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Australia Natural areas
What is a natural area? What natural areas do you know? What determines the location of natural areas? Name and show natural areas of Australia on the map.
1. What are the features of the location of natural areas in Australia? What explains them? 2. What is the reason for the uniqueness of the organic world of Australia? What explains them? 3. Why are there many endemics in Australia? 4. How can we explain the absence of primates? 5. Why did Australia pass a law banning the import of wild plants and animals into the mainland?
Diversity of the organic world Endemics 450 species Plants 12,000 species Endemics 9,000 species – 75% Marsupials 162 species Endemics 90% Birds 670 species
Task 3. Draw the outline of Australia. Designate natural areas.
Match: Thickets of dry bushes a) Scrape b) Xantheria -Animal depicted on the coat of arms of Australia Low plants with a dark trunk and a tuft of grass on top c) Kangaroos 150-meter giant trees d) ostrich Moves at a speed of 50 km per hour e) eucalyptus
Natural zones climate zones precipitation soil flora fauna Savannah and open forests variable forests Desert and half-deserted. Shirokolis. forests Fill out the table
The kangaroo is a herbivorous marsupial. Giant kangaroo - height - 2 m, body weight - up to 90 kg, speed - 20 -80 km / h. Dwarf kangaroo - height up to 30 cm, body weight up to 20 kg. The female gives birth to one calf weighing 1 g, 2 cm long, which lives in the pouch for up to 6 months. Large kangaroos live up to 16 years. The emu is the second component of the Australian coat of arms. The emu is a human-sized bird that runs faster than a horse, and the kick of its leg is no weaker than the kick of a horse's hoof. The platypus is an oviparous mammal with a wide, flat beak that strains food in the water. It has five-toed feet with webbed tissue and thick dark brown fur. The hatchlings are naked and blind, 2.5 cm long. They feed on worms, crayfish, and eggs. Leads a nocturnal lifestyle. The bottle tree has an original bottle trunk, in which a large amount of moisture accumulates, which is consumed during the dry season. Tree height 15 m, dense crown with narrow leaves. There are 500 species of eucalyptus in Australia that grow in dry river beds. The height is more than 100 m, and the roots go 30 m deep, so they are called “living pumps”. The leaves are arranged on an edge, and the bark is shed from the trunk, and people call it the “shameless tree.”
Many animals are depicted on the country's coins: the echidna - on a 10-cent coin; the platypus - on a 20-cent coin; interesting facts
Emu and kangaroo - parts of the state emblem interesting facts
The tallest and fastest growing tree in the world is eucalyptus interesting facts
The largest number of feathers (up to 25 thousand) - black swan interesting facts
The most poisonous land snake - taipan interesting facts
The lowest body temperature is +22 0 – the echidna has interesting facts
interesting facts Lyrebird. The male's tail reaches 70 cm in length and is similar to an ancient musical instrument - the lyre. The lyrebird imitates a variety of sounds well.
interesting facts The largest parrot, has a variety of colors, they create one married couple for life. They live up to 100 years. They reproduce human speech well.
Leads an arboreal lifestyle on almost one tree. It feeds on leaves and young shoots of certain species of eucalyptus. They are nocturnal. interesting facts Slow, passive, has valuable fur. koala
Natural zones Natural zones climatic zones soil precipitation flora fauna Savannah and open forests variable forests Desert and half-deserted. Shirokolis. forests
Answer the test questions The leaves of this tree are turned edge-on towards the sun and provide little shade. An oviparous mammal similar to a hedgehog. A beautiful bird with the largest number of feathers. The tail of this bird looks like a musical instrument. The bear is a very picky eater. Large ostrich. Low-growing thorny thickets of acacia and eucalyptus. Australia's main marsupial. Trees have long roots and are a “living pump”. Domestic animals brought by Europeans and becoming a national disaster.
Homework Learn the natural zones of Australia Mark the boundaries of natural zones and their features on a contour map Prepare reports about the state of the Commonwealth of Australia
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Flora and fauna of Australia
- Kangaroo is a herbivorous marsupial. Giant kangaroo - height - 2 m, body weight - up to 90 kg, speed - 20 -80 km/h.
- Dwarf kangaroo - height up to 30 cm, body weight - up to 20 kg. The female gives birth to one calf weighing 1 g, 2 cm long, which lives in the pouch for up to 6 months. Large kangaroos live up to 16 years. The emu is the second component of the Australian coat of arms. The emu is a human-sized bird that runs faster than a horse, and the kick of its foot is no weaker than the kick of a horse's hoof.
