Section along the wall of a wooden building. How to draw a section of a building Detailed section of an external wall

When drawing up drawings of residential, administrative and industrial buildings, it is necessary to build cuts. To carry them out, in accordance with current standards, norms and rules, thin lines are used when constructing. Drawing order cuts next:

Coordination axes and level lines

Setting elevations and dimensions

At the final stage of constructing and drawing sections of buildings, the sections are finalized, all dimensions and elevations are marked, the necessary explanatory inscriptions and names are applied, and unnecessary lines are removed.

To fill sections of sections, graphic symbols of material and images of structural elements are used.

The figure below shows the construction of a section along a staircase, which has the following parameters:

• Total length – 5610 millimeters
• Total width – 2200 millimeters
• March width – 1000 millimeters
• The gap between marches is 200 millimeters
• Floor height – 3000 millimeters

The height of the step is 150 millimeters, the number of steps in each flight is ten (1500: 150).

In the design of stairs, the riser is the vertical plane that the step has, and the tread is the horizontal plane. In each flight of stairs, the tread of the last step is included in the level of the landing and completely coincides with it. For this reason, the number of treads in the plan of each of the marches is not ten, but nine.

Constructing a section along the stairs

The actual construction of the section begins when all preliminary calculations have been made. In this case, the coordination axes are first drawn, then the walls are drawn, and the levels of floor and intermediate staircase landings are marked using horizontal lines.

After this, the size of the width of the platform (1410 millimeters) is laid off from the inner wall on any horizontal cutting line, points are marked every 300 millimeters and thin vertical lines are drawn through them in the section in order to break up the steps. Next, 300 millimeters are set aside towards the first floor landing (this is the width of the step), after which this point is connected to the extreme point of the level located above the intermediate landing by an inclined straight line.

The straight line thus obtained intersects the existing vertical lines at several points. Treads (horizontal lines) and risers (vertical lines) are drawn through them. The breakdown of other flights and steps on the section is carried out in a similar way.

After this work is completed, flights and landings are drawn on the section, the contours of the sections of steps, platforms, walls, which are located in the plane of the section, are outlined with main lines. It should also be noted that along the stairs the cutting plane is always drawn along those flights that are closest to the observer than all the others.

How to make a wall cut along a brick wall? Sometimes when renovating a home, it becomes necessary to cut through a wall or partition. When it comes to your own home, you will not need to apply for permission from the relevant organizations. It will be enough just to do the job correctly.

Cutting a brick wall is carried out using a grinder with a diamond blade.

How to lay a brick wall

Before you pick up a tool to cut a wall, you need to study its structure. In the construction of houses, several methods of its construction are used. At the same time, you need to know that in this industry the size of the masonry is calculated not in the metric system, but in parts of the building material. Accordingly, the thickness of the partition will be determined in whole; in 1/2; 3/4; 1/4; 2 bricks and more.

In practice, the following types of wall masonry are used:

• chain;
• spoon;
• well

The sides of a brick have their own definitions. The end is called a poke, the front side is a bed, and the edge adjacent to the poke is called a spoon. Products are manufactured in accordance with GOST 530 - 2007 with the following dimensions:

• for single 250 x 120 x 65 mm;
• one and a half 250 x 120 x 88 mm;
• double 250 x 120 x 103 mm.

The dimensions of double bricks made of silicate material are different - 150 x 120 x 138 mm.

If a load-bearing or semi-load-bearing wall has masonry in which the brick layer is facing outwards, then the thickness of such a wall will be 120 mm. In the case of poking, the depth will be 250 mm.

In a well structure, there are voids called wells. They were previously filled with insulation, which was used as slag, construction waste or soil. Now in modern buildings, the previous insulation has been replaced with KFP foam (carbamide with formaldehyde) or penoizol.

There may be 2 or 3 partitions in the well installation. It can be reinforced with two brick rows or more. Such a wall will make working with it much more difficult.

