Despite the development of technology and science, our spiritual development ...
It seems to me that everyone who has read stories about Sherlock Holmes would like to come a little closer to his amazing ability to reason logically. How to develop deduction? Let's learn from him!
11 notes on the development of deduction ...
The habit of observing and being attentive
Most of us are oblivious to the world around us. Deduction is primarily the ability to notice small details. That is, this is the development of the habit of being constantly “on”, being conscious with the “internal analyzer” constantly on.
This is not a superhuman ability. When it comes to Sherlock, he has cultivated the habit of being considerate throughout his life. He was not born with this ability, he purposefully developed it. We have many bad habits in our minds, they need to be monitored and gradually eliminated, replacing them with useful ones.
By constantly noticing details, we, and after prolonged effort, it can become an automatic habit.
Our worst habit is not to pay attention to anything. We are always trying to get something fast, and because of this we lose the baby. We practically do not ask questions when we do not understand something. Children ask about everything that is not clear to them. And this should be learned from them.
Improving observation means, first of all, identifying a bad habit (the habit of reaching goals quickly and skipping small details), and cultivating a new habit (slowness and attention).
Daily and monthly calls
One of the classic tricks for building a new habit is to gradually work on yourself every day. That is, every month you can introduce a new habit and fix it daily.
You can do whatever you want, provided that it makes you “turn on” and observe the world from a different point of view. For example, as you move around the city, you can start paying attention to countless strange things that you usually don't notice.
How to Develop Deduction - The idea is to gradually teach yourself to notice small details in everyday life.
How to develop deduction? Take notes throughout the day
When efforts to develop attention don't work and personal problems get distracted, there is another trick: start writing down observations throughout the day.
Write down your observations within 10 minutes. You can describe the behavior of a person, everything to the smallest detail: actions, reactions, behavior, etc. At the same time, write down his actions and his thoughts. Pay attention to looking for patterns of behavior, repetitive or unusual details.
Clearing the brain
Meditation is sometimes equated with a religious experience, but initially it is an exercise to control thoughts. A few minutes a day will help to improve the thinking process, and clear the mind of unnecessary garbage.
Meditation does not mean that you have to break off and run away, becoming a monk. It's just a way to tune the mind, which teaches you to pay attention to yourself and what's going on in your head. Understand how thoughts arise and what the process of thinking is.
This is just training for mindfulness and concentration. When we can concentrate on ourselves, we will probably become better at observing the world around us.
Intuition or instinct is a powerful thing and she just needs to be trusted. If there is a strong feeling, you should definitely pay attention to it. The body is sometimes smarter than the mind.
Critical thinking
Once you start paying close attention to the world, you can begin to shape your vision into theory or ideas. Think over logical situations, applying critical thinking, and questioning everything around.
Question all norms.Absolutely all information should be subject to sound criticism, despite the authority of the source. There is always a chance that a mistake has crept in somewhere. Ability to listen, control emotions and reason sensibly.
The first impression (opinion) is not always true... You need to be careful with your view of things and subsequent conclusions. There is always a chance that the conclusion is not true, and something has been missed.
How to develop deduction?
Analyze what you see or see and ask questions
We return to the children's world and start asking as many questions as possible.
Curiosity is a catalyst for discovery ... If you have curiosity and attentiveness, then you are really ready to dig deep and further develop logical chains. When there is no curiosity, it is simply impossible to motivate yourself to sort things out.
When you receive new information, you cannot simply perceive it, you need to find a logical stable place in your memory. What does your place mean? You need to ask yourself, "Why is this important?" "How can this be related to already existing concepts in memory?" or "Why do I want to remember this?" Thus, you need to build and create your own knowledge system.
There is often an obvious and simple answer to most of the cryptic problems in the world today. ... Big problems can be broken down into parts. Calculus, this is called factoring, and it is effective method separating things into parts to save time and effort.
Building connections between knowledge
Enhanced perception and critical thinking will not do much good unless you begin to develop connections between knowledge and perceived information.
Holmes doesn't always remember more, but he can see connections that people usually miss. This is similar to how it works memory palace but instead, using memory in space and linking one hold to another.
Perception, then critical thinking, then linking work in a circle. This chain trains memory, memory expands perception.