- The platypus is an oviparous mammal with a wide, flat beak that strains food in the water. It has five-toed feet with webbed tissue and thick dark brown fur. The hatchlings are naked and blind, 2.5 cm long. It feeds on worms, crayfish, and eggs. Leads a nocturnal lifestyle.
- The bottle tree has an original bottle trunk, which accumulates a large amount of moisture, which is consumed during the dry season. Tree height 15 m, dense crown with narrow leaves.
- There are 500 species of eucalyptus in Australia that grow in dry river beds. The height is more than 100 m, and the roots go 30 m deep, which is why they are called “living pumps”. The leaves are arranged on an edge and the bark is shed from the trunk, and people call it the “shameless tree.”
Natural areas of Australia geography teacher MBOU Secondary School p. Iskateley Fofanova Ekaterina Vasilievna
Lesson-travel
"The country is the opposite" It is located below us. There, obviously, they walk upside down, There gardens bloom in October, There rivers flow without water (they disappear somewhere in the desert). There are traces of wingless birds in the thickets, There cats get snakes for food, Animals are born from eggs, And there dogs don’t know how to bark, Trees themselves climb out of the bark. There rabbits are worse than a flood...
AUSTRALIA
Natural area characterization plan- Name of the natural area.
- Geographical position.
- Climatic conditions.
- Soils.
- Vegetation.
- Animal world.
Lives throughout Australia, as well as in New Guinea, Tasmania, and on the islands located in Bass Strait. Habitats include plains, rainforests, mountains, and even cities.
Cassowary In the dense tropical forests of hot Australia and New Guinea, unusual birds with growths on their heads live. Local residents fear them because of their nasty and quarrelsome character. Wombat Wombats are the largest living mammals that whine and spend most of their lives in trees. With their sharp claws they tear large pieces of meat from their victims. An angry wombat is a terrible sight. Deserts and semi-deserts Most of the continent is occupied by a tropical climate zone. Moreover, in the central and western regions of Australia, a hot, dry tropical climate prevails, so a significant part of Australia is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts. It is for this reason that Australia is also called the driest continent on our planet. Geographical location of deserts and semi-deserts Australia is an arid region; about 44% of its area is desert. The central regions of the mainland, the territory of the tropical climate zone, the coast of the Great Australian Bight. Desert and semi-desert climate From December to February (in the summer of the southern hemisphere) the continent warms up greatly, especially its central parts. This is the hot season of the year, the average air temperature during the day is about 35-36 degrees, and on some days even above +40. In winter, daytime temperatures here are almost two times lower - about +20 degrees, in the Great Victoria Desert - up to +10 degrees, and in some years night frosts are not excluded. The amount of precipitation is from 250-300 mm per year. Soils of deserts and semi-deserts The soils of deserts and semi-deserts are thin, red-brown, sandy, desert and brown. Sands are easily transported by the wind, forming aeolian landforms: dunes, sand dunes. Single barchans and dunes not secured by vegetation can move tens of meters per year. Sometimes sand blown by the wind makes a special sound. In such cases they talk about singing dunes or dunes. Vegetation of deserts and semi-deserts Only plants that can tolerate overheating and dehydration can live in such conditions. They have a deep branched root system, small narrow leaves or spines; Some plants have leaves that are pubescent or covered with a waxy coating, which protects them from sunlight. These include tree grasses, agaves, cacti, and sand acacias. Scrub Thickets of dry bushes consisting of low-growing thorny acacias and eucalyptus. Spinifex A cereal with hard, sharp and prickly leaves. Resinous, like pine. Prickly, like an acacia. There are no special thorns. The leaves are rolled into tubes. The end is long and sharp. Often very strong. In the deserts they lay out in pillows as tall as a man and as short as small bales of hay. Prickly leaves stick out in all directions, you can’t get close right away. Fauna of deserts and semi-deserts Among mammals, such typical animals include the marsupial mole, marsupial jerboa, comb-tailed marsupial mouse and comb-tailed marsupial rat. The entire central and western parts of the continent are inhabited by large red kangaroos. Moloch Body length up to 22 cm. Head small, narrow; the body is wide, flattened, covered with numerous short curved horny spines of various sizes, which form a kind of horns above the eyes and on the cushion-shaped outgrowth on the neck. Kangaroo This animal with the strange name “kangaroo” is a symbol of Australia. They adorn the national emblem of this country and some coins. Wild dog Dingo Dingoes are also known as Australian wild dogs, despite the fact that they live not only on this continent. The dingo dog is medium in size, has a wide head, an elongated muzzle, straight ears, a fluffy tail and a red or yellowish color. Ostrich Emu