfect forms with other words in a sentence is very unique and complex. Thus, when using verb forms within one utterance, it is impossible to combine contradictory meanings - for example, the meaning of the beginning or continuation of an action with the meaning of completion or one-time occurrence. Therefore, verbs like begin, continue, be(future tense) become and similar ones cannot be combined with the verbal forms of owls. kind of: can't say *started to tell, *keep writing, *I will do, *I won’t refuse.

In combinations of verbs with circumstances that have the meaning of repetition or duration of action, the verb, as a rule, should have the form of nonsense. type: it took me a long time to get ready, walked in the evenings, I usually get up at seven, constantly complains(you can't say: *took a long time to get ready, *went for a walk in the evening, *usually gets up at seven, *constantly complained). However, adverbs such as gradually, slowly, characterizing the extension of action over time, are combined with forms as nonsense. , and owls. type: gradually got used to it - gradually got used to it, gets up slowly(fits, is reading)– stood up slowly(came up, read).

Verbs containing a formant should be distinguished from verbal forms of the passive voice - Xia, which denote an action directed at the subject of this action: wash, bathe, ride, comb your hair and under. These are reflexive verbs. They have an independent lexical meaning compared to the corresponding verbs without - Xia and are not opposed to these verbs according to the collateral meanings of reality - passiveness. Verbs like wash, ride, bathe– single-voice, they always express the meaning of the active voice: the action is performed by the subject, which is expressed by a noun (or pronoun) in the nominative case: Boy skating; We swam in the pond.

Some reflexive verbs do not have correspondences without a formant - Xia: afraid, hope, laugh and so on. (forms like *fear, *hope, *laugh does not exist). In cases where the reflexive verb is correlated with a verb without - Xia (wash - wash), homonymy may arise between the passive voice form formed from a transitive verb and a reflexive verb; Wed : Boy washes himself in the bath– reflexive verb (the action is directed at the subject of this action). – The floor is washed once a week– passive form of the verb wash(subject is the object to which the action expressed by the verb is directed wash).

Verb forms, opposed to each other by voice, form active and passive constructions that are correlative in meaning. Wed. : The commission considers workers' complaints. – Worker complaints are reviewed by a commission; The driver stopped the train. – The train was stopped by the driver; Everyone loved her. - She was loved by everyone. Similar pairs of sentences describe the same extra-linguistic situation. However, each of the sentences has its own logical emphasis, and therefore they are not entirely equivalent. Wed. : Workers building a house(it is reported that the object of construction is a house, and not something else). – The house is being built by workers(and not someone else); The postman delivered fresh newspapers and magazines(pay attention to what exactly the postman delivered). – Fresh newspapers and magazines delivered by postman(It is emphasized who exactly delivered the mail).

The present tense denotes an action that coincides with the moment of speech: I'm coming, I'm reading; past - an action that was performed before the moment of speech: walked, read; future - an action that will occur after the moment of speech: I'll go, I will read.

In the past tense, verbs change according to gender and number: the boy walked - the girl walked - the herd walked - the children walked.

The present tense can denote an action as a permanent property of an object ( When heated, bodies expand, and when cooled they shrink) – or to characterize the capabilities or abilities of a living being ( He runs a hundred meters in eleven seconds– i.e. ‘can run’; An elephant eats about a hundred kilograms of food per day - i.e. ‘can eat, usually eats’); This use of the present tense form is called the present potential.

In the present and future tense, verbs have person forms that show who performs the action: the speaker(s) - this corresponds to the forms of the 1st person singular. and plural numbers ( I'm reading, we read, I'll read it, let's read), interlocutor (or interlocutors) - this corresponds to the forms of the 2nd person singular. and plural numbers ( you're reading, are you reading, read it, read it) or third parties - this corresponds to the forms of the 3rd person singular. and plural numbers ( is reading, read, will read, will read). The set of all finite forms of a verb is called its conjugation.

Mood forms show how the speaker imagines the action or state denoted by the verb in relation to reality.

If he considers this action to be a fact (in relation to the present, past or future), then he uses the indicative mood: He sends(sent, will send) letter to grandma.

If the speaker evaluates an action as conjectural or desirable, he uses the subjunctive form: Would you send a letter to your grandmother?.

If the speaker encourages another person to do something or asks him for something, he uses the imperative form: Send a letter to grandma!

The subjunctive mood is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense form: would take - would take, read - would read.

The imperative mood is formed from the base of the present tense of the verb by adding the suffix - And: let's take-y - take it-And or without such an addition - in this case, at the end of the imperative form it is written - th: chita-yu – chita-th or soft sign: out-u - take it out, director-at – cut). Some verbs that have singular singular in the 1st person. so-called insert numbers - l(compose - composition-l-Yu, cook - ready-l-Yu), in the form of the imperative mood, end in a soft consonant of the root (in writing, a soft sign is placed after the consonant): put, cook. The plural of the imperative mood is formed by adding the formant - those to the unit form numbers: take it-those, read-those, take it out-those, cut-those, make up-those, cook-those.

The main role of a verb in a sentence is to be predicate; The predicate also embodies the main grammatical categories of the verb - mood, tense, person. The infinitive of a verb can also be used as a subject ( Smoking - harm health) and in the complement function ( They were ordered advance ).

Verbal categories of voice, aspect, tense, mood, person have certain semantic and stylistic features in their speech expression. Let us indicate the most typical of them. Thus, forms of the passive voice are more often used in official business and scientific speech: The right to work is protected by law; These phenomena are discussed by the author in the third chapter. For other styles of speech, and especially for its oral-conversational variety, forms of the passive voice are not typical.

Forms of the form - perfect and imperfect - are used in all varieties of speech, but some styles are distinguished by the predominant use of forms of one type. Thus, in the scientific style, the imperfect form is more common, since with the help of forms of this type one can describe various properties and patterns: lit, are expanding, melts etc. On the other hand, verbs of the perfect form, denoting a one-time or instantaneous action and containing suffixes in their structure - Well, -anu, characteristic of colloquial speech and vernacular: move, push and so on.

Verbs of motion with prefix at- in an imperfect form cannot be used in the present tense form, denoting an action that coincides with the moment of speech - such forms have the meaning of a repeated, regular action: The train arrives at eight o'clock; Pigeons fly to my window in the morning(you can't say: *Look, here comes the train; *You see, pigeons fly in). Other verbs do not have such restrictions in use; Wed : Look, the ice hole freezes right before our eyes; The goalkeeper runs up and kicks the ball into the field.

Forms of time are most diversely represented in colloquial and artistic speech. Here we use the actual present, coinciding with the moment of speech, the historical present ( Yesterday I went out, I look - Ivanov is coming. I tell him...), the present in the meaning of the future ( Means, I'm going tomorrow), the future in the meaning of the present ( The way she howls like a beast, Then he will cry, like a child), future denoting events in the past ( Neither the forest will rustle, no fish will splash) - such a future, in addition, in colloquial speech it is used to indicate the suddenness of an action: How she screams, how he can run! The form of the future tense in the meaning of the present is used in some genres of scientific style of speech (in lectures, textbooks), in journalism; Wed : Multiply both sides of the equation by two; Let's imagine the result of this political action. However, in general, these styles are characterized by the use of tense verb forms (mainly the present tense) in their own meanings.