Since ancient times, various peoples of the world have used amulets and talismans for protection. Their...
1.1. Proverbs as a genre of folklore. The difference between proverbs and sayings.
Proverbs and sayings - the most ancient genres of oral folk art, priceless heritage of the people. They appeared long before the advent of writing and were passed orally from generation to generation.
A.N. Tolstoy very vividly and accurately reflected the peculiarities of this immortal genre of folklore: “The Russian people created a huge oral literature - wise proverbs and sayings. It is in vain to think that this literature was only the fruit of the people's leisure. She was the dignity and intelligence of the people.
She became and strengthened his moral character, was his historical memory, festive clothes of his soul and filled with deep content his whole measured life, flowing according to customs and rituals associated with his work, nature, reverence for fathers and grandfathers. "
Proverbs - these are poetic, widely used in speech, stable, short, often figurative, polysemantic, with a figurative meaning, sayings, designed as sentences, often rhythmically designed, generalizing the socio-historical experience of the people and having an instructive character.
Proverb - this is such a turn of speech or a phrase that reflects some phenomenon of life. A proverb is a small genre of folklore, often humorous in nature.
According to Dahl's definition, a proverb is such a short, folded speech that goes around among the people, but is not a full-fledged proverb.
Dahl also notes that a proverb is such a common expression that could not develop into a complete proverb and, in fact, is a new image that replaces some ordinary word.
For example, instead of "drunk" - "bast does not knit", instead of "fool" - "he did not invent gunpowder" and so on.
Unlike the proverb, the proverb does not contain any instructive generalizing meaning. It is just an image that replaces the usual word or defines some phenomenon: "eggs do not teach a chicken"; "the word is not a sparrow."
It should also be noted that often sayings are part of an already corresponding proverb: “ Two boots - a pair, but both are worn on the left leg».
Small folklore genres include works that are small in volume: proverbs, sayings, omens, riddles, jokes, sayings, tongue twisters, puns... These genres in scientific literature are called paremia (from the Greek paroimia - parable 1).
Proverbs and sayings, as works of folk art, are close to each other in their artistic characteristics.
Define what is proverbs and sayings, Russian folklorists tried back in the 19th century. F.I. Buslaev considered proverbs and sayings as works of art of the native word, expressing the life of the people, their common sense and moral interests.
N.V. Gogol saw in them the result of popular ideas about life in its various manifestations.
IN AND. Dahl understood the proverb as "judgment, sentence, lesson." In his "Explanatory Dictionary" he gave the following definition:
"A proverb, a short saying, a lesson, more in the form of a parable, an allegory, or in the form of an everyday sentence; a proverb is an individual of a language, folk speech, it is not composed, but is born by itself; it is the walking mind of the people; it turns into a saying or a simple turn of speech ". 2
The saying, according to Dahl, is:
"a folding short speech, common among the people, but not part of a complete proverb; a lesson, in the accepted - common expressions; a conditional turn of speech, the usual way of expressing himself." 3
Common features of proverbs and sayings include brevity, brevity, stability, and widespread use. Both proverbs and sayings can be defined as poetic, polysemous, widely used in speech, stable short expressions that have figurative meanings of the saying. 4
Proverbs and sayings reflect popular wisdom, the moral code of the rules of life. They represent wide strata of life and are educational. The experience of the people is enshrined in them. The subject of proverbs and sayings is very diverse. They express an understanding of life foundations, historical events, family relationships, love and friendship, condemn human vices and praise virtues (sobriety, modesty, intelligence, hard work), as well as other moral qualities of a person.
It is no coincidence that V.I. Dahl, in his famous collection of proverbs and sayings, arranged the material on topics: work - idleness, yard - house - economy - agriculture, superstition - signs - happiness - luck, good - mercy - evil, etc. 5
In folk proverbs, various aspects of a person's life are reflected: mythological ideas ("a prophetic dream will not deceive"); peculiarities of serf life ("Here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day"); events of hostile invasions and wars ("empty, as if Mamai passed"); courage, courage and heroism of the people ("the courage of the city takes", "to be afraid of wolves, and do not go to the forest"). They depict all aspects of the labor activity of the people, love for the homeland, glorify labor ("only smoke the sky without work," "labor feeds, and laziness spoils"), a sense of deep human dignity is expressed ("a goal, but not a thief", "money not a penny, but the glory is good "," poor, but honest ").
Proverbs took shape in all strata of the population, but most of all in the peasant environment, as the main carrier of the national folk culture. The annual cycle of peasant labor is reflected in the proverbs "for the time being they do not sow seed", "good seed, good and sprout".
Proverbs also arose among artisans - "without an ax - not a carpenter, without a needle - not a tailor", and among barge haulers - "need will teach rolls to eat".
In proverbs and sayings, various artistic and graphic means and techniques are used: comparisons ("someone else's soul is like a dark forest"), metaphors, personifications ("hop makes noise - the mind is silent", "put a spoke in the wheel"), antitheses, that is oppositions ("the root of the doctrine is bitter, but its fruit is sweet"), hyperbole ("to climb out of your skin", "to get lost in three pines"). There is also an artistic device in proverbs - a tautology 6 ("they do not look for good from good", "they have not heard by ear, have not seen by sight").
By composition, proverbs are divided into single-term, double-term and polynomial. Most of them are binomial ("praise the rye in the stack, and the master in the coffin").
Proverbs can be based on opposition ("a man and a dog are always in the yard, and a woman and a cat are always in the hut"). In them, as well as in lyric songs, the technique of parallelism is used ("a worm wears away a tree, sorrow breaks a heart").
Proverbs are rhythmic. In them, individual words rhyme ("you can't take a fish out of the pond without difficulty"), individual parts or the whole proverb ("don't open your mouth with someone else's loaf, but get up early and start your own"). They are varied in the form of expression. They may include a monologue or dialogue (“we’re not out of an onion, we’re not out of a squeak, but we cannot find a drink and a dance against us,” “Titus, go thresh!” - My belly hurts. - Titus, go drink wine! - Oh, let me be a fool and somehow be satisfied ").
Proverbs and sayings are examples of folk eloquence, a source of wisdom, knowledge about life, folk ideas and ideals, moral foundations.
Thus, proverbs and sayings, which arose as a genre of folk poetry in ancient times, have existed for many centuries and play an everyday and literary and artistic role, merging into folk culture.
Ticket number 1
Folklore. Ritual folklore. Calendar - ritual songs. What are they like? What are they dedicated to?
Ritual songs - This is a type of folklore that accompanied calendar and family holidays, as well as the work of a farmer during the economic year.
Calendar-ritual songs - This is a kind of ritual songs that are associated with holidays, with natural phenomena and the work of peasants at different times of the year. The entire calendar ritual is also associated with the solar cycle - solstices and equinoxes.
Folklore- this is oral folk art; a set of beliefs, customs, rituals, songs, fairy tales and other phenomena of the life of peoples. The most important feature of folklore is the orientation towards the oral method of transmitting information. The native speakers were usually villagers
Rite - This is a ceremony, a series of actions strictly determined by custom, accompanying and formalizing the commission of acts of a predominantly cult nature.
Can be distinguished 4 cycles of calendar - ritual poetry: winter spring Summer Autumn.
Carols
Among the winter calendar and ritual songs, carols took a large place. Kolyadovanie called festive rounds of huts with singing songs - carols. The mummers went home and wished for a rich harvest, offspring of livestock, happiness in seed life and health. In conclusion, they asked for a reward for their work.
Kolyada, kolyada!
And there is a kolyada
On Christmas Eve
Kolyada came
Brought Christmas.
You will give us -
We will praise
But you won't give -
We will reproach!
Kolyada, kolyada!
Serve the pie!
Shrovetide calendar - ritual songs
Shrovetide symbolizes the onset of spring and the departure of winter. This is a fun holiday with pancakes, treats and a round dance. Celebrated for seven days. Ends with burning a stuffed carnival. The ritual burning of the doll had a deep meaning: it is necessary to destroy the symbol of winter in order to revive its power in spring.
Shrovetide closes Winter,
Krasnaya invites spring!
Oh, Zimushka-Winter!
Go to sleep, rest!
Spring is Red!
Come to us again!
Stand in a circle, all people!
Accordion player, play round dance!
They came to you with good news,
Fun, joy brought!
Winter is coming to an end
Shrovetide begins!
Have fun people:
Oiler goes to visit
With pies and pancakes, -
Leads spring by hand!
Let's sing, walk, -
To meet mother spring!
Sleigh ride
indulge in pancakes!
Spring calendar - ritual songs
The performance of Vesnyanka's ritual songs was called upon to bring the coming of spring closer. They were called by climbing on roofs or hills, calling for spring. The arrival of birds meant the arrival of spring, therefore, an integral part of spring rituals were appeals to birds, larks:
Larks, larks!
Come to us,
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
The cold winter has bored us
Hands, feet froze.
Spring! Spring is red!
Warm sunshine!