The emu (or simply emu) is a flightless bird found only in Australia and Tasmania. The emu is a very large bird and can reach a height of up to 2 meters, after the African ostrich it is the largest bird. The weight of an emu is up to 60 kg. The emu is part of Australian culture and is even featured on the Australian coat of arms. Kangaroo rat These creatures reach 50 centimeters in length, more than half of which is the tail. They have short front legs and long hind legs, like a kangaroo. This is where their name comes from. Hard-leaved and evergreen forests and shrubs Hard-leaved and evergreen forests are a natural zone typical of the subtropics. The zone is located along the shores of the seas and oceans; there is sufficient rainfall here - usually from 500 to 1000 mm per year, most of it falls in winter. Geographical position of hard-leaved forests and shrubs The natural area is located in the southeast and southwest of the mainland. Climate of hard-leaved and evergreen forests and shrubs The Mediterranean type of climate predominates, the uniqueness of which lies in the discrepancy between the wet and warm periods. The average annual precipitation on the plains is 300-400 mm (in the mountains up to 3000 mm), the majority of which falls in winter. Winter is warm, the average temperature in January is not lower than 4 C. Summers are hot and dry, with average temperatures in July above 19 C. Soils of hard-leaved and evergreen forests and shrubs Brown fertile soils, large areas cleared of forest, are used for arable land or pasture for dairy cattle. Vegetation of hard-leaved and evergreen forests and shrubs Thickets of evergreen shrubs, forests of acacias, eucalyptus, and casuarinas with leafless thread-like branches, which are not found on other continents, are common here. Casuarina Everything about casuarinas is striking - from the arrangement of flowers to the external and internal structure and shoots. Finally, the name itself, “casuarina,” is also unusual, assigned to the plants mainly for the similarity of their thin, drooping shoots with the long feathers of cassowary birds. bottle tree This plant is very well adapted to heat, drought and lack of water. From a distance it looks like a giant bottle. Moisture accumulates in the trunk and is used up during drought. grass tree A tree with a short, thick trunk and long, narrow, like grass, with leaves. The roots and buds of this tree are eaten, and the fibers are used to make ropes and fabrics. Animals of hard-leaved and evergreen forests and shrubs Tree kangaroos, climbing marsupials characteristic of for wet forests. There are many brightly colored birds, and there is a primitive animal called the platypus. Koala Koalas lead a leisurely and measured lifestyle, almost never leaving their main shelter - a eucalyptus tree. Koalas sleep almost all day (from 18 to 22 hours). Platypus A waterfowl mammal belonging to the order Monotremes. When the skin of a platypus was first seen in England, scientists thought that someone had sewn a beak to a beaver skin as a joke. But a detailed study of the stuffed animal left no doubt - it was not a beaver at all, but a new species of animal. Cockatoo One of the largest representatives of the family. Body length 48-55 cm, wing length 29-39 cm; male weight -920 g, female -975 g. The main color of the plumage is white with a yellowish tint on the underside of the tail and flight feathers. The underside of the tail feathers is yellow. Lyrebird- Lyrebirds, or lyre birds, are a family of passerine birds. Includes two species of land-dwelling Australian birds. Lyrebirds are considered Australia's national bird, despite being rare in their natural habitat..
Comparative characteristics of natural zones and the organic world of Australia and Africa.
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The originality of the organic world of Australia Geography lesson in the 7th grade Geography and biology teacher of the municipal educational institution "General Educational School" in the village of Nebdino Timusheva N.V.
Goal: To create conditions for the formation of knowledge about the uniqueness of the organic world of Australia. Objectives: Educational: to contribute to the formation of knowledge about the endemics of Australia, the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships in the uniqueness of the organic world in nature. Developmental: development of students’ cognitive activity, logical thinking, ability to analyze, compare, and draw conclusions. Educational: developing the ability to work in a team, the ability to assess the level of one’s knowledge, cultivate a sense of responsibility and empathy.
“...This region is the most curious on the entire globe! Its appearance, plants, animals, climate - all this surprised, surprises and will still surprise... The most bizarre, most illogical country that has ever existed!..” Jules Verne “The Children of Captain Grant”
Nature has created a huge reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals have been preserved, similar to those that inhabited the Earth in ancient times and disappeared on other continents.
The coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia The kangaroo is a symbol of Australia. His image, along with the image of an emu, adorns the country's coat of arms.
There are three types of giant kangaroos: gray kangaroos, the largest of the entire family, red or steppe kangaroos, slightly inferior in size to their gray relatives, and the smallest of the gigantic kangaroos - mountain ones. Family Kangaroo Red or steppe kangaroos Gray kangaroos
The second animal after the kangaroo depicted on the coat of arms of Australia. The emu is a large flightless Australian bird, the second largest bird in the world, after the African ostrich, it reaches 1.5-2 meters in height and weighs up to 60 kilograms.
Oviparous, or primal beasts This unique animal is one of the symbols of Australia; it appears on the reverse of the Australian 20 cent coin. The platypus gets its eloquent name from its soft beak covered with elastic skin. In appearance, the echida resembles porcupines. They have short, stiff hair on their body, as well as long spines located over the entire surface of their back. Echidnas feed their young with milk using pores in the milk field. platypus echidna
The koala or marsupial bear is the only species of the koala family. Koalas are endemic to Australia. Animals live on eucalyptus trees. They are only herbivores and true marsupials!
There are no trees in the world taller than eucalyptus trees. Their maximum height is 155 meters. Eucalyptus trees have over 600 species and varieties in their genus. One of the characteristic features of this tree is the specific smell of its leaves, secreted by essential oil glands, and different types of eucalyptus each give their own scent: lemon, rose, violet, lilac, mint, camphor, turpentine, laurel... They grow in their homeland, in Australia.
Bottle tree In Australia, this plant is very well adapted to heat, drought and lack of water. From a distance it looks like a giant bottle. Moisture accumulates in the trunk and is used up during drought.
Casuarina Casuarina is another plant most common to Australia. This is a strange-looking tree or shrub with thin, drooping shoots and no leaves. In appearance it resembles horsetail, and in the shape of the crown it is similar to spruce. This is what they call it - the “Christmas tree”. The thin shoots of casuarinas resemble the hair-like fine feathers of cassowaries, large running birds that live near casuarinas. Because of its very durable, bright red wood, casuarina is also called “iron wood.”
Marsupial or Tasmanian devil Family Marsupials of carnivores. Body length 52-80 cm, tail 23-30 cm. Lives in forests, active at night, during the day hiding in crevices among stones, in voids under fallen trees. Feeds on various vertebrates. This beast is not just a predator, but truly a devil in the flesh. He is angry to the point of rage and even the sounds that the marsupial devil makes are similar to a roar with some kind of creepy cough. Body length 52-80 cm, tail 23-30 cm.
Dingo is a secondarily feral domestic dog, the only placental predator in the aboriginal fauna of Australia.
Wombats are a family of two-incisor marsupials native to Australia. Wombats are burrowing herbivores that resemble small bears in appearance.
About 350 species of birds are endemic Lyrebird or lyre bird Laughing kookaburra
Australian crocodile On the Australian continent, the most common species is the Australian Johnston's crocodile, or Australian narrow-snouted crocodile. These reptiles have a short body length - up to three meters. Australian freshwater crocodiles do not hunt people, and even with an accidental bite, a person does not face particularly serious injuries.
Australia is famous for its great abundance of amphibians, especially frogs. 93% of the 5,280 species of frogs are endemic. Of these, the family of Australian toads, the genus of Australian tree frogs, etc. should be noted. Australian blue tree frog
Natural areas of Australia
Conclusions: The Australian mainland has been isolated from other continents for a long time. Here, in a favorable climate, unique ecosystems with species of plants and animals unique to them were formed. The species composition of plants and animals is poor and unique. Of the 12 thousand species, about 9 thousand are endemic! Among flowering plants, 85% are endemic, among mammals – 84%, and coastal fish are almost all unique – 90%! It’s not for nothing that Australia is called a continent-reserve. Australians take good care of their nature.
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NATURAL AREAS OF AUSTRALIA Spiridonova Alexandra, Andriyanova Veronica, Farzullaeva Karina, 7b.Slide 2
Australia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia, one of the highly developed countries in the world, attracts with its mild climate. Australia is the sixth largest country in the world in terms of territory, and it is the only state that occupies an entire continent. The Commonwealth of Australia includes the Australian mainland and several islands, the largest of which is Tasmania. On the mainland, diverse nature coexists with modern, densely populated megacities. Although most of the continent is occupied by semi-deserts and deserts, Australia has a variety of landscapes, from alpine grasslands to tropical jungles. Australia is home to unique species of flora and fauna, some of which are not found elsewhere on the planet. Many plants and animals, including giant marsupials, became extinct with the arrival of the aborigines.
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Natural areas of Australia Australia differs from other continents of the globