Direct and indirect speech. Sentences with direct speech, examples. How to make a sentence with direct speech What is the difference between indirect speech and direct speech

Indirect and direct speech in Englishare used to transmit information received from another person. Thisdirect and indirect speech in Englishdo not differ from their counterparts in Russian. However, they differ in other respects.

Direct speech

Direct speech, or direct speech, expresses a person’s phrase verbatim; it is a quotation or conveyance of the essence of a phrase spoken by another person on his behalf.

As in Russian, direct speech in English is framed by quotation marks, but “upper” quotation marks, called English double quotation marks, are used. Instead of a colon before the words of the author at the beginning or a comma and a dash at the end, in English one simple comma is used. The period at the end of the sentence is placed before the closing quotation mark, and not after, as in Russian.

Sentence schemes with direct speech:

Examples

The postman said, “I will deliver this letter tomorrow.” - The postman said: “I will deliver this letter tomorrow.”

She asked, “Do you feel comfortable here?” - She asked: “Are you comfortable here?”

“I will not accept his apology,” she said. “I won’t accept his apology,” she said.

Indirect speech

Reported speech (Indirect speech), or indirect speech, is speech that is not conveyed word for word, but only in content, in the form of additional subordinate clauses, without preserving the author’s style.

All sentences that have indirect speech are complex, where the author’s words are used in the main clause, and indirect speech itself is used in the subordinate clause. Question and exclamation marks are not used in indirect speech. There is no comma after the words of the author in English.

Sentence diagram with indirect speech:

Examples

The postman said he would deliver that letter the next day. - The postman said that he would deliver this letter the next day.

She asks when you'll be free. - She asks when you will be free.

He said (that) they liked everything very much. - He said (that) they liked everything very much.

All offers indirect speech in Englishcan be translated into sentences in indirect speech. But if the main clause is in the past tense, the subordinate clause must also change its tense to the appropriate one. The rule for coordinating times works here.

Example

A sentence with direct speech needs to be translated into a sentence with indirect speech:

He said, “I have never been to South Korea.” “He said, 'I've never been to South Korea.'

The main part of this sentence is in the Past Simple, the subordinate clause is in the Present Perfect. In indirect speech, it will be translated into Past Perfect according to the rule of the English language: if the verb in the main clause is used in the past tense, subordinate clauses are formed only by past or future forms in the past.

Thus, the result of translating the example sentence from direct speech to indirect speech will look like this:

He said that he had never been to South Korea. - He said that (he) had never been to South Korea.

Changes that have taken place:

• The verb has moved from Present Perfect to Past Perfect.
• The pronoun has changed.

Indirect speech in English - tablecoordination of times

When time coordination is not required

Cases when the offer andstraight, and inremains at the same time:

• If in direct speech the main sentence is in the form of present (Present Simple or Present Perfect) or future (Future Simple) tense, then the verb in indirect speech (in a subordinate clause) remains in the same tense as it was in direct speech.

Examples

She says, “I want to go for a walk.” - She says: “I want to go for a walk.”
=>
She says that she wants to go for a walk - She says she wants to go for a walk.

I will just say, “You made a huge mistake.” “I'll just say, 'You made a huge mistake.'
=>
I will just say that he made a huge mistake. - I'll just say that he made a huge mistake.

• If the subordinate clause is in the Past Pefect, then in indirect speech its tense does not change.

Examples

My friend said to me, “I had known you before we were introduced to each other.” - My friend told me: “I knew you before we were introduced to each other.”
=>
My friend told me that he had known me before we were introduced to each other. - My friend told me that he knew me before we were introduced to each other.

Mom said, “Tom was tired because he had studied hard.” - Mom said: “Tom is tired because he studied a lot.”
=>
Mom said that Tom had been tired because he had studied hard. - Mom said that Tom was tired because he studied a lot.

• If the main sentence is Past Perfect Continuous, then in indirect speech the tense of the verb does not change.

Examples

My wife said, “We had been dating for 3 years before we got married.” - My wife said: “We dated for 3 years before we got married.”
=>
My wife said that we had been dating for 3 years before we had got married. - My wife said that we dated for 3 years before we got married.

She said, “We had not been traveling till he graduated from the university.” “She said, 'We didn't travel until he graduated from university.'
=>
She said that they had not been traveling till he had graduated from the university. - She said they didn't travel until he graduated from university.

• If the main clause is in the Past Simple, then in indirect speech the tense of the verb in some cases may not change, which is typical for colloquial speech. When using such temporary designations as the day before (the day before), two years before (two years before), etc., it is preferable to use the Past Perfect.

Examples

They said, “We went to the cinema and watched a film.” - They said: “We went to the cinema and watched a film.”
=>
They said that they went to the cinema and watched a film. - They said that they went to the cinema and watched a film.

She said, “I had a cold a week ago.” - She said: “A week ago I had a cold.”
=>
She said that she had had a cold the week before. - She said that a week before she had a cold.

• If the subordinate clause is in the Past Continuous, then in colloquial speech the tense of the verb may not change.

Example

He said, “I was playing tennis when she called me.” - He said: “I was playing tennis when she called me.”
=>
He said that he was playing tennis when she called him. - He said he was playing tennis when she called him.

Translation of modal verbs fromdirect to indirect speech in English

Direct speech: Will => Indirect speech: Would

Example

The doctor said, “You will get the result of your blood test tomorrow.” - The doctor said: “You will get the result of your blood test tomorrow.”
=>
The doctor said that I would get the result of my blood test the next day. - The doctor said that I will receive the result of my blood test the next day.

Direct speech: Can => Indirect speech: Could

Example

The assistant said, “I can check it for you.” - The assistant said: “I can check this for you.”
=>
The assistant said that he could check it for me. - The assistant said he could check it for me.

Direct speech: May => Indirect speech: Might

Example

She said to me, “I may come, too.” “She told me: “Maybe I’ll come too.”
=>
She told me that she might come too. “She told me that maybe she’ll come too.”

Direct speech: Shall => Indirect speech: Should(suggestions, request for advice, etc.)
Direct speech: Shall => Indirect speech: Would(when talking about the future tense)

Examples

She asked, “Shall I open the window?” - She asked: “Maybe I’ll open the window?”
=>
She asked if she should open the window. - She asked if she should open the window.

Somebody said, “I will be there at this time.” - Someone said: “I will be there at this time.”
=>
Somebody said that he would be there at that time. - Someone said he would be there at that time.

Modal verbs that remain unchanged during translationdirect speech to indirect

• Modal verbs in the past tense:would, could, had to, might.

Example

They said, “There was nothing we could do about that.” “They said, 'We couldn't do anything about it.'
=>
They said that there had been nothing they could do about that. - They said they couldn't do anything about it.

• Modal verbsought to, needn"t, must.

Example

He said, “They must be late.” - He said: “They must be late.”
=>
He said that they must be late. - He said they must be late.

Features of translating the verb to say into indirect speech

If in a sentence introducing direct speech, the verb to say is used without mentioning the person to whom the speech is addressed, then say is retained in indirect speech. If there is such a person, then say changes to the verb tell.

Examples

He said, “Our team lost the game.” - He said: “Our team lost.”
=>
He said that their team had lost the game. - He said that their team lost.

She said to me, “I will wait for you outside.” “She told me: “I’ll wait for you outside.”
=>
She told me that she would wait for me outside. - She said she would wait for me outside.

Changing pronouns during translationdirect speech to indirect speech in English

When forming sentences in indirect speech, pronouns change according to the meaning of the phrase.

Personal pronouns (nominative case):

I => he / she
You => I / he / she
We => they
He / she / it / they => do not change

Personal pronouns (objective case):

Me => him/her
You => me / him / her
Us => them
Him / her / it / them => do not change

Possessive pronouns:

My => his / her
Your => my / his / her
Our => their
His / her / its / their => do not change

Demonstrative pronouns:

This => that
These => those

Example

He said, “I like these shoes.” - He said: “I like these shoes.”
=>
He said that he liked those shoes. - He said he liked those shoes.

How do time indicators change inindirect speech in English

It all depends on the specific situation and the time that is used. For example, in direct speech the author talks about “now,” but if the sentence is in the past tense with indirect speech, then “now” is replaced by “then.”

now (now) => then (then)
here (here) => there (there)
today (today) => that day (on that day)
tomorrow (tomorrow) => the next day (the next day)
the day after tomorrow (the day after tomorrow) => two days later (two days later)
yesterday (yesterday) => the day before (the day before)
the day before yesterday (the day before yesterday) => two days before (two days earlier)
next week / month (next week / next month) => the next week / month (next week / next month)
next year (for next year) => the next year / the following year (for next year)
last week / month (last week / last month) => the previous week / month (week / month before)
last year (last year) => the year before (the year before)
ago (back) => before (before that)

Example

He said, “We will meet next week.” - He said: “We will meet next week.”
=>
He said that they would meet the next week. - He said that they would meet next week.

Types of sentences in indirect speech in English

Declarative sentence

To summarize, it can be noted that to translate a declarative sentence with direct speech into a sentence with indirect speech, you need to take 4 steps.

• Remove the quotation marks and use the conjunction that. In colloquial speech and sometimes in writing, the conjunction can be omitted.

She said, “I will buy a dress.” - She said: “I’ll buy a dress.”
=>
She said that... - She said that...

• Change the character. In direct speech, a person speaks on his own behalf; in indirect speech, the person will be changed. So, if you need to convey the words of a girl, instead of “I” the pronoun “she” will be used.

She said that she...

• Agree the tense because in English you cannot use the past tense in the same sentence as the present or future tense. If a person’s words are being conveyed at the present moment, then there is no need to coordinate times. To reconcile the first and second parts of the sentence in the example above, we change will to would.

She said that she would buy a dress.

• Change the clarifying parts of the sentence according to the meaning.

She said, “I am driving now.” - She said: “I’m driving now.”

When conveying these words, we will not use now (now), but then (then), since we will be talking about a point in time in the past when she was driving.

She said that she was driving then.

Also in the following example:

He said, “I work here.” - He said: “I work here.”

If the person delivering this line is in the same building where he works, then there is no need to replace the word.

He said that he worked here. - He said he works here.

If the person delivering the remark talks about this in another place, then he uses there (there), and not here (here).

He said that he worked there. - He said he works there.

How can you replace say and ask in indirect speech?

Some verbs that can be used to convey indirect speech to avoid the constant repetition of the verbs say and ask:

Agree(agree)

He said, “Ok, I was wrong.” “He said, 'OK, I was wrong.'
=>
He agreed that he had been wrong. - He agreed that he was wrong.

Claim(declare)

He said, “I saw a UFO.” - He said: “I saw a UFO.”
=>
He claimed that he had seen a UFO. - He stated that he saw a UFO.

Complain(complain)

She said, “You never share any secrets with me!” - She said: “You never share secrets with me!”
=>
She complained that I never shared any secrets with her. - She complained that I never share secrets with her .

Admit(to acknowledge)

She said, “I was really unfriendly to him.” “She said, 'I was really unfriendly to him.'
=>
She admitted that she had been unfriendly to him. - She admitted that she was unfriendly towards him.

Deny(deny)

He said, “I didn’t break your favorite cup!” - He said: “I didn’t break your favorite cup!”
=>
He denied that he had broken the cup. - He denied breaking the cup.

Exclaim(exclaim)

She said, “I am so happy!” - She said: “I’m so happy!”
=>
She exclaimed that she was very happy. - She exclaimed that she was very happy.

Explain(explain)

He said, “You see, there’s no point in going there right now.” “He said, 'You see, there's no point in going there right now.'
=>
He explained that there was no point in going there at that moment. “He explained that at that moment there was no point in going there.

Recommend(advise)

She said, “You’d better stay at home.” - She said: “You better stay at home.”
=>
She recommended that we stayed at home. - She advised us to stay at home.

Prove(prove)

He said, “See, the system works.” - He said: “You see, the system works.”
=>
He proved that the system worked. - He proved that the system works.

Insist(insist)

They said, “You need to be present at the meeting.” “They said, 'You must attend the meeting.'
=>
They insisted that I need to be present at the meeting. - They insisted that I should attend the meeting.

Regret(regret)

She said, “If only I could go on a vacation this year.” - She said: “If only I could go on holiday this year...”
=>
She regretted that she couldn’t go on a vacation this year. - She regretted that she would not be able to go on vacation this year.

State(approve)

Witness said, “I have never seen the young man before.” - The witness said: “I have never seen this young man before.”
=>
The witness stated that he had never seen the young man before. - The witness claimed that he had never seen this young man before.

Promise(promise)

Dad said, “I will be back no later than eight o’clock.” - Dad said: “I’ll be back no later than 8 o’clock.”
=>
Dad promised that he would be back no later than eight o’clock. - Dad promised that he would return no later than 8 o’clock.

Suggest(suggest)

He said, “Shall we spend the evening together?” - He said: “Shall we spend the evening together?”
=>
He suggested that they spent the evening together. - He suggested spending the evening together.

Assert(approve)

Scientists said, “Nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy.” - Scientists said: “Nuclear energy is a safe and environmentally friendly form of energy.”
=>
The scientists asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting kind of energy. - Scientists have argued that nuclear energy is a safe and environmentally friendly form of energy.

Contend(declare)

Astronomers said, “The Earth may be much younger than previously thought.” - Astronomers said: “The Earth may be much younger than previously thought.”
=>
Some astronomers contend that the Earth may be much younger than previously thought. - Some astronomers argue that the Earth may be much younger than previously thought.

Interrogative sentence

General issues

General questions in indirect speech are attached to the main clause using the conjunctions if or whether. The word order of an interrogative sentence changes to the word order of a declarative sentence.

Examples

She asked, “Do you have any plans for the weekend?” - She asked: “Do you have plans for the weekend?”
=>
She asked if I had any plans for the weekend. - She asked if I had plans for the weekend.

They asked, “Will you visit us tomorrow?” - They asked: “Will you come to us tomorrow?”
=>
They asked whether we would visit them the next day. - They asked if we would come to them the next day.

She asked, “Can you give them a call?” - She asked: “Can you call them?”
=>
She asked if I could give them a call. - She asked if I could call them.

When translating answers to general questions into indirect speech, the words yes and no are omitted.

Examples

She asked, “Do you want another cup of tea?” - She asked: “Do you want another cup of tea?”
I said, “No, I don't.” - I answered: “No, I don’t want to.”
=> She asked if I wanted another cup of tea. - She asked if I would like another cup of tea.
I answered that I didn't. - I answered that I didn't want to.

Special questions

Special questions begin with the question words what (what), when (when), how (how), why (why), where (where), which (which). When translating special questions into indirect speech, the word order is the same as in a narrative sentence, and the question word is used to attach a subordinate clause to the main one.

Examples

She asked, “What time does the train arrive?” - She asked: “What time does the train arrive?”
=>
She asked what time the train arrived. - She asked what time the train arrives.

He asked, “When did you come?” - He asked: “When did you come?”
=>
He asked when I had come. - He asked when I arrived.

I asked him, “How old are you?” - I asked him: “How old are you?”
=>
I asked him how old he was. - I asked how old he was.

She asks, “Where will you go?” - She asks: “Where are you going?”
=>
She asks where we will go. - She asks where we will go.

Imperative mood in indirect speech

If sentences in direct speech are imperative, then inindirect speech in EnglishThese sentences are translated using an infinitive verb.

Example

Mom said, “Go home!” - Mom said: “Go home!”
=>
Mom said to go home. - Mom said to go home.

If the sentence in the imperative mood is negative, then the negative particle not is placed before the infinitive.

Example

She said to me, “Don’t touch my clothes.” “She told me: “Don’t touch my things.”
=>
She asked me not to touch her clothes. - She asked me not to touch her things.

If direct speech expresses an order, then the verb to say is replaced by the verbs to tell, to order.

Examples

The officer said, “Don’t move!” - The officer said: “Don’t move!”
=>
The officer ordered not to move. - The officer ordered not to move.

He said, “Listen to what I am saying!” - He said: “Listen to what I say!”
=>
He told me to listen to what he was saying. - He told me to listen to what he said.

If direct speech expresses a request, then the verb to say is replaced by the verb to ask.

Example

Mother said, “Be careful!” - Mom said: “Be careful!”
=>
Mother asked to be careful. - Mom asked to be careful.

In a subordinate clause in direct speech, it is possible to use incentive words that express an order or request. When translated into indirect speech, they are not preserved.

She said, “Please, don't laugh at him!” - She said: " Please , don't laugh at him!
=>
She asked not to laugh at him. - She asked not to laugh at him.

Conveying the author's words without usingindirect speech in English

In some cases, it is possible to convey the words of another person not using indirect speech structures, but in an alternative way.

Examples

He said, “Hello everyone!” - He said: “Hello everyone!”
=>
He greeted everyone. - He said hello to everyone.

She said, “Yes.” - She said: “Yes.”
=>
She agreed. / She confirmed. - She agreed. / She confirmed.

She says, “No.” - She says: “No.”
=>
She doesn’t agree (disagrees). / She denies. - She doesn't agree. She denies.

He said, “I don’t want to answer.” - He said: “I don’t want to answer.”
=>
He refused to answer. - He refused to answer.

Our topic today is sentences with direct speech. Examples of such sentences are found everywhere: in fiction, magazines, newspapers, and journalistic materials. Already from the very name “direct speech” it becomes clear that in this case the author of the text conveys the words of a person exactly as they were spoken.

What is the difference between direct speech and indirect speech?

With direct speech, any utterance retains its characteristics - syntactic, lexical and stylistic. It is connected with the words of the author only in intonation and meaning, while remaining an independent construction.

If we are talking about sentences with indirect speech, then the author conveys someone else’s speech without its syntactic, stylistic and lexical features, keeping only the content of the statement unchanged. Moreover, depending on the author’s goals and context, the statement can be changed.

Let's take a closer look at sentences with direct speech. Examples of such structures might look like this:

• Ivan said: “Let’s quickly clean up the classroom and go to the park!”
• “It’s warm outside today,” Anna noted. “It seems like spring has finally come into its own.”
• “Would you like some tea?” - Daniel asked the guests.

Now let’s try to reformulate these same sentences so that instead of direct speech they use indirect speech:

• Ivan suggested quickly finishing cleaning the classroom and going to the park.
• Anna noted that it had become unusually warm outside and spring had finally come into its own.
• Daniel asked the guests if they would like to drink tea.

Basics of spelling sentences with direct speech

Punctuation when conveying direct speech directly depends on how the statement is positioned in a sentence relative to the words of the author.

Direct speech at the beginning of a sentence

The entire statement in this case is highlighted in quotation marks (“”). Depending on the type (exclamation or interrogative), the further transition to the author’s words may be different:

• for declarative sentences:“DIRECT SPEECH,” - the words of the author;
• for exclamatory (motivational) sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH!" - words of the author;
• for interrogative sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH?" - author's words.

Note! In declarative sentences, there is NOT a period at the end of the quotation. But an exclamation or an exclamation mark is a must. In addition, in declarative sentences there is a comma after the quotation marks, but in other cases there is not.

Here are some examples:

• “There will be a lot of mushrooms in the forest today,” the grandfather noted.
• “Do you think there will be a lot of mushrooms in the forest today?” - asked the boy.
• “There are so many mushrooms in the forest today!” - Zhenya exclaimed.

Direct speech at the end of a sentence

In another case, direct speech may be located after the author’s words. Here everything is much simpler: immediately after the author’s words a colon is placed, and the entire quote is again enclosed in quotation marks.

Let's consider similar sentences with direct speech. Examples might look like this:

• Anya said: “I read an interesting book.”
• The librarian asked: “Have you finished reading the book you borrowed a week ago?”
• Dima exclaimed: “I have never read a more interesting story in my life!”

Note! In a declarative sentence, the quotation marks are closed first, and only then a period is added. But if you need to put an exclamation point, it must be placed exclusively inside quotation marks.

Direct speech between the words of the author

If a quote from someone’s statement is located between two fragments of the author’s words, the above rules seem to be combined.

Unclear? Then let's try with direct speech of this type:

• He said, “It looks like it’s going to rain today,” and put the umbrella in his bag.
• Igor asked: “How are you doing?” - and handed his classmate a bouquet of wild flowers.
• Katya shouted: “Faster! All come here!" - and began to wave her arms vigorously to attract attention.

You already know these rules, and therefore there should be no problems with such proposals at all - just be more careful!

Direct speech that is interrupted by the author's text

But this is a rather interesting type of proposal.

As always, direct speech begins with quotation marks. Before the author's words there is a comma and a dash, and after that there is a period, a dash and the continuation of the quotation. Wherein direct speech continues with a capital letter! At the end of a sentence, quotation marks are closed.

Let's look at such sentences with direct speech in practice. Examples that can be given in this case:

• “Let's buy a bouquet of flowers,” Lena suggested. “We’ll give it to mom.”
• “Grandma loves this set very much,” Roman noted. “My grandfather gave it to me.”

Note! If, due to a break in direct speech, the first part loses its semantic completeness and a feeling of understatement appears, then after the author’s words you need to put a comma, and the continuation of direct speech needs to begin lower case.

• “It would be nice,” said Igor, “it would be nice to walk along the embankment in the evening.”
• “It seems,” the girl noted, “they promised rain today.”

Simply put, if a sentence can be divided into two, and the reader will still understand everything, a period is needed. And if one of the fragments of direct speech individually does not carry any meaning, it makes sense to put a comma and continue the thought with a small letter.

Parsing sentences with direct speech

With direct speech, it is practically no different from ordinary speech. However, you will need, among other things, to name the author and direct speech, parse them (as two separate sentences), explain the placement of punctuation marks, and also draw a diagram.

This is how, in practice, direct speech turns out to be completely simple and understandable. The main thing is to analyze each example and try to create your own options based on the model.

If the narration includes the statements of other people, then they form the so-called “alien speech” (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Methods of transmitting someone else’s speech ()

Petrov said: “ Finding treasure is a great idea!» - straight speech

Petrov said that finding the treasure is a great idea . - indirect speech.

In someone else's speech also called the author’s own statement, which he has uttered previously or is about to utter, as well as the thoughts of the author or other people:

I’ll go up to him tomorrow and say “ I won’t look for treasure with you, I’ll find one myself!»

or with indirect speech:

I'll go up to him tomorrow and say that I won’t look for treasure with them, but I’ll find it alone.

Direct speech- This is a literal reproduction of someone else's statement. To convey it, special syntactic constructions are used, which consist of two components: words author and actually direct speech.

(from the Greek dialogos - conversation) is used in cases where it is necessary to convey several replicas of characters talking to each other (Fig. 2).

Direct speech in such constructions it is a mandatory component, but the author’s words may be missing.

Indirect speech- This is a retelling of someone else's statement. To form it, one of the types of subordinate clauses is used - a construction with an explanatory clause.

The main part of such proposals is built on behalf of the author of the text and matches the words author in direct speech, and the subordinate part conveys the content statements and corresponds to direct speech.

Indirect speech

Purpose of the statement	Connection method
Declarative sentence	Unions like, what	He said, What will arrive in the morning.
Interrogative sentence	Pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, where, why, when; particle whether in the meaning of the union	Mom asked When the plane will arrive.
Incentive offer	Union to	The boss ordered toeveryone went outside.

Petrov said: “ I want to find the treasure myself " - Direct speech.

Petrov said that wants to find the treasure himself. - Indirect speech.

The statement conveyed using indirect speech has changed.

Petrov said about his desire find the treasure yourself

Petrov, according to his words, wants to find the treasure himself

(the sentence itself conveys the content of Petrov’s statement, and introductory combination indicates the author of the statement).

Such methods of transmitting someone else's speech are neither direct nor indirect.

Direct speech can come after, before or inside the author’s words, and also frame the author’s words on both sides. The placement of punctuation marks depends on the relative position of the components of the structure - direct speech and the words of the author, on the place in which the author’s words break direct speech or, conversely, direct speech breaks the author’s words, on the number of verbs introducing direct speech.

If direct speech follows for the author's words, then after the words of the author it is placed colon, direct speech stands out in quotation marks, the first word of direct speech is written with a capital letter. Interrogativeand exclamation marks, and ellipses in direct speech they are placed before quotation marks, and dot- always after quotes:

Petrov thought and said: “ I will look for the treasure alone».

Petrov thought and said: “ I will look for the treasure alone! »

Petrov thought and said: “? »

Petrov thought and said: “...”

If direct speech is worth before the author's words, then it also stands out in quotation marks. After direct speech, place a period instead of comma(after quotes) or interrogative, exclamatory sign, ellipses(before the quotes). After one of these signs is placed dash. The author's words begin with a lowercase letter:

« I will look for the treasure alone“, - Petrov said after thinking.

« I will look for the treasure alone! “- Petrov said after thinking.

« Can I look for the treasure alone?? “- Petrov said after thinking.

« I'll probably look for the treasure alone... "- Petrov said after thinking.

If there should be no sign at the place where direct speech breaks in the author’s words, or there should be comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author's words are highlighted on both sides comma and dash, after which the first word is written with a lowercase letter:

"Idecided, - said Petrov, - look for treasure alone».

Original phrase: I decided to look for the treasure alone.

“I decided,” said Petrov, “ that I will look for the treasure alone».

If at the place of the break in direct speech there should be there is a period, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and after them - dot and dash. The second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter:

« I want to tell you something, - Petrov said after thinking. - I decided to look for the treasure alone».

If at the place of the break in direct speech there should be question or exclamation mark, then this sign is preserved before the author’s words, after the sign is placed dash, the author's words begin with a lowercase letter, followed by dot and dash

« Still, I will look for the treasure alone! - Petrov said decisively. - And it will be easier for you».

« Maybe I should go alone? - asked Petrov. - Otherwise I will disturb you».

If at the place of the break in direct speech there should be ellipses, then it is saved before the author’s words and is placed after it dash. If the second part of direct speech does not form an independent sentence, a comma and a dash are placed after the author’s words, the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase letter:

“... - Petrov drawled, - go for the treasure with you».

If the second part of direct speech is new offer, after the words of the author is placed dot and dash, the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter:

“I don’t even know...” Petrov drawled. - I’ll probably go with you for the treasure after all.».

« I don’t even know, maybe after all... - Petrov drawled, - go for the treasure with you».

If in the author's words inside direct speech available two verbs with the meaning of a statement, one of which refers to the first part of direct speech, and the second to the second, then after the words of the author it is placed colon and dash, and the first word of the second part of direct speech is written with a capital letter:

Petrov paused, sighed: “ I don't know what to do» , then I started thinking again.

A comma separates homogeneous predicates sighed And thought about it, between which there is direct speech.

Petrov was silent for a moment, then muttered : « I don't know what to do» , turned around

and left the room.

The comma closes the participial phrase, which includes direct speech.

If direct speech ends with a question or exclamation mark, the second part of the author's words is preceded by dash:

Petrov paused, then said decisively: “ I'll go for the treasure alone! " - and decisively

left the room.

To Petrov’s question: “ Maybe I should go find the treasure alone? " - nobody didn't answer.

Rice. 3. Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech ()

Additionally

Stylistic features of direct speech.

In artistic In the text, the stylistic functions of direct speech lie in depicting the character’s speech behavior.

IN fiction And journalistic works, close to her in style ( essays, feuilletons), expressive forms of transmitting someone else's speech are used, enlivening a work of art. The special characterological traits of the dialogue participants (speech style and professional experience) are reflected in interviews, conversations, and round tables.

Bibliography

1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language.
2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu., Cheshko L.A. Russian language.
3. Handbook of the Russian language “Russian language in tables and diagrams” ().
4. Someone else's speech (collection of material) ().

1. Complete academic reference book edited by V.V. Lopatina ().
2. Presentation. “Direct and indirect speech. Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech" ().

Homework

Watch the presentation on the topic: “Direct and indirect speech. Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech” and complete 1. tasks, 2. tests ().

Copyright Competition -K2
DIRECT SPEECH - a character’s statement, literally introduced into the author’s speech. Direct speech preserves the individual and stylistic features of the speech of the person whose statement is reproduced: dialectal features, repetitions, pauses, introductory words, etc.

Sharikov shrugged.
- Yes, I don’t agree.
- With whom? With Engels or with Kautsky?
“With both,” answered Sharikov.
“This is wonderful, I swear to God.” “Anyone who says that the other…” What could you offer for your part?
- What is there to offer?.. And then they write, write... Congress, some Germans... My head is swelling. Take everything and share...
“That’s what I thought,” exclaimed Philip Philipovich, slapping his palm on the tablecloth, “that’s exactly what I thought.”
- Do you know the method? - asked an interested Bormenthal.
“Well, what is the method,” Sharikov explained, becoming talkative after vodka, “it’s a simple matter.” But what about: one settled in seven rooms, he has forty pairs of pants, and the other wanders around, looking for food in trash bins... (Bulgakov. Heart of a Dog)

Punctuation in direct speech and dialogues

Unlike direct speech, INDIRECT SPEECH conveys someone else’s statement on behalf of the author and reproduces it not verbatim, but only while preserving the general content (although in some cases indirect speech can approach the literal reproduction of someone else’s speech).

In the house committee, he quarreled with chairman Shvonder to the point that he sat down to write a statement to the people's court of the Khamovnichesky district, shouting at the same time that he was not the caretaker of Professor Preobrazhensky's pet, especially since this pet Polygraph, just yesterday, turned out to be a scoundrel, taking in the house committee supposedly 7 rubles to buy textbooks in the cooperative. (Bulgakov. Heart of a Dog)

In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author, and not the person of the speaker, for example:

Direct Speech - He said, “I will do this work for you.”
Indirect Speech - He said he would do this job for me.

Direct speech - You ask: “When will you return my book to me?”
Indirect speech - You ask when I will return your book to you.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech). The author's words represent main clauses, indirect speech - subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are joined to main clauses using conjunctions and allied words.

Declarative sentences

With the help of conjunctions that, the content of the narrative sentences of someone else’s speech is indirectly conveyed, for example:
Vasya said: “I painted this picture.”
Vasya said that he painted this picture.
Vasya said that it was as if he had painted this picture.

With the help of the conjunction so that the content of the incentive sentences of someone else’s speech is conveyed:
The teacher said: “Hand in your notebooks.”
The teacher told us to hand in our notebooks.

Interrogative sentences

When conveying interrogative sentences of someone else's speech in indirect sentences, subordinate clauses are attached with pronouns and adverbs that, who, which, how, where, when, why, etc. or using the interrogative particle LI, for example:
"Where have you been?" - I asked my friend.
I asked my friend where he had been.
"What time is it now?" - Vasily asked.
Vasily asked what time it was.
"Can you do this task?" - asked Alena.
Alena asked if I could complete this task.

In indirect sentences, when conveying a question, which is called an indirect question, a question mark is not placed.
"Masha, who broke the cup?" - asked the grandmother.
Grandma asked Masha who broke the cup.

In a conversational style, it is possible to mix direct and indirect speech in the form of the so-called SEMI-DIRECT SPEECH, for example: I no longer dared to ask to go hunting with a gun, although I thought that why shouldn’t I go hunting with Surka? (Aksakov)

INVALID-DIRECT SPEECH

Preserves lexical and syntactic features, emotional coloring characteristic of conveying the thoughts, feelings and moods of a character in direct speech. But improperly direct speech is conducted not on behalf of the character, but on behalf of the author, which brings it closer to indirect speech.

Compare:

Direct speech:
By the end of the hike, the children were tired and honestly admitted: “We didn’t expect such difficulties!”

Indirect speech:
By the end of the hike, the children were tired and honestly admitted that they did not expect such difficulties.

Improper direct speech:
By the end of the hike the children were tired. They did not expect such difficulties!

In the first case, we have a construction in which the children’s words are framed as direct speech. Neither the content nor the form of their statement has changed: what is enclosed in quotation marks fully reproduces their speech.
The second line contains a construction with indirect speech. Someone else's speech is conveyed using a subordinate clause, which is joined using the conjunction WHAT. The content of the statement is preserved, but the exclamatory intonation is lost.
The third option is very similar to the first, but there is no colon or quotation marks. In addition, the noun “children” changed to the third person pronoun THEY, as with indirect speech.

Indirect speech, as a rule, is used to convey unspoken thoughts and internal monologue. A two-dimensionality of utterance is created: the hero’s inner speech is reproduced, but speaks for him

Even this morning she was delighted that everything had worked out so well, but during the wedding and now, in the carriage, she felt guilty and deceived. So she married a rich man, but she still didn’t have any money, the wedding dress was sewn on credit, and when her father and brothers saw her off today, she saw from their faces that they didn’t have a penny. Will they have dinner today? And tomorrow? (Chekhov. Anna on the neck).

And note! We went through all this at school...
Try to shake off the old days - do your homework in Russian.

Task 61. Highlight direct speech. Place the missing punctuation marks and explain them. Replace lowercase letters with uppercase ones where necessary.

1) The Rooster ordered many more dishes. All that was heard was yes, fry, yes, bake, and let it simmer well. Chichikov fell asleep already on some turkey (G.).
2) Why start these disputes? - Katya thinks with annoyance, she must find at least some kind of punishment for the girl herself! (OS).
3) Nothing! - Shamet said in a whisper and pushed Suzanne on the shoulder. We are privates, we also do not choose our company commanders. Be patient, Susie, soldier! (Paust.).
4) ...Well, why am I, for example, flying home from work like crazy? And why are my children standing and roaring at the gate? All this is intellectual stuff, Marina says as she undresses and happily climbs into bed, adding lively, in general, a lot of impressions! Different! And most importantly, I somehow perked up (Os).
5) If the holy army shouts, throw away Rus', live in paradise! I will say there is no need for paradise, give me my homeland (EU).
6) What did Death say, let there be a miracle! I give you permission to live! Only I will be next to you. I will always be near love! (M.G.).
7) The hounds are screaming so hot, the guys are a thief! And instantly the gates are locked; in a minute the kennel became hell (Kr.).
8) Outside the window, wheels thundered on the cobblestones, the bell under the arc rattled and fell silent, and the horses began snoring; a hotel servant rolled down the stairs, stamping his boots, a familiar beggar girl sang in a silver voice, “Beautiful Lady, give a penny to the wretched blind gentleman,” and the harmonica stumbled and fell silent (Paust.).
9) Neighbor, my light! Please eat. Neighbor, I'm fed up. - No need, just another plate; Listen: the ear, by all means, is cooked to perfection! I ate three plates (Kr.).
10) How, dear Cockerel, you sing loudly, it’s important! And you, Cuckoo, my light, how you sing smoothly and drawlingly: we don’t have such a singer in the whole forest! I am ready to listen to you, my kumanek, forever. And you, beauty, I swear, as soon as you shut up, I’m waiting, I can’t wait for you to start again... (Kr.).

© Copyright: Copyright Competition -K2, 2013
Certificate of publication No. 213112300254
discussion

1. Sentences with direct speech.

2. Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech.

3. Sentences with indirect speech.

4. Sentences with improperly direct speech

5. Dialogue. Punctuation marks in dialogue.

6. Quote.

7. Parsing sentences with direct speech

Literature

1. 1. Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities for special purposes “Journalism”] / N.S. Valgina. – M.: Higher School, 1991. – 431 p.

2. 2. Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language: Syntax / V.A. Beloshapkova, V.N. Belousov, E.A. Bryzgunova. – M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. – 295 p.

3. Gabidullina A.R. Improperly direct speech in the discourse of a linguistic personality (based on M. Bulgakov’s story “Heart of a Dog”) / A.R. Gabidullina // Russian Philology: Ukrainian Bulletin. – Kharkov, 2001. - No. 1-2. – pp. 26-28

4. Kovtunova I.I. Improper direct speech in modern Russian / I.I. Kovtunova // Russian. language in school – 1953. ‑ No. 2. – P. 3-9

1. Sentences with direct speech

From a lexical point of view, direct speech, as a rule, is a literal transmission of someone else’s statement, while in indirect speech, which usually reproduces only the content of someone else’s statement, the actual words and expressions of the speaker undergo certain changes.

From a syntactic point of view, direct speech is an independent sentence (or a series of sentences) connected with the author’s words only in meaning and intonation, and indirect speech forms a subordinate part in a complex sentence in which the role of the main part is played by the author’s words. This syntactic difference is the main feature of distinguishing indirect speech from direct speech. As for the lexical distinction, it is less necessary.

On the one hand, direct speech sometimes does not convey someone else’s statement verbatim, as is clear from the author’s words accompanying it, for example: He said something like this...; He answered something like this... and so on.

On the other hand, indirect speech can literally convey someone else's statement, for example, in an indirect question. Wed: He asked: “What time is it now?”(direct speech). – He asked what time it was(indirect speech).

Finally, there is a convergence of forms of direct and indirect speech in the so-called improperly direct speech and their mixing in the so-called semi-direct speech.

Direct speech is characterized by the following features: 1) accurately reproduces someone else’s statement; 2) accompanied by the author's words. The purpose of the author's words is to establish the very fact of someone else's speech and indicate to whom it belongs. The author's words can also explain under what conditions someone else's speech was delivered, to whom it was addressed, they can evaluate it, etc. For example: "What does it mean? - he asked[Dubrovsky] angrily at Anton, who ran towards him. “Who are they and what do they need?”(P.).

The author's words and direct speech form a special syntactic structure, consisting of independent parts connected in meaning and intonation. The connection between both parts of the construction can be closer or less close, which depends on their relative position, the lexical meaning of the predicate verb in the author’s words introducing direct speech, etc. Wed:

1. Marina sighed: "Here you see! But this, of course, is mischief."(M.G.). After the author’s words, a dividing pause is possible here (indicated in writing by a dot), which emphasizes the weakness of the intonational connection between both parts of a complex structure and their syntactic independence.

2. Finally, I told him: “Well, well, Savelich! That's enough, let's make peace, it's my fault."(P.). The author's words form a sentence that does not have semantic completeness: with the transitive verb said, an addition is required, indicating the object of the statement. Such an object of utterance can be expressed by a member of a sentence, a subordinate clause (in indirect speech) or direct speech (as in the example given).

Direct speech can convey:

a) a statement by another person, for example: “Guys who have weapons, gather here,” Dubava commanded the lying man in a whisper.(N. Ostr.);

c) unspoken thoughts, for example: I look after him and think: “Why do such people live?”(M.G.).

a) precede direct speech, for example: Ivan Ignatich opened the door, proclaiming solemnly: “Brought!”(P.);

b) follow direct speech, for example: “Do you know grandpa, mom?” - the son says to his mother(N.);

c) be included in direct speech, for example: “Belikov lived in the same house where I live,” continued Burkin, “on the same floor, door opposite door.”(Ch.);

d) include direct speech, for example: Only then did I straighten up and think: “Why is father walking around the garden at night?” - when everything calmed down around(T.).

Author's words usually contain a verb of expression or thought ( say, talk, ask, answer, think and etc.). Sometimes nouns with specified meanings (words, exclamation, question, etc.) act as words introducing direct speech, for example: Speeches began to be heard everywhere: “It’s time to get to the buckshot!”(L.). Less often, the same role is played by verbs that denote the speaker’s feelings, his internal state, movements, etc. ( rejoice, be surprised, sigh, smile, point etc.), for example: “Muzgarko, are you in your right mind? – the old man was surprised. “The convoy overslept!”(M.-S.).

If the author’s words come after direct speech or are included in it, then the order of the main members of the sentence in them is reversed, for example: “What is this?” I asked(L.); “Well,” I said with joy, “the night is close!”(Cor.).

2. Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech

Legend:

P- direct speech starting with a capital letter; P– direct speech starting with a lowercase letter; A A

Different ways of transmitting someone else's speech that does not belong to the author preserve its content and form in different ways. Direct speech is a way of transmitting someone else’s speech in which both content and form are completely preserved.

There are four options for formatting direct speech in writing. Each of them has corresponding patterns that need to be remembered.

If direct speech in a sentence occurs only before the words of the author, then it is placed in quotation marks and a dash is placed before the words of the author. Please note that after direct speech and before the dash there must be one of three marks: either an exclamation point, a question mark, or a comma. The author's words must be written in small letters. For example:

“How far is it to the fortress?” - I asked my driver(Pushkin).

If direct speech appears in a sentence after the author’s words, then it is enclosed in quotation marks and begins with a capital letter, and a colon is placed after the author’s words. For example:

The old priest came up to me with the question: “Will you order us to begin?”(Pushkin)

If direct speech is broken by the author’s words, then quotation marks are placed at the beginning and end of the sentence, and the author’s words on both sides are separated from direct speech by dashes. Please note that after the first passage of direct speech there is a comma, and the author’s words are written in small letters and followed by a period. For example:

“Hush,” she tells me, “your father is sick, near death, and wants to say goodbye to you.”(Pushkin).

Occasionally in literary texts you can find sentences in which direct speech is contained within the words of the author. In this case, it is enclosed in quotation marks, preceded by a colon, and followed by a dash. Please note that the second part of the author's words begins with a small letter. For example:

She screamed: “Ay, not him, not him!” - and fell unconscious(Pushkin).

The number of sentences within direct speech is not limited. For example:

“Thank God,” said the girl, “you came by force. You almost killed the young lady.”(According to Pushkin).

In this example, direct speech consists of two sentences, the first of which is broken by the words of the author. But if the author’s words were between two sentences that make up direct speech, then after the author’s words it would be necessary to put a period. Compare:

“Thank God, you came by force,” said the girl. “You almost killed the young lady.”.

Consider the diagrams of these proposals.

Summary table

Direct speech after the author's words
A: "P".	The boy said, "I'll come tonight."
A: "P?"	He asked: "What are you doing?"
A: "P!"	He was indignant: “What are you doing!”
Direct speech before the words of the author
"P", -a	“I’ll come tonight,” said the boy.
"P?" -A	"What are you doing?" - he asked.
"P!" -A	"What are you doing!" - he was indignant.
Direct speech is interrupted by the author's words
"P, -a, -p."	“Swim forward,” he said, “I will follow you.”
"P, -a. - P."	“I’ll come tomorrow evening,” he said. “I’ll bring you a book.”
"P!(?) -a. - P."	“What a wonderful man, isn’t he?” exclaimed Sasha. “I never saw him sad.”
Direct speech is inside the author's words
A: "P", -a.	He said, “I’m very tired,” and immediately fell silent.
A: “P!(?)” -a.	Someone's voice was heard: “Can I come to you?” - and someone entered the room.
A: "P..." -a.	Sergei says: “If only the wind could blow now...” and turned away.

3. Sentences with indirect speech

You are well aware of such concepts as the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence. From the main part to the subordinate part you can always ask a question. For example: Father did not want to believe that I could be involved in a vile riot. In this sentence, from the first part to the second, you can pose a question ( believe WHAT?), therefore, the first part is the main part, and the second is the subordinate part.

Someone else's speech, conveyed in the form of a subordinate clause, is called indirect speech.

The first, main part of the sentence in this case represents the words of the author, and the second is indirect speech. Please note: the author’s words come before indirect speech and are separated from it by a comma. This method of transmitting someone else's speech, unlike direct speech, preserves the content of someone else's statement, but does not preserve its form and intonation.

Compare the two ways of conveying the same statement in the illustration. A sentence with indirect speech does not convey the exclamatory intonation that is present in direct speech.

Indirect speech can be attached to the main part of a sentence using the conjunctions WHAT, AS WHAT, THAT, pronouns and adverbs WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, WHY and others, as well as the particle LI. The choice of these words depends on the purpose of the statement in indirect speech. In interrogative sentences, pronouns or the particle LI will be used:

I asked, When train departs.

In incentive sentences, the conjunction SO is used, for example:

The captain ordered to raised the flag.

Declarative sentences use the conjunctions WHAT, AS WHAT, for example:

He told, as if I saw a live bear in the forest.

4. Sentences with improperly direct speech

Compare the three sentences that are given in the book by N.S. Valgina “Syntax of the modern Russian language” to illustrate what improperly direct speech is:

· Friends visited the theater. I really liked it them this performance!

In the first case, we have a construction in which the words of friends are framed as direct speech. Neither the content nor the form of their statement has changed: what is enclosed in quotation marks fully reproduces their speech.

The second line contains a construction with indirect speech. Someone else's speech is conveyed using a subordinate clause, which is joined using the conjunction WHAT. The content of the statement is preserved, but the exclamatory intonation is lost.

The third option is very similar to the first, but there is no colon or quotation marks. In addition, the first person pronoun NAM changed to the third person pronoun IM, as in indirect speech. This method of entering someone else's text is called improperly direct speech.

Its essence lies in the fact that it almost completely preserves the lexical and syntactic features of someone else’s statement, the manner of speech of the speaker, the emotional coloring characteristic of direct speech, but it is conveyed not on behalf of the character, but on behalf of the author, the narrator. In this case, the author connects the thoughts and feelings of his hero with his own, merges his speech with his speech. This technique is often used in fiction and journalism, when the author needs to show his hero from the inside, to let the reader hear his inner voice. Read an example of improperly direct speech from L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”:

Nikolai Rostov turned away and, as if looking for something, began to look at the distance, at the water of the Danube, at the sky, at the sun. How beautiful the sky seemed, how blue, calm and deep! How tenderly and glossily the water shone in the distant Danube!(L. Tolstoy)

Indirect speech, as a rule, is used to convey unspoken thoughts and internal monologue. A two-dimensionality of the statement is created: the “inner speech” of the hero is reproduced, but the author speaks for him: She subscribed to books and magazines and read in her room. And at night I read, lying in bed. When the clock in the corridor struck two or three and when her temples began to ache from reading, she sat up in bed and thought. What to do? Where to go? Damn, annoying question, to which many answers have long been ready and, in fact, there is none. Oh, how noble, holy, picturesque it must be to serve the people, to ease their suffering, to enlighten them. But she, Vera, does not know the people. And how to approach him? He is alien to her, uninteresting, she cannot stand the heavy smell of huts, tavern abuse, unwashed children, women's conversations about illnesses(A. Chekhov).

The most characteristic type of improperly direct speech is interrogative and exclamatory sentences that stand out against the background of the author’s narration, for example: He was horrified and in despair asked himself how it was and why he ended up in an unknown land, in a company of scary men? Where is uncle, father of Christopher and Denis now? Why don't they travel for so long? Have you forgotten about him?(A. Chekhov).

5. Dialogue

Someone else's sentences written in this way completely retain both form and content. Direct or indirect speech is used by the authors when it is necessary to reproduce a phrase belonging to any one character, and dialogue (from the Greek dialogos - conversation) is used in cases where it is necessary to convey several replicas of characters talking to each other.

Punctuation of dialogue

Dialogue is one of four possible ways of including someone else's speech in the author's text.

In the above text, you can easily distinguish the words of the author and the characters’ remarks: the first and last sentences represent the author’s speech, within which there are two lines belonging to different characters. But one important difference between dialogue and direct and indirect speech is that the dialogue may not contain the words of the author at all. Read the following dialogue.

In order to remember how punctuation marks are placed when recording dialogue lines, you can compare this form of recording someone else’s speech with direct speech that is already familiar to us. The design of dialogue differs from the design of direct speech in that the remarks are not enclosed in quotation marks, but begin on a new line and with a dash. In the following examples, the same words are written in two ways. For the design of dialogue, as well as for recording direct speech, there are four rules, each of which corresponds to the diagram in the illustration.

Legend:

R– a replica starting with a capital letter; R– a replica starting with a lowercase letter; A– author’s words starting with a capital letter; A– words of the author starting with a lowercase letter.

–Do you need dead souls? – Sobakevich asked simply, without the slightest surprise...(Gogol)

"Do you need dead souls?" – Sobakevich asked simply, without the slightest surprise...

3. Direct speech or remark is broken by the words of the author

He said:

- Hello! - and went to the window...(V. Dragunsky)

He said: “Hello!” – and went to the window.

Punctuation marks for quotations

A quotation is an exact, literal excerpt from something. text.

Quotes conclude in quotes and are formatted with punctuation marks in the same way as direct speech:

A) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of ​​pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear.”(Ch.); Remember the words of L.N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only responsibilities!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; L. N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as the eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeat of his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes”;

b) “Whoever shoots at the past with a pistol, the future will shoot at him with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky;

V) “To create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikola (December 19), - the book said, - the day is cold and clear - for the grain-bearing year"(Sol.);

G) Pascal's statement: “Whoever knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning is no longer simple” sounds aphoristic; Picasso's words: “Art is an emanation of pain and sadness” have a deep meaning.

If the quotation is not given in full, then an omission is indicated ellipsis(at the beginning of the quote, in the middle or at the end):

A) “...If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote L. N. Tolstoy in his diaries; “...The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) demand that I do something with them,” notes A. Akhmatova in “Prose about the Poem”;

b) “The biography of the heroine... is written down in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov;

V) “Goethe says somewhere that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language, but I always thought that this was not true...” wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke.

If the quotation precedes the author's text, then after the ellipsis the word is written with a capital letter; if the quotation comes after the author’s words, then after the ellipsis it is used lowercase letter:“... Olesha’s books fully express his being, be it “Envy”, or “Three Fat Men”, or polished little stories,” wrote V. Lidin; V. Lidin wrote: “... Olesha’s books fully express his essence, be it “Envy”, or “Three Fat Men”, or polished little stories.”

A quotation included in the author's proposal as a component of it is highlighted in quotation marks(but starts with a lowercase letter), punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the author’s sentence itself: L. N. Tolstoy’s thought “time is the relationship between the movement of one’s life and the movement of other beings,” expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content.

If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a period is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: Iskander noted that “wisdom is a mind infused with conscience...”. Wed: Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; lordship is the most dangerous poison.” - Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death...” - Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death...”(In the first and second cases, the period after the closing quotation marks refers to the entire sentence as a whole; in the third, the quotation is framed as an independent sentence that has its own final sign (ellipsis), so there is no period after the closing quotation mark.)

When abbreviating a quotation that already has ellipses that perform certain functions inherent to them, the ellipses placed by the author quoting the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quotation, are enclosed in angle brackets: In the diary of L. N. Tolstoy we read: “She cannot renounce her feeling ‹...›. For her, like for all women, feeling comes first, and every change occurs, perhaps, independently of the mind, in feeling... Maybe Tanya is right that this will pass by itself little by little ‹...›.”

If the quoted text already contains a quotation, then quotes of different shapes are used - “cute” (“”) and “Christmas tree” (“”). “Paws” (or “paws”) is an internal sign; "Christmas tree" - external. For example: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that we cannot retreat back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.”(Spread).

If it is necessary for the quoter to highlight individual words of the quotation, this selection is indicated in parentheses: ( emphasized by us. - N.V.); (italics are ours. - N.V.); (our detente. - Ed.). For example: “Whoever wants to study man in history must be able to analyze historical ( highlighted by us. - N.V.) emotions"(Yu. Lotman).

If the quoting person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands an abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: “Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva] ..." - writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927; “I must have read the staircase!” Because Asya was reading. Get it from her, correct the typos,” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927.

References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in parentheses; The period ending the quotation is placed after the closing parenthesis. For example: “To think pedagogically broadly means to be able to see the educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Azarov Yu. Study in order to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. P. 242).

If a quotation ends with a question or exclamation mark, or an ellipsis, then these marks retain their place (they appear before the closing quotation mark). When listing examples, the period after the closing bracket is replaced with a semicolon: “How mysterious you are, thunderstorm!”(I. Bunin. It smells like fields...); “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world..." (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. P. 5).

If an indication of the author or the cited source is placed below the quotation, in particular with epigraphs, then the parentheses are removed, as are the quotation marks in the quotation, and at the end of the quotation a sign corresponding to the given sentence is placed. For example:

White rose with black toad
I wanted to get married on earth.

S. Yesenin

You don't love me, you love mine!

F. Dostoevsky

Why so often
I feel sorry for the whole world and I feel sorry for the person?

N. Zabolotsky

Painting teaches you to look and see...

A. Blok

Syntactic analysis of sentences with direct speech.

Emphasize the grammatical basics, indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts, and draw up a sentence outline.

1. Type of sentence (sentence with direct speech).

["How I'm glad, dear Maxim Maksimych!] [Well, how you're surviving?»] – [ Pechorin said] (M.Yu. Lermontov)

[P! P?] – [a].

Sentence with direct speech. Direct speech is in preposition in relation to the words of the author. The author's words are two simple two-part sentences: the first of them is unexpanded, complete, complicated by inversion; the second is not widespread, complete, uncomplicated.

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS

1. What is direct speech from lexical and syntactic points of view?

2. Name the main features of direct speech.

3. Does direct speech always convey the statements of another person?

4. What is the difference between direct and indirect speech?

5. In what syntactic constructions is indirect speech conveyed?

6. What is improperly direct speech? For what purpose do writers use it (what is the stylistic function)?

7. How does dialogue differ from direct speech? Talk about punctuation marks in dialogue.

8. How are quotations formatted in written text?