Before you start cutting the wall, you need to examine it and determine the type of installation and type of insulation. Therefore, take a hole saw with a hammer drill and drill holes at different points of the wall of such a size that it allows you to stick your hand inside with a flashlight and examine the cut.

Sequence of wall cutting work

To make an opening for a door in the wall at home, you will need a grinder as a tool. To carry out larger-scale work, such as remodeling doors, windows, partitions and the entire home, you cannot do without a stone-cutting machine.

In addition to the grinder, we prepare for work:

• a hammer drill equipped with a crown cutter of any size;
• chalk;
• ruler;
• cutting wheels;
• roulette

We begin work by marking the future opening with chalk. It should look like the letter T, that is, the crossbar should protrude onto its frame. A beam is inserted into it, which will support the upper masonry. For partitions, a strip of wood is used, semi-load-bearing walls are reinforced with 50 mm thick boards, and beams made of reinforced concrete or metal are used in the load-bearing brick wall.

If a window or door frame is to be inserted into the hole, it must be larger in size than the units being inserted. After securing the latter, the gaps should be filled with foam. It will act as both insulation and fixative.

Let's look at how a wall cut is made along a brick wall with varying degrees of complexity. Let's start with a partition that is 1/2 or 1/4 brick deep. We equip the grinder with a disc with a diameter of at least 250 mm and coated with diamond coating.

Using a grinder, an incision is made according to the markings. To make it easier to knock out bricks, several holes are cut with a hammer drill. As soon as the first elements of the brickwork pop out, things will go faster by taking a chisel, hammer and hammer drill to help. Only it will need to be re-equipped: instead of a crown, a chisel is inserted, switching the operating mode, eliminating rotation.

If you do not have a core cutter, then a thick drill bit can replace it. It can be used to drill out masonry units, drilling them in several places and along their seams. Using the same drill, we then help to pull out the filling of the opening.

In order to avoid jamming the door or the appearance of cracks in a thin wall or partition, you need to take a timber beam with a thickness of at least 50 mm for the crossbar. Fix it in the opening and treat it with cement mortar very tightly, eliminating the possibility of backlash.

A load-bearing wall will require more complex processing, but the feature of obtaining a hole is the same as for thin partitions. For the crossbar, a channel is used - an I-beam. The opening must be reinforced with vertical posts; for them it is recommended to take 50 x 50 mm profile corners; instead, a 40 x 20 mm profile rectangular pipe will do. A metal strip is selected for the screed.

The difficulty of working with a load-bearing wall is explained by the fact that it has complex masonry - bricks and filler. But you need to start work in the same way, by marking the future opening and marking it with a grinder. As soon as we have removed part of the interior in the upper part, we wedge an I-beam there and place vertical supports from corners or pipes, rigidly fixing the beam. This is a very important moment. Any defect will cause subsidence of the ceiling and the possibility of endangering the lives of workers working on the site.

Only after the channel is securely fixed can you continue to knock out the hole. First, the sealant is removed, and then the bricks. If you can access the back side of the wall, then the task will be easier. Using a long drill, horizontal through holes are first made. Markings are made along them on the reverse side, the outline is cut and the material is removed. At the same time, it is necessary to tighten two vertical supports forming the letter P with a metal strip.

Thus, using the rules, you can make a cut into the wall.

But to get a high-quality opening, you don’t need to buy cheap materials for houses.

//www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTHQ4YIjE6s

I-beams and flat angles are more expensive, but they will ensure the reliability of the hole.

1. Rules for the preparation of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

Basic and working drawings are made in line drawings, using lines of different thicknesses, thereby achieving the necessary expressiveness of the image. In this case, the elements included in the section are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas beyond the section are highlighted with a thinner line. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.

Scale images in the drawings should be selected from the following series: for reduction -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 400; 1: 500; 1: 800; 1: 1000; 1: 2000; 1: 5000; 1:10,000; for magnification - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.

The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, elevations, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are carried out on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Components and parts of any buildings are made on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.

Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the sizes of steps and spans. The axial lines are drawn with a thin dash-dotted line with long strokes and are marked with marks that are placed in circles.

On building plans, longitudinal axes are usually placed to the left of the drawing, and transverse axes are located below. If the location of the axes of opposite sides of the plan does not coincide, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is continuous. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal axes are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except E, Z, J, O, X, Y, E) down up.

The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..

The font size for designating axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. Marking of axes on sections, facades, components and parts must correspond to the plan.
To apply dimensions, dimension and extension lines are drawn in the drawing. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the outline of the drawing in an amount from two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing the dimensions of the smallest divisions are indicated, on the next ones - the larger ones. The last dimension line indicates the total size between the extreme axes with these axes tied to the outer edges of the walls. Dimension lines should be drawn so that the drawing itself is not difficult to read. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is 6-8 mm.
Segments on dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of external wall elements (windows, piers, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be drawn starting at a short distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, until they intersect with the dimension line. The intersections are recorded with notches having a slope of 45°. For very closely spaced small dimensions in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs may be replaced with dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1-3 mm.

Internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of rooms, the thickness of partitions and internal walls, the width of door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of walls or partitions so as not to make the drawing difficult to read.


Rules for preparing plan drawings in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-leader lines; g - area of ​​premises; d - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).

Dimension and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without dimension designation. The numbers are placed above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil.

^ Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. Level marks are counted from a conventional zero level, which for buildings is usually taken to be the level of the finished floor or the top edge of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a “-” sign, marks above zero are indicated without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is given in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension.

Rules for applying marks, dimensions and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing).

To indicate a mark on facades, sections and sections, use a symbol in the form of an arrow with the sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45°, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the plane of the finished floor or ceiling) or on the extension line of the level of the element (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal projections, external walls). In this case, marks of external elements are taken outside the drawing, and internal elements are placed inside the drawing.

On the plans, marks are made in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf indicating the “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle; on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, and various openings in floors - on a leader line.

The magnitude of the slope on sections should be indicated in the form of a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and indicated by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope. This designation is placed above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it

Designation of cuts and sections shown by an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken section, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown

At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line outside the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are located under the arrows in transverse sections and on the outside of the arrows in longitudinal sections. For the design and dimensions of the arrows, see the figure on the right.

^ Designation of premises areas. Areas, expressed in square meters with two decimal places without dimension designation, are usually placed in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers underline.

In the drawings of residential building projects, in addition, the residential and useful (total) area of ​​each apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the living area of ​​the apartment, and the denominator - useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the drawing area allows, on the plan of the front room.

^ Callouts, explaining the names of individual structural parts in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal section serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. If the drawing is on a small scale, it is allowed to end the leader line without an arrow or a dot.

Inscriptions for multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called “flags”. The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension.

Marks of structural elements on layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or place a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the outline. The font size for designating brands must be larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers on the same drawing

Marking nodes and fragments- an important element in the design of drawings, helping to read them. The main purpose of marking is to connect nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas in the main drawing

When moving out nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) indicating on the shelf the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element being taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line you should indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed

Above the image or on the side of the removed node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on) there is a double circle indicating the serial number of the node. Diameter of circles 10-14 mm

Technical construction drawings are accompanied by names of individual images, text explanations, specification tables, etc. For these purposes, a standard straight font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; 10; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, filling out a stamp, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for the design of illustrative drawings. The names of the images are located above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. The headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.

^ Floor plan.

In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to comply with the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the finished floor mark or floor number, for example, “Plan at elevation. 0.000”, “Plan of 3-16 floors”, it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the floor premises in the names of the plans, for example “Plan of the technical underground”, “Plan of the attic”

Floor plan depicted in the form of a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or at 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. When there are multi-tiered windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within the window openings of the lower tier. All structural elements included in the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thick line

The floor plans are marked with:

1) the coordination axes of the building with a dash-dot thin line;

2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside);

3) level marks for finished floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are drawn, as a rule, in such a way that the cut includes openings of windows, external gates and doors);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (marking of gate and door openings is allowed in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) names of premises, their area

It is allowed to give the names of premises and their areas in an explication according to Form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are indicated on the plans.

Form 2

Explication of premises

Built-in premises and other areas of the building, for which separate drawings are made, are depicted schematically with a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically with a dash-dot thin line with two dots

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building:

Floor plan elements.

Walls made of lightweight concrete blocks. ^ Symbol in plan:

The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm.

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 200 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm.

^ The walls are brick.

The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm).

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

Dimensions of ordinary ceramic bricks are 250x120x65(88) mm.

^ Walls made of timber.

Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 180, 220 mm.

^ The walls are made of logs.

Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiples of 20mm).

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 180 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 180 - 320 mm.

^ The walls are a wooden frame filled with effective insulation.

The thickness of the frame post is 100, 150, 180 mm + 40-50 mm of double-sided cladding.

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm.

Partitions:

made of lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;

brick, thickness 120mm;

three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;

plasterboard on a metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.

Window openings:

in brick walls;

in timber, log and frame walls.

External doorways:

in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;

brick walls;

and frame walls.

Internal doorways:

for all types of walls.

A section is an image of a building mentally dissected by a vertical plane. Sections on construction drawings serve to identify the volumetric and structural design of the building, the relative position of individual structures, rooms, etc. Sections can be architectural or structural.

The architectural section (Fig. 10.11.1) serves mainly to determine the compositional aspects of the internal architecture* This section shows the height of the rooms, window, doorways, basement and other architectural elements. The height of these elements associated with the architectural decoration of premises is most often determined by marks.

On the architectural section, the thickness of the attic floor, the structure of the roof and foundations are not shown (see Fig. 10.11.1).

The line of the lower contour of the attic space should correspond to the bottom of the attic floor, and the line of the upper contour should correspond to the top of the roof, i.e. the roof. When drawing window openings, the distance from the floor to the bottom of the window opening (window sill) should be 750-800 mm, and from the top of the opening to the ceiling - about 400 mm.

These types of cuts can be made by washing or painting. This makes it possible to identify the interior space of the premises, the color tone of all elements, etc.

Architectural sections are drawn up at the initial design stage, and they do not show the construction of floor foundations, roofs, etc. Such sections are used to develop the facade of a building.

Structural sections are included in the working drawings of the building design. On this type of sections, the structural elements of the building are shown, and the necessary dimensions and marks are applied (Fig. 10.11.2). Openings and stairs are depicted with symbols in accordance with GOST 21.501-93.

In construction drawings, simple, stepped, transverse and longitudinal sections are used. However, it is recommended to use simple cuts (one plane).

The direction of view for cuts is taken, as a rule, according to the plan from bottom to top and from right to left.

When making a cross section, the cutting plane is positioned perpendicular to the ridge of the roof or the largest dimension of the building; when viewed longitudinally, it is parallel to them.

The direction of the secant plane, as a rule, is chosen so that it passes through the most structurally or architecturally important parts of the building: window and door openings, staircases (preferably along one of the flights), balconies, lift shafts, etc. It should be taken into account that in sections along the stairs, the secant plane, as a rule, is drawn along the flight located closer to the observer. In this case, the flight of stairs included in the cut is outlined with a line of greater thickness (solid main) than the contour of the flight along which the cutting plane does not pass. The outline of this march is outlined with a solid thin line.

If, when constructing a longitudinal section, the cutting plane is parallel to the ridge of the roof, then, despite this, the roof section is made as if the cutting plane was cutting the building along the ridge. In this case, the elements located below the attic floor are depicted based on the actual position of the cutting plane.

The cutting plane should not pass through columns, racks, along the beams of walls and partitions. It is advisable to place it between these elements. Therefore, the contours of the foundations under the columns and pillars are drawn with invisible contour lines. Kitchen hearths, heating stoves and chimneys are shown uncut.

The position of the secant plane in buildings in which opposite walls have the same solution over a long distance should be selected so that window openings are shown on one side of the section, and the opening of gates or external doors on the other (see Fig. 10. 11.2).

In addition to general sections, which show the building as a whole, local sections are used. They are made in those areas of the building whose structure is not revealed on the main sections (Fig. 10,11.3).

In sections, it is recommended to depict not all elements located behind the cutting plane, but only those that are in close proximity to it. These can be columns, trusses, beams, open stairs, platforms, handling equipment, etc.

On sections of a building without basements, the soil and structural elements located below the foundation beams and the upper part of the strip foundations are not depicted. The contours of the tunnels are shown schematically with a thin dashed line (Fig. 10.11.4).

In sections of buildings and structures, the floor on the ground is depicted as one solid thick line. The floor on the ceiling and the roof are drawn with one continuous thin line. This image of the floor on the ground and the ceiling and roof is given regardless of the number of layers in their structure.

The composition and thickness of the floor and roof layers are indicated in the extension inscription. If several sections show coatings that do not differ in composition, the legend is made only on one of the sections, and in the others a link is given to the section with the full legend (Fig. 10.11.5, a).

In Fig. 10.11.5, b shows a section of a multi-storey residential building.

When making sections of buildings in standard projects, they are usually divided into two parts. One part (zero cycle) is used for the construction of the underground part of the building, i.e. foundations and technical basement (Fig. 10.11.6). The other is for the construction of the above-ground part of the building (Fig. 10.11.7).

This is due to the fact that when linking a building to an actual construction site, most of the changes are made to the foundation design. On the drawings of sections the following are drawn and indicated: the coordination axes of the building, the distances between these axes, the distances between the extreme coordination axes, the coordination axes of deformed seams. If necessary, indicate the thickness of the walls and their connection to the coordination axes of the building. In addition, the section drawings indicate: ground level marks; clean floor; floors and platforms; marks of the bottom of load-bearing coverings of one-story buildings and the bottom of the covering slabs of the upper floor of multi-story buildings; mark of the bottom of the supporting part embedded in the wall of the structural element; marking the top of walls, cornices, wall ledges, rail heads of crane tracks; dimensions and height reference of openings, holes, niches and slots in walls and partitions, shown in cross-section.

When depicting openings with quarters on sections, their sizes are indicated by the smallest size of the opening.

In addition, the section shows marks for ventilation and elevator shafts and other devices located on the roof. Designations of nodes not shown on the plan may also be applied.

In general, all dimensions and marks necessary to determine the location of individual elements of the building must be marked on the sections. However, it is not recommended to duplicate the dimensions available on the plan. The only exceptions are the dimensions between the coordination axes.

On sections in which it is difficult to comprehensively show the most complex parts, details or elements of sections can be developed depending on the complexity of the solution and the size of the detailed area. Areas shown in section elements do not generally need to be detailed at a larger scale. In building projects with walls made of large blocks or panels, you should not remove elements of wall sections, but replace them with a reference to installation diagrams.

It is recommended to place callouts behind the cut dimensions at the outer contour of the cut, then draw a dimension line, and put marks behind the dimension line. The mark shelf should be turned outward (see Fig. 10.11.7). For ease of placement of marks, two thin vertical lines should be drawn. On one there is a marking sign, the other limits the width of the shelf (Fig. 10, 11, 8).