Come quickly
Keep the kids warm!
Come to us with joy!
With great mercy!
With flax high!
With a deep root!
With rich bread!
One of the biggest spring holidays of the Slavs - Egorius Veshniy (St. George's Day), carried out the ritual of the first pasture of cattle. The cattle were decorated with ribbons, flowers, they sang about the coming of summer. Since ancient times, St. George's Day was perceived by the people as one of the boundaries between winter and summer, an important date in the agricultural calendar, and therefore many works were timed to it, accompanied by various rituals.
We walked around the field
Egoria was called,
Makarya was called:
“Yegory you are our brave,
Saint Macarius!
Save our cattle
In the field and beyond the field,
In the forest and beyond the forest,
Under the bright month
Under the red sun
From the predatory wolf,
From a fierce bear
From the evil beast! "
Yuri, good evening!
Yuri, give me the keys
Yuri, open the ground
Yuri, let the grass go!
- Yuri, what is the grass for?
- Grass for bunks!
- Yuri, what is the dew for?
- Dew for the wolves!
Summer ritual songs
The most famous summer rites are associated with the holidays of Trinity and Ivan Kupala. On Trinity, houses were decorated with birch trees. It marked the end of spring and the beginning of summer. The customs of ancient times are based on the renewal of life - this is the time when the first leaves appear on trees, flowers bloom.
There is still a birch curling ritual. During the process, the girls made plans of good health to their mother and other relatives. Or, while curling a birch, they thought about a beloved young man - thus tying his thoughts and thoughts to themselves.
Early dew was collected on Trinity - it was considered a strong medicine against ailments and ailments. Such rituals existed among our ancestors. Some of them can be found today.
Birch, birch,
Curl, curly!
The girls have come to you
They came to you,
The cake was brought
With scrambled eggs!
The ritual song conjured dense shoots, rain, growth and a rich harvest of rye.
Where did the girls go
The rye is thick here!
Where the women went
It's soaked there!
Where did the men go
It has grown up there!
Where did the guys go
I lay down there!
Where did the godfather go
There the oats rose
Where did the godfather go
There rye has sprung up!
Ivan Kupala (Ivanov day, Kupala night) is a folk holiday of the Eastern Slavs, dedicated to the summer solstice and the highest flowering of nature.
The song announced the onset of the holiday of Ivan Kupala.
Today, girls, Kupala,
Today, girls, Kupala!
And who did what was lost,
And who did what - lost!
A rich harvest was conjured in the song.
Marya Ivana,
Marya Ivana
I called to my life,
I called to my life:
- Come on, Ivan,
Let's go, Ivan,
Lively to look
Lively to look!
Whose lives
Whose livelihood
Best of all
Best of all?
Our life
Our live
Best of all
Best of all!
Colosy,
Colosy,
Fiercely,
Fiercely,
Kernel to bucket
The kernel is in the bucket.
Ear in a log
Ear in a log!
While mowing, they say:
Mow the scythe
While the dew is
Dew down -
Spit home.
The scythe loves the spatula
Shovel - sand
Mowing - pie
Another porridge pot,
He needs a bag
More trousers for Filippovka,
Another radish tail
To the great post!
Autumn ritual songs
These are calendar - ritual songs associated with the harvest. The ceremonial songs of the harvest accompanied the beginning of the harvest, were sung during work and expressed the joy of the end of the autumn work in the field.
We reaped, we reaped
Reaped, reaped:
Reap the young
Golden sickles ...
Oh and whose field is this
Turned yellow while standing?
Ivanovo field
Turned yellow, standing:
Young reapers,
Sickles are golden!
The song tells about the performance of the "curling the beard" ritual - especially for ears that have not been compressed for this purpose
We are weaving-weaving a beard
Vasily on the field
Curling a beard
At our Ivanovich,
In the great field,
On a wide strip!
When the rye is consumed in the field, the children say:
The sun is red
Sit down quickly
Have pity on us, orphans!
After the rye harvest, they ride on the harvest and say:
Stubble, stubble,
Give me some strength
Another spring stubble!
Ticket number 2
Proverbs and sayings as a small genre of folklore, their folk wisdom.
A proverb is a short folk saying that has an instructive character. A proverb always expresses a complete thought.
Measure seven times, cut one.
Don't say gop until you jump over.
Better to see once than hear a hundred times.
To be afraid of wolves - do not go to the forest.
A proverb is a short folk saying that aptly and vividly characterizes some phenomenon. Sayings do not express a complete thought.
There is no smoke without fire.
They say that chickens are milked.
The first pancake is lumpy.
Repetition is the mother of learning.
The law is not written for fools.
Proverbs and sayings appeared a long time ago. Nobody invented them on purpose. Obviously, for the first time they were pronounced on a specific occasion. Someone tried to cross the river, fell into a deep place and began to drown.
"Not knowing the ford, do not poke your head into the water." Over time, they began to say so when it is necessary to act carefully.
You can describe something colorfully as you like - all the same, a person will get a full idea of \u200b\u200bit when he sees it himself. So it turns out: "Better to see once than hear a hundred times".
In a proverb, the most important thing is its meaning. Proverbs teach how to act and how not to act. The main thing is to understand what the proverb says. And then many troubles can be avoided.
Don't wake up dashing while it is quiet.
Free cheese only in a mousetrap.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
All the secret becomes apparent.
In the proverb, the main thing is its beauty, accuracy, folding. A proverb decorates speech, makes it colorful, lively, cheerful.
After the rain on Thursday.
Not in the eyebrow, but in the eye.
Paper will endure everything.
There is no smoke without fire.
There are a lot of proverbs in the language. The beginning of the study of this layer of folk art in the Russian language was laid by M.V. Lomonosov. V. Dal, a contemporary of A. Pushkin, spent fifty years collecting proverbs and sayings.
Proverbs are gold deposits in our language.
Human life takes place among a huge number of news, events and incidents. It is almost impossible to grasp everything that happens with a separate human mind. Folk culture has created special oral memory mechanisms. The experience of many generations was passed on in the form of short sayings - proverbs and sayings. They are widely used in everyday speech. They appear in the mind suddenly, by the way, and allow you to express your thoughts more clearly.
A proverb clearly names, draws some kind of phenomenon, for example:
"Goal like a falcon", "Like cheese rolls in butter", "Puffed up like a mouse on a rump", "Lay softly, but sleep hard", "Found a scythe on a stone."
The proverb expresses in connection with the life situation a kind of judgment, morality: "If you like to ride - love to carry sledges", "You chase two hares - you won't catch a single one", "There is no smoke without fire", "A thin world is better than a good quarrel."
Proverbs and sayings are capable of so capaciously denoting the phenomena of the surrounding world because they are applicable not to one case, but to all such events.
" The apple never falls far from the tree", - they say about a specific person who imitates their parents or mentors, and about all people whose character is similar to that of a parent.
The capacity of a folk proverb, each of which contains a potential plot for a whole drama, was used by A.N. Ostrovsky, who placed folk sayings in the titles of his plays: “There was not a penny, but suddenly altyn”, “Poverty is not a vice”, “Our people - we will be numbered” ...
Proverbs keep popular ideas about harm and benefit, intelligence and stupidity. About spiritual beauty and ugliness in the form of short sayings. They help us understand the history of our people, teach us to love our homeland, be honest and hardworking, love and respect our parents, and lead a healthy lifestyle. They condemn laziness, ignorance and other negative qualities of a person. Using proverbs and sayings in speech, we make it figurative, colorful, expressive.
Hello dear readers of the blog site. Modern literature has its origins and one of its forerunners was the folklore genre.
Even before the invention of book printing, works of folk art were passed from mouth to mouth.
Let's take a look today at what folklore is in the modern sense, what functions it performs, who studies it and how, on what grounds one can distinguish folklore works and, of course, look at examples of such works in Russian art.
Folklore is our genetics
The term "folklore" (from the English folk-lore "folk wisdom") appeared in Europe at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. It has been actively used in Russia since the 30s of the nineteenth century.
He summarized ideas about literary and musical works (songs, dances), created by a team of unknown authors from the people over several tens (or hundreds) years in the distant historical past.
Until the twentieth century, works of arts and crafts and architectural creativity were also called folklore.
To put it simply, folklore is oral folk art... Currently, the concept is actively used in a musical and literary sense.
We are interested in the latter, and it is important to note that it is he who is the first source of the emergence of fiction. Its second source - spiritual literature, which was created in such cultural centers as monasteries - influenced the people's worldview with a cementing moral principle.
Folklore opened the floodgates of everyday colloquial speech, the sources of verbal imagery and fairy-tale fantasy.
Folklore genres
It is customary to divide works of oral folk art into three varieties:
- Lyric;
- Epic;
- Dramatic.
As in fiction, epics, and are represented by genres traditional for each of the genera. Lyric songs reveal the innermost themes of folk life.
There are the following types:
- historical;
- love;
- wedding;
- funeral;
- labor;
- road (coachman);
- robbery;
- comic.
Epic genres -, a fairy tale, a tale, a true story, a fairy tale, a bylichka, a past.
Small genres folklore - a proverb, a tongue twister, a riddle, a joke - are also elements of the epic.
To present folklore dramatic works, you must see the national fair theater "rayok". Texts for him were written in a special verse - raeshnik. Christmas mysteries, farce comedies, caricatures, everyday sketches - all this is a folk drama.
Features of folklore works
After carefully reading the definition, several important features of folklore can be distinguished:
this is our genetics... If the people disappear from the face of the Earth, it will be possible to “piece together” its culture with the help of fairy tales, legends, proverbs, songs.
Russian folklore
Works of Russian literary folklore are studied from the first stages schools... These are Russian folk tales, proverbs, riddles. Older children get to know the epics about Russian heroes.
In high school schools study folklore sources of works of classical literature: stories and poems by A. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol. Without knowing folk stories and characters, which in a sense have become the alphabet of national imagery, it is impossible to fully understand the diverse world of Russian culture.
Many people think that apart from "Ryaba's Hen", "Kolobok" and "Turnip", the Russian people have nothing to tell. This is not true. Open a collection of fairy tales - an exciting reading is guaranteed!
In a moment of lyrical melancholy, leaf through the collection of folk songs, or rather listen to them with musical accompaniment. What is sung in them touches everyone, touches the most secret strings, evokes smiles and tears. This is our sounding life, ours knowing that everything in the world is repeatable.
What is the meaning of folklore works
Folk art is always functional, it is not born out of nowhere and always has a clear goal. Scientists suggest share works of folklore for the following types:
- Ritual;
- Non-cereal.
The first type describes the repetition of ritual actions, life events significant for many generations. Ritual folklore is divided into family and calendar. The first concerns the milestones of family life: matchmaking and weddings, the birth of children, the death of relatives. It is widely represented by wedding and funeral songs, lamentations, conspiracies.
Stand alone children's folklore with his lullabies, nursery rhymes, pestushki.
Off-row folklore is timed to the calendar circle of peasant life: the change of seasons and the economic activity of the farmer-worker. Each event of the cycle is accompanied by special songs: carols, chants, smells, etc.
Non-ritual genres include epics, fairy tales, ditties, riddles, proverbs, sayings.
Study of folklore
You see how important folklore is! That is why it was necessary to create a separate scientific discipline to study it. It is called folklore... Along with ethnography, this science studies the life of the common people.
Ethnographers are engaged in the description of dwellings, clothes, dishes, food, rituals, discovering objects of material culture, and folklorists do the same by studying the artistic word.
Their goal is to trace how the types and genres of artistic creation changed, how new plots and motives appeared, what social and psychological phenomena were reflected in certain works.
Outstanding Russian scientists I.M.Snegirev, I.P.Sakharov, F.I.Buslavev, A.N. Veselovsky, P.N. Rybnikov, V. Ya. Propp, and many others became the first collectors of folklore works.
Under their editorship, there were collections of proverbs and tales recorded by them on expeditions around the country. By extracting old samples of folk art, folklorists give readers a rich world of our sounding past.
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
You might be interested
What is epic and what genres of epic works exist What is a piece What is satire in general and in literature in particular What is the climax What is a fairy tale What is a leitmotif and how to find it in a work What is epigraph What is a literary genre - what genres of works are there What is a story What is lyrics What is tradition What is prose
CNT. Proverbs and sayings as a small genre of folklore, their folkwisdom
Lesson objectives: to reveal wisdom that teaches the meaning and perfection of the form of proverbs and sayings, the similarity and difference between the two genre forms of folklore.
Lesson Objectives:
teaching the ability to analyze the meaning of proverbs and sayings;
development of students' speech;
fostering love for the Motherland, for nature, for your family;
promoting a healthy lifestyle.
Vocabulary work:laconism, aphorism, perfection of form.
Equipment:proverbs and sayings of writers decorated on the board.
During the classes
And what a luxury, what a meaning
what's the use of every saying
our! What a gold!
A.S. Pushkin.
I. Acquaintance with the genre of proverbs and sayings
1. Introductory conversation
Proverbs are gold deposits in our language.
Human life takes place among a huge number of news, events and incidents. It is almost impossible to grasp everything that happens with a separate human mind. Folk culture has created special oral memory mechanisms. The experience of many generations was passed on in the form of short sayings - proverbs and sayings. They are widely used in everyday speech. They appear in the mind suddenly, by the way, and allow you to express your thoughts more clearly.
A proverb vividly names, draws some kind of phenomenon, for example: "Goal like a falcon", "Like cheese rolls in butter", "Pouted like a mouse on a rump", "Lay softly, but hard to sleep", "Found a scythe on a stone" ...
The proverb expresses in connection with the life situation a kind of judgment, moral: "If you like to ride - love and carry sledges", "You chase two hares - you won't catch one", "There is no smoke without fire", "A thin world is better than a good quarrel."
Proverbs and sayings are capable of so capaciously denoting the phenomena of the surrounding world because they are applicable not to one case, but to all such events.
"An apple does not fall far from an apple tree," they say about a specific person who imitates his parents or mentors, and about all people whose character is similar to that of a parent.
The capacity of a folk proverb, each of which contains a potential plot for a whole drama, was used by A. N. Ostrovsky, who placed folk sayings in the titles of his plays: “There was not a penny, but suddenly altyn”, “Poverty is not a vice” - we will count "...
Proverbs keep popular ideas about harm and benefit, intelligence and stupidity. About spiritual beauty and ugliness in the form of short sayings. They help us understand the history of our people, teach us to love our homeland, be honest and hardworking, love and respect our parents, and lead a healthy lifestyle. They condemn laziness, ignorance and other negative qualities of a person. Using proverbs and sayings in speech, we make it figurative, colorful, expressive.
Guys, let's remember the proverbs that you use in your speech. What proverbs and sayings do you hear from people around you
(at school, at home)?
2. Reading and discussing proverbs about proverbs .
"You can't get away from the proverb"
"The proverb does not say for nothing"
"Proverb will never break"
"Silly speech is not a proverb"
"Red speech is a proverb"
3 ... Discussion of sayings about proverbs.
“This is how well men compose. It's simple, there are few words, but a lot of feelings "
L. Tolstoy
"Who invented them so neatly ..."
A. Pushkin
What admired in the proverbs of Russian writers?
4. Writing in a notebook:
PROVIDER - a genre of folklore, aphoristically compressed, figurative, grammatically and logically complete utterance with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form ("What you sow, so you reap").
SPEECH - a figurative expression, a turn of speech, aptly defining any phenomenon of life; in contrast to the proverb, it is devoid of a generalizing instructive meaning ("Seven Fridays a week", "Put your teeth on the shelf").
II ... Working with proverbs from different thematic groups.
There are a lot of proverbs. Already in 1500, Erasmus of Rotterdam compiled a collection of ancient sayings and proverbs. From the end of the 17th century, collections of proverbs and sayings began to be published in Russia. The study of this layer of folk art was initiated by M.V. Lomonosov. V. Dal, a contemporary of A. Pushkin, spent fifty years collecting proverbs and sayings.
Guys, read and comment, please, those proverbs and sayings that you have prepared for the lesson.
1. Work in groups.
1st group: proverbs about the Motherland.
Each person - sooner or later, whether he realizes it or not - must be connected with his Fatherland. The life and fate of a person to a certain extent depends on the fate of the Fatherland, which leaves a certain imprint on the formation of its civic features. Fatherland is a social system to which a person belongs by birth. Our homeland is Russia. Our ancestors have always been proud of her, as the following proverbs say:
"Everyone has their own side."
"Great Svyatoyusskaya land, and everywhere the sun"
"Look for good on the side, and love the house in the old days"
"On the wrong side, and spring is not red"
"On the wrong side, the falcon is called a crow"
"From your native land - die, don't go!" and other proverbs.
"He who is a mountain for the Motherland is a true hero"
"In a foreign land and a roll is not a joy, but in the homeland and black bread is a sweetness"
"Homeland is twice as mile on the wrong side"
"Be not only the son of your father - be also the son of your people"
"Take care of your homeland like the apple of your eye"
"To live - to serve the Motherland"
Yes, we love our Motherland for its glorious past, for the fact that it has repeatedly defended its independence in the struggle against numerous invaders, for the fact that it provides all the nations of the country with equal rights, for the fact that this is our past and future, for its stately and varied nature; for her heroic and hardworking people. The feeling of national dignity presupposes responsibility for the fate of the people, which has evolved over the centuries. To be a worthy son of your people means to represent your people with dignity among other nations.
2nd group: about nature
For example: "Forest and waters are the beauty of nature"
"Forest and plants - salvation for the beast"
"In a strong wind, the forest is quiet, but the field is dashing"
"The enemy of nature is the one who does not protect the forest"
"A lot of forest - take care, little forest - don't cut it, no forest - plant"
"Plant a forest in the field - there will be more bread"
"To break a tree is a second, and to grow - years"
"Green outfit pleases the eye"
"The plant is salvation for the shores"
"Forest and water - brother and sister"
Let's talk about the beauty of nature. “Beauty is the joy of our life. Man became Man because he saw the depth of the azure sky, the twinkling of the stars, the pink overflow of the evening dawn, the transparent haze of the steppe expanses, the crimson sunset before a windy day, the fluttering of the haze over the horizon, blue shadows in the snow drifts of March, a flock of cranes in the blue sky, the reflection of the sun in the myriad of drops of morning dew, gray threads of rain on a cloudy day, a purple cloud on a lilac bush, a delicate stalk and blue bell of a snowdrop - I saw and, amazed, walked along the ground, creating a new beauty. Stop and you in amazement before the beauty - and nobility will blossom in your heart. The joy of life opened up before the man because he heard the whisper of leaves and the song of a grasshopper, the murmur of a spring brook and the play of silver bells of a lark in the hot summer sky, the rustle of snowflakes and the groan of a blizzard, the gentle lapping of the waves and the solemn silence of the night - he heard and, holding his breath, listens hundreds and thousands of years of wonderful music of life. Be able to listen to this music too. Cherish beauty, take care of it ”- wrote V. A. Sukhomlinsky.
The first snow, the first drop, the first rain and the first thunderstorm, the first leaves - nothing should pass our attention. Let everyone discover something important for themselves in nature. And everyone else will rejoice with him at its discovery.
3rd group: about a healthy lifestyle
We are all different, each of us has his own life, with his own interests, problems, plans. But one common desire unites us - we all want to be happy. It is unlikely that any wise man will be able to give a recipe for happiness, and few of us love other people's advice, preferring our own path of trial and error. And everyone has their own concept of happiness. But no matter how much they argue about what happiness is, without any doubt, everyone would agree that being a healthy person is already happiness. Hiking in the woods, on the river, bonfires on the seashore, playing sports, hobbies for favorite work, favorite business - there are so many interesting things in the world. Is it worth spending precious years, days, minutes on harmful, and sometimes very dangerous habits
Smoking and drinking are ugly habits. They destroy the most important systems of the human body. The idea of \u200b\u200bdrunkenness as a custom of Russians, to put it mildly, is exaggerated. There were strict traditions of wine drinking in Russia. Beer, mash, mead - this is what our ancestors drank, and the strength of these drinks did not exceed 15 degrees. It was customary to drink alcoholic beverages only on certain holidays. The use of alcohol by young people was condemned, drunkards were subjected to public flogging.
Tobacco, whose homeland is America, came to the Old World at least 500 years ago. In Russia in the 15th century, those convicted of smoking for the first time were punished with 60 blows of sticks in the footsteps, in the second - they cut off their nose or ears. Smoking was recognized as the cause of a fire in Moscow in 1634, after which it was banned on pain of death. In the 17th century, both smokers were severely punished (they were tortured and beaten with a whip), and tobacco merchants (they were flogged and exiled to distant cities).
Proverbs also say that our ancestors appreciated health and a healthy lifestyle. For example:
"Health is more valuable than wealth"
"Mind and health are the most precious thing"
" In a healthy body healthy mind"
"Clean water for ailments trouble"
"Do not be afraid of the cold, wash yourself up to the waist"
"Smoking is harmful to health"
"You ruin your health - you can't buy a new one"
“I lost money - I did not lose anything, I lost time - I lost a lot, I lost my health - I lost everything”
"You will temper when you are young, it will be useful for the whole century"
"To get sick is one day, and to get well seven weeks"
4th group: about family
Man is a binder for at least three centuries. In that century, grandparents lived with their parents, we remember them, in this century we live with our parents and children, but in the next our grandchildren will live with their parents and children. They will remember us.
Family is what is close and understandable to every person. In the family, the child receives the first life guidelines, the first convictions and the first worldview views, which, of course, depend on the spiritual and cultural atmosphere prevailing in it. Much depends on the relationships that develop in the family, they largely determine the future of the child. Happy is the one who has mom and dad, grandparents, brothers and sisters. After all, who better than grandmother will slowly and sincerely tell his grandson or granddaughter about good Ivanushka, evil Koschey, about hardworking Cinderella ... These fairy tales will not be forgotten, if no, no, grandmother will say: “You are just as hardworking as Cinderella, resourceful like Alyonushka beautiful as Vasilisa. " Happy are the mother and father to whom they say about the child: "The very good", "The good man was raised." This is not just a praise for parents, but a tribute to their child's sincere respect. Kindness and kindness have always been highly valued and appreciated by every nation, as well as good family relations.
Proverbs:
"Whoever honors his parents will never perish"
"Glory to the son - joy to the father"
"Father and mother are sacred words"
"You can buy everything, only you can't buy a father and mother"
"It's warm in the sun, but good in the mother's presence"
"There is no family dearer than mother"
"Maternal anger is like spring snow: and a lot of it falls and will soon melt"
"The bird is happy with spring, and the child is happy with the mother"
"There is no friend closer to the mother"
"Mother's caress has no end"
"Quarrel in the family at first sight"
"What is the treasure for when the family is okay"
How beautiful, how accurate! After all, a family is an island of understanding, love, warmth and reliability. Here we draw strength, gain confidence, adopt doubts, find forgiveness for our mistakes ...
Look at the parents who came home from work, how tired they are, how they are tormented by problems. Smile at them, let them receive the warmth and caress of your heart. Do not conflict with your parents, remember: no one will understand you better than them, because they gave you the most valuable thing - life. Love and respect them. And grandmothers and grandfathers who live by your visits, you must support and help them with all your might. Remember how not scary, but people are leaving the Earth. And with them all the grievances and griefs caused by you go away. Think about yourself and your family!
5th group: about time
In one of the philosophical stories of the famous Voltaire, Zadig, or Destiny, the great magician asks questions to the protagonist. The first question was: “What is the longest and the shortest in the world, the fastest and the slowest of all, what is most easily divided into infinitely small values \u200b\u200band reaches infinitely large values, what is most neglected and what is most regretted, without which nothing is possible to accomplish that devours all insignificant and resurrects all great? " It took Zadig a little time to answer this question. You may have guessed what the great magician meant.
Let's listen to the answer and Zadig, who said that the riddle talks about time. “Because,” he added, “there is nothing longer in the world, for it is the measure of eternity, and there is nothing shorter, because it is not enough to fulfill our intentions; nothing is slower for one who comes to life, nothing is faster for the one who eats pleasure; it reaches infinity in the great and is infinitely divisible in the small; people neglect him, and when they lose, they regret; everything takes place in time; it destroys offspring unworthy in memory and bestows immortality on the great. "
There are things that we often say, which we know well, but which we have never seen or touched with our hands. Air, for example, is invisible and you cannot grab it with your hands. But we simply cannot live without it! So is the time! It is invisible, odorless, colorless. And you can't touch it with your hands. And you can't hide it and you can't give it to a friend! And you can lose! And elusive time is very expensive. After all, there is no way to turn back the wasted time. Time is the highest arbiter of all our affairs. And also, mind you, we are all equally, without exception, subject to the dictates of the hour hands. Time is probably the only thing that is incorruptible and impartial. Therefore, the people say:
"Time is the best judge"
"Time will judge"
"Time is more precious than money"
"If you miss a minute, you will lose hours"
"Know the price for the minutes, count for the seconds"
"You will be behind for an hour, you will not catch up in a day"
"The day goes by - you can't tie it to the fence"
"Time is not a bird - you can't catch the tail"
"Years are like water: if they pass, you won't see"
2. Play for attention
Guys, you have cards on your tables on which the second part of the proverb is written. I will read the first part of the proverb, and whoever has the second part will finish it. Be careful! (or working with an interactive whiteboard)
For example: "Everyone is sweet ...." (own side)
"To protect nature means ..." (to protect the Motherland)
"The whole family together ..." (the soul is in place)
"Who lied yesterday ...." (they won't believe that even tomorrow)
“A tree is valued for its fruits ... (and a person for deeds)
III. Conclusion
Proverbs and sayings enter folk culture as the purest and most precious source of folk wisdom. They are deeply rooted in history. Proverbs and sayings accompany a person from early childhood. Most of them are associated with attitudes towards work, homeland, parents, friends, nature, health, a healthy lifestyle ... Accuracy of thought and laconic presentation allow you to quickly assimilate them from an early age, perceive them not as wishes, but as a norm in life. Proverbs and sayings have always been a kind of guide to life, which adults were guided by, introducing children to them. They have not lost their educational significance for moral education today.
Proverbs and sayings decorate and enrich a person's speech, expand vocabulary, develop imagination. Indeed, in order to use the simplest proverbs or sayings, you must quickly assess the situation, how to apply it to the proverb, again compare their correspondence and only then express your judgment.
VI ... Homework:
Write an essay according to the proverb you like.