How to develop deduction? Increase knowledge base
Strong knowledge in a specialty, when linked, in itself induces deduction. Searching for one concept in memory provokes the passage of a chain of knowledge - a logical chain of reasoning.
But on the other hand, one cannot delve into just one thing, since one can lose the skill of taking a broad view of things. Re-specialization is bad, you have to be curious about different things and be ready for learning and new things.
Distinguish between deductive and inductive methods
Both deductive and inductive methods are useful. But you need to understand which is which. The deductive method operates with truth. For example, “All people are mortal. Socrates is a man. Thus, Socrates is mortal. " Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, involves reaching a conclusion that is possibly true. For example, “He has an anchor tattoo on his arm. Perhaps he served in the navy. "
How to develop deduction? Intellectual humility
Or, to put it another way, intellectual modesty. That is, the ability to reason at the highest level of quality, taking into account one's own shortcomings, limitations, ignorance and prejudices.
Sin should be judged, not sinner
It is necessary to exclude superficial assessments and be not biased. Judgment of the individual leads to a preconceived attitude that will not allow building a logical chain. That is, you can evaluate an action or a situation, but not people.
One head it's good, but two better ... Sherlock had Watson, who more than once helped him solve intricate cases. Together, you can come to a better solution. And yet, when we explain something to another person, we begin to understand it more fully.
How to develop deduction - sherlock video
During life, people improve and develop themselves. In the process of personal development, it is necessary to develop logical thinking. In the development of logic, such a method of thinking as deduction is of great importance. And many are asking questions:
- What is logic?
- How to develop deduction?
Deduction refers to the ability to reason logically and arrive at an irrefutable conclusion.
Deduction (from lat. deductio - deduction) - deduction of the particular from the general; the way of thinking that leads from the general to the particular, from the general to the particular.
Deduction, as a particular way of thinking, is based on the separation of the main idea from the general. In any sciences and in life, the deduction method is widely used, therefore it is so important to develop deductive inference.
The simplest example of deductive reasoning:
Olya and Masha are on a diet;
diet excludes the use of sweets;
therefore, Olya and Masha do not consume chocolate.
Everyone knows the "king" of deductive thinking - Sherlock Holmes. In solving crimes, he always started from the general - the complete picture of the crime with the alleged participants, and moved to the particular - he considered each separately who could commit it, studied the possibilities, motives, behavior. And then, by logical reasoning, he figured out the criminal, presenting him with irrefutable evidence.
There are many ways, methods and games to develop deductive thinking.
Books
The first and most important way to develop deduction is to read books. Firstly, this is an elementary expansion of horizons, memory training and personal development.
By the particles of soil on the shoes, Sherlock Holmes could determine from which corner of England a person came. And he distinguished 140 types of tobacco ash. Holmes was interested in literally everything and had a huge store of knowledge.
Secondly, you should not just read books, but analyze the situations described, memorize, assume, compare, calculate. When reading, for example, a detective story, try using logical reasoning to determine who will be the culprit. This will teach you how to build logical chains.
The stories of Daria Dontsova's detectives are perfect for training
Games
In order to develop deduction, you must train your memory daily. This will help you not only books, but also various games. Remember, there are enough games that will help you in your daily workouts:
- Chess - board logic game for two opponents. Perfectly develops logic, intelligence, attentiveness.
Playing chess is great for developing intelligence
- Checkers - board logic game for two players on a multicellular board similar to a chessboard. Teaches you to think one step ahead, develops observation and memory.
By playing checkers, you develop memory
- Sudoku Is a popular logic puzzle. The 9x9 square must be filled with numbers according to special rules. The game develops attention, intelligence, a three-dimensional view of the world, as well as divergent thinking.
Sudoku lets you master divergent thinking
- Jigsaw puzzles – a puzzle game, which is a mosaic of many pieces of a drawing of various shapes, which you want to fold into a single image Develops attentiveness, logic, imagination and trains memory.
Putting together puzzles develops logic and attention
- « Memory » - table game, consisting of several dozen paired cards. The cards are shuffled and laid face down, then opened two at a time. When the pictures on them match, the cards remain upside down; if the pictures are different, the cards are turned face down again. « Memory”To this day remains the leader among games that develop visual and spatial memory.