Below is the following procedure for constructing a section drawing (Fig. 10.11.9, a-h):

1. First, draw a horizontal line, which is taken as the floor level of the first floor (i.e. its level is equal to the 0.000 mark). To construct various elements of the section, some dimensions available on the plan are used, for example, the distance between the coordination axes, the thickness of internal and external main walls and partitions, the width of window and door openings, etc.
2. Then a second horizontal line is drawn, defining the planning surface of the earth.
3. Next, behind the first horizontal straight line, indicating the line of the finished floor, the distance between the corresponding coordination axes is laid off. These dimensions are taken from the building plan drawing. Vertical straight lines (wall axes) are drawn through these points.
4. On both sides of the vertical lines, at a distance that determines the thickness of the external, internal walls and partitions included in the section, their contours are drawn with thin lines. Next, draw horizontal contour lines of the floor, ceiling, ceilings, etc.
5. Draw the contours of the floors.
6. They depict other elements of the building located behind the cutting plane (roof, partitions, etc.), and outline the contours of the openings.
7. Extension and dimension lines are drawn, elevation signs are drawn.
8. Draw the contours of the cut with lines of appropriate thickness, apply the necessary dimensions, marks, axle marks, etc. Make the necessary inscriptions and remove unnecessary construction lines.

This construction sequence is used to depict an architectural section. The construction order may vary slightly.

When constructing a structural section, this sequence is maintained. However, structural elements are drawn in more detail, nodes are designated (with a circle or oval) for further development, for multilayer structures, shelves are given, and the outline of natural soil and other elements is shaded.

Unlike sections in mechanical engineering drawing, structural elements of a building that fall into the section, but are made of the material that is the main one for a given building or structure, are not hatched. In this case, only sections of the walls that differ in material are highlighted with conditional shading.

For example, in a brick building, reinforced concrete lintel beams or ordinary brickwork are lined in walls made of large blocks.

When designing a house that has a basement, it is very important to draw a detailed structural section along the basement wall. This is necessary to accurately determine the elevations of all load-bearing and structural elements, in particular FBS blocks.

Particular attention should be paid to the following points:

• Availability of all required sizes;
• Availability of all necessary relative marks (checking the ground level and all floors, checking the marks of window and door openings);
• Presence of conventional shading on the walls;
• Thermal engineering calculation – checking compliance of the calculated heat transfer resistance with the requirements of regulatory documents for the selected construction area;
• Analysis of the wall structure. Checking for connections between layers in height. Supporting the slabs (presence of a monolithic belt or 2 rows of masonry). Pay special attention to the connection of the facing layer with the load-bearing layer of the wall, clause 9.3 SP 15.13330.2012);
• Checking the correct display of the blind area and the foundation as a whole (presence of the necessary layers);
• Checking references to the sheet on which the cuts are marked;

It is very easy to make such a drawing in AutoCAD if you use the special tools of the GraphiCS SPDS add-on (If you have not yet installed this program, you can do this using).

In this article we will get acquainted with the LIRA program interface, and also calculate a beam on two supports with a uniformly distributed load. Lira program commands discussed in the lesson: Selecting a design feature Creating a new file Arranging nodes Creating bars Installing fasteners Assigning rigidities Applying loads Static calculation Reading calculation results Saving a calculation file. Watch the video tutorial for more details. […]

Lessons on LIRA SAPR. Click>>> Hollow-core floor slabs 4.8–6.3 m long (PK brand) with a pitch of 0.3 m, a width of 1, 1.2 and 1.5 m and a height of 220 mm are made of heavy concrete. The strength class of concrete is determined by the manufacturer. The reinforcement of the slab in the lower (stretched) zone is made of high-strength wire of a periodic profile with a diameter of 5 mm with pronounced anchor heads, along the edges of the […]

Lessons on LIRA SAPR. Click>>> Find out more: Author's supervision work experience Can author's supervision be carried out by another organization (that did not carry out the project)? In accordance with SP 11-110-99 3.5 Designer is an individual or legal entity who, as a rule, has developed working documentation for the construction of an object and carries out designer supervision. Design supervision work can be carried out by a third party, i.e. monitoring […]