An addicting game that is really useful for developing memory
- "Snowball" - a game involving a large number of strangers. It is also called a game for first acquaintance. The bottom line is that all those present stand in a circle, and someone is the first to call his name. Further clockwise, the next participant calls the name of the previous one and his own. The third will have to name the names of the previous two and pronounce his own, and so on in a circle. The game can be played with friends, not calling names, but, for example, the names of cities. Excellent memory training.
Games like these develop memory and attention.
- Card games - the well-known card game "fool", etc. In the game, you not only have to memorize cards, but also calculate moves.
Although playing cards is considered gambling, it is educational
You can create games for yourself. For example, take a picture, memorize the image for 15 seconds, and then on a piece of paper reproduce a list of objects that you could remember.
Puzzles
Everyone, for sure, knows the riddles. There are a lot of them and they perfectly develop logic. If you cannot solve the riddle, do not rush to look at the answers. Try to come to an answer yourself logically, even if it takes you a few days.
Remember, the best riddles are trick riddles. They allow you to develop logic and deduction much more efficiently than simple ones.
Examples of riddles for logic and thinking:
- Two people come up to the river. Off the shore is a boat that can only hold one. Both men crossed over to the opposite bank. How?
- Where is it found that a horse jumps over a horse?
- Sherlock Holmes walked down the street. And suddenly he saw a dead woman lying on the ground. He walked over, opened her bag and took out her phone. He found her husband's number in the phone book. He called. Says: “Come here urgently. Your wife is dead. " And after a while my husband arrives. He looks at his wife and says: "Oh, honey, what happened to you ???"
Then the police arrive. Sherlock points a finger at the woman's husband and says, “Arrest this man. He killed her. " Question: Why did Sherlock think so? - The can is on the table. She stands so that one half of it is in the air, and the other is on the table. What is in the bank if it falls in half an hour? And why?
- A man went to sea and got caught in a storm. He was taken to an island where there were no men, only girls. In the morning he woke up all in ropes at some kind of ritual and learned that they wanted to kill him. And he asked for the last word. After he voiced him, the girls made a boat for him, gave him food, water and sent him home. What did he say?
- A student of the 1st grade solves this riddle in 5 minutes, a high school student in 15 minutes, a student in 1 hour, the professor will never solve. Riddle: decipher the ODTCHPShSVDD.
- It is known that among the nine coins there is one counterfeit one, which has a lower weight than the rest. How can a counterfeit coin be determined using a scale in two weighings?
- Cat - 3, horse - 5, rooster - 8, donkey - 2, cuckoo - 4, frog - 3. Dog -?
- We met three criminals: belov, the burglar, Chernov, and the pickpocket Ryzhov. “It's amazing that one of us has black, the second white, and the third red hair, but none of us has the same hair color as the last name,” said the black-haired man. "And, really ...", - said the bugbear Belov. What is the pickpocket's hair color?
- A father with two sons went camping. On their way they met a river, at the bank of which there was a raft. He can stand on the water either a father or two sons. How can father and sons cross over to the other side?
- They were on different banks.
- In chess.
- Because Holmes did not tell her husband the address.
- Let the ugliest kill me.
- One. Two. Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Nine. Ten.
- First weighing: 3 and 3 coins. Counterfeit coin in the pile that weighs less. If the piles are equal, then the fake is in the third pile. Second weighing: from the pile with the smallest weight, 1 and 1 coins are compared. If they are equal, then the fake is the remaining coin.
- Cat - "meow" (3), horse - "go-go" (5), rooster - "ku-ka-re-ku" (8), donkey - "and-a" (2), cuckoo - "Ku-ku" (4), frog - "kwa" (3), dog - "woof" (3).
- Belov is not white because of his surname and not black, as he answered the black-haired one. That is, Belov is red. Chernov is not black because of his surname and is not red, since the red one is Belov. Pickpocket Ryzhov was left black.
- First, both sons cross over. One of the sons goes back to the father. The father moves to the opposite bank to his son. The father remains on the shore, and the son goes to the original shore after his brother, after which they both cross over to the father.
Observation and details
To develop deduction, it is very important to notice details everywhere and in everything. For example, if you are on the bus, pick one person and, noticing even the smallest things, try to understand what he is interested in, who he works, what is his marital status, lifestyle. Attention to small details will allow you to see a more truthful picture of the situation than it might seem at first glance.
Observation itself is the ability to notice in things, phenomena and situations essential signs and traits, but little noticeable, and therefore escaping the attention of most people.
You can develop observation skills using different pictures:
It is necessary in a short time to find numbers in the table in the sequence from 1 to 90
To understand the very meaning of deduction, you can watch movies, whose heroes are endowed with developed logic:
- Sherlock Holmes (any films and any parts).
- The mentalist.
- Ace Ventura.
- Dr. House, etc.
If you use the main methods that develop logic on a daily basis, the result will not be long in coming. You will become observant, you will have an attention to detail, and these are the first signs of advanced deduction.
Deduction is a special method of thinking based on the ability to build a logical connection, to deduce small private conclusions from the general picture. How did the well-known legendary hero Sherlock Holmes use it?
Sherlock Holmes method
The deductive method of Sherlock Holmes can be described in one phrase, which the detective uttered in "Study in crimson tones": "Every life is a huge chain of causes and effects, and we can know its nature by one link." Undoubtedly, everything in life is chaotic and sometimes unpredictable, but despite this, the skills that the detective possessed helped him solve even the most intricate crimes.
Observation and details
Sherlock Holmes collected as much information as possible, analyzed various scenarios for the development of events and looked at them from different angles. This allowed the detective to discard the insignificant, thus, the hero of Arthur Conan Doyle singled out one or more more weighty versions from the many possible versions.
Concentration
A detached face, ignoring people and their questions, as well as events around him - this is how Conan Doyle draws his character. However, this behavior is by no means a sign of bad taste. No. This is the result of a special focus on the investigation. Sherlock Holmes constantly ponders all possible options for solving the problem, abstracting from external factors.
Interest and outlook
The detective's main weapon was his broad outlook. It is worth remembering how he could easily determine from what place in England a person came from the particles of soil. He was interested in literally everything, especially that which escaped the attention of ordinary people. He was an expert in forensic science and biochemistry, played the violin remarkably, understood opera and music, knew several foreign languages, practiced fencing and knew how to box. Multifaceted personality, isn't that so? ..
The palaces of the mind
The deduction method is based on memorizing information using associations. The famous detective worked with a lot of information. And in order not to get confused in it, he used a method called "palaces of the mind." By the way, it is far from new, its essence was already known to the ancient Greeks. Each fact, information, knowledge is tied to a certain object of the room, for example, to a door, a window, etc. This made it easier for the detective to memorize the information that came to him almost every hour.
Sign language
Sherlock Holmes was a wonderful psychologist. Observing the behavior of a particular person, the detective paid attention to facial expressions and gestures, as a result of which he could easily determine whether his client / suspect was lying or not. The ability to notice details - behavior, manner of speaking, dress - helps to form an overall picture of a person's life.
Intuition
Sherlock Holmes' intuition was more likely based not on a sixth sense, but on experience. But the line between the voice of the subconscious and high qualifications in work is quite blurred. Only the person himself can draw this fine line between the assumption and the action itself.
Practice
The deduction method can only be developed through practice. Sherlock Holmes constantly practiced logic, even in his free time. This allowed him to constantly keep his mind "in good shape." But without an interesting case, he was bored and depressed.
The benefits of deduction
Deductive thinking skills will be useful in everyday life and work. The secret of many successful people is the ability to think logically and analyze their actions, predicting the outcome of events. This helps them to avoid cliches and achieve great success in various fields:
In studies - helps to quickly master the subject under study;
In working life - to make the right decisions and calculate your actions several steps forward;
In life, it is good to understand people and build effective relationships with others.
Thus, the deduction method will help make life much easier and avoid many unpleasant situations, as well as quickly achieve your goals.
How to develop deductive thinking
Mastering the way of thinking we are considering is a long and painstaking work on oneself, but at the same time it does not present any particular difficulties. The deduction method requires the participation of common sense, while emotions must be relegated to the background, they will only interfere with the process. There are some rules that can help you develop a deductive way of thinking at any age.
1. If you are determined to achieve a positive result in this field, then you need to start reading a lot. But not glossy magazines and newspapers - classic literature and modern detective stories or novels will be useful. While reading, you need to ponder the plot, memorize the details. Compare the "covered material": eras, genres, etc.
2. In everyday life, try to pay attention to little things: people's behavior, their clothes, gestures, facial expressions, speech. This will help develop observation and teach you analysis. It would be nice to enlist the support of a like-minded person with whom you can discuss what you saw, besides, during the conversation you will learn to explain your thoughts logically and build a chronological sequence of events.
3. Solving logic problems and puzzles will help to master the skills of deductive thinking.
4. Pay attention to your actions, analyze why you acted this way in a certain situation, look for other possible ways out of it and think about what result could be obtained in this case.
5. The development of deductive thinking requires memory training. This is necessary in order to capture a large amount of information and keep it in mind. It is important to note that memory training should be done constantly. Scientists have found that a person loses the acquired skills and abilities if brain activity is interrupted for a certain period of time (say, on vacation). Well-known methods will help develop memory:
Memorize a certain number of words by ear;
Repeat read phrases word for word;
List items.
It should be remembered that there are several sources of information perception: auditory, vocal, visual and tactile. At the same time, it is important to develop everything at the same time, focusing on weaknesses. To simplify the memorization process, you can come up with your own coding and association system.
6. But do not rely entirely on memory, as its possibilities are not endless. You need to train yourself to take notes - in the form of graphs, tables, lists. This good habit will help you find relationships and create logical chains.
7. It is important to constantly master new knowledge. They may not even be related to social life and interpersonal relationships. It is recommended to read fiction - this will develop impressionability, the ability to think figuratively. Special attention should be paid to the development of special knowledge, such as psychology, physiognomy, sign language. They will help analyze human behavior in certain situations.
8. Practice plays an important role in mastering deductive thinking. Its essence lies in creating a problematic situation and finding a way out of this situation. To do this, it is necessary to put forward a hypothesis and determine the ways of solving the problem. Further, considering all possible approaches, you need to find the best option. Try to make a comparative analysis of the expected paths of development of events.
The deductive way of thinking is an exciting journey through the vastness of logic. By making an effort and spending some time studying, you can use deduction to pick keys to any locks and experience for yourself what it means to be Sherlock Holmes.
This is an inference about a particular subject, logically deduced from the general. Many of us have read novels about an English detective who solved even the most complicated crimes. And the method that the famous Sherlock Holmes successfully used is precisely the deductive way of thinking. The development of deductive thinking is a long-term process that requires special concentration and diligence. To do this, you will have to learn how to disassemble the subject of study thoroughly, in depth, without making hasty conclusions.
How to develop a deductive method of thinking?
- Oddly enough, but ordinary school problem books will help you in the development of deduction. Take textbooks on several different subjects and solve all the exercises given there.
- Train your flexibility of thinking. Don't jump to conclusions even when the answer is obvious. Try to find several alternative solutions for each situation.
- When reading fiction, analyze the characters, try to calculate events in advance, based on their characters and even the surrounding objects. Remember the famous phrase: "If in the first act there is a gun on the wall, then in the last one it will certainly shoot."
- Read a short informative article and retell it in your own words. Do this systematically. Try to retell the same article several times, but using different words.
- Be curious. The world is constantly evolving, so finding something interesting for yourself is not difficult. Do not neglect new knowledge.
- When walking down the street, watch people closely. Try to determine their nature, place of work or position, age and marital status. Pay attention to the non-verbal: facial expressions, gestures, gait.
- Observe the laws of logical thinking (identity, excluded third, consistency, and the law of sufficient reason), and do it consciously, remembering each of them, and not automatically.
- Learn to build logical chains. The most common example is the question of whether Socrates is mortal. You can, of course, argue that his wisdom is eternal, but logically everything is a little different: all people are mortal. Socrates is a man, which means that he is mortal.
- Listen carefully to the interlocutor. Try not to miss a single detail of the conversation. Over time, try to learn to memorize not only, but also all the events that occur along the way. That is, pay attention to the picture as a whole: what the interlocutor is saying, who is passing by and what it looks like, what sounds you hear.
In the development of deductive thinking, special exercises and problems will help you, for example, try to solve the famous Einstein riddle. By the time spent on solving it, you can assess your level. Only about 5% of people can solve it in their minds. The answer can be seen at the bottom of the article.
Tasks for the development of deductive thinking.
- A person lives on the 15th floor, but in the elevator he gets no further than the ninth. The rest of the way he makes on foot. A person travels to his floor in an elevator only in rainy weather, or when he is accompanied by one of the neighbors. Why?
- A father comes home from work and notices that his baby is crying. When asked what happened, the child replies: "Why are you my father, but at the same time I am not your son?" Who is this child related to?
- The man is still small and does not reach the button of the 15th floor. In rainy weather, he reaches for the desired button with an umbrella.
- This is a girl. Accordingly, the daughter.
Have you long wanted to try yourself as a famous detective, but lacked the skills? Get your most decent coat out of the closet. Today we'll show you how to learn how to apply deduction without having to play the violin and oatmeal in the morning.
Deductive reasoning
Deductive and inductive inferences help more than just catch criminals. Learning to use logical inference will help you hone your attentiveness and improve critical thinking. First, you need to understand how deduction differs from induction.
By resorting to the deductive method of inference, we draw a conclusion, starting from the general to the particular.
For example:
Predators eat meat.
Wolves are predators.
Wolves eat meat.
One of the most important elements of deduction is its undeniability. A logical chain runs from small facts to a natural, logical conclusion.
At the same time, inductive inference allows you to draw conclusions from particular elements of information to general ones.
For example: every person I have met has a head. Accordingly, all people have a head.
Now we understand what exactly logical inferences are, and in words they sound quite simple, but we have a different goal. We want to successfully apply deduction in practice, no matter what it is for, to find someone who is stealing pencils from your desk in the office, or to impress others. What skills need to be pumped to successfully apply the deductive method?
Attention to details
It is impossible to build correct logical chains if you are too inattentive. In books and movies, detectives can tell all the necessary information about a person by looking at him and drawing conclusions based on his appearance. Naturally, people are not born with this ability, and only with the help of training can a similar result be achieved.
If you spend a lot of time on public transport, try using a seemingly useless pastime. Stop your gaze on any passenger and try to mentally get to know him. Ask yourself a few questions:
How old is he?
Where he works?
What is his hobby?
Is he married or single?
Try to recreate a complete picture of the observed life. To answer these questions, you will have to notice the smallest details: scuffs on the shoes, the presence of jewelry, and if he is on the phone, mark for yourself with whom exactly.
Constant training with tasks for logic and mindfulness will also help you.
Old Soviet picture. Consider it carefully, and then try to answer nine questions:
How many tourists live in this camp?
When did they come here: today or a few days ago?
How did they come here?
Is it far from the camp to the nearest village?
Where does the wind blow from: north or south?
What time of day is it?
Where has Shura gone?
The name of the one who was on duty yesterday.
What is the date of what month?
If you use these methods every day, you will quickly learn to draw conclusions from the particular to the general.
Memory and palaces of reason
Expand your horizons constantly. Be interested in learning new topics that are unfamiliar to you.
At the same time, you should carefully use your "attic of knowledge". By filling it with insignificant topics, really important information will begin to leave your head. In order not to lose the accumulated knowledge, one should use the “palaces of the mind”. This method of recording information was invented in ancient times and is still being studied in psychology and neurobiology.
How to proceed?
Create a room in your mind. Imagine that it has a lot of shelves, cabinets and chests. After becoming familiar with the new unit of information, try to compress it using the associative series. Start simple. Let's say you need to remember an important date. Squeeze this date, like a file on a computer, create visual associations with the desired number in memory and put it in your chest. It is necessary to decide in advance under which image each digit is encrypted, for example, the seven can be represented as a pistol, and the unit in the form of a match.
This is the simplest example of using the palace of memory, but now, knowing how the palace of the mind works, you can prepare the foundation for further expansion of your "room".
Now I am Sherlock?
No! But by regularly applying deductive reasoning in everyday life and training your logical thinking, you will quickly achieve a high-quality result. Be critical, constantly question the next theory, try to view the situation from different positions. Expand your halls of mind, from a small room to a multi-storey palace. As you admire the endlessly sharp minds of your favorite book detectives, remember that achieving similar abilities is a very real undertaking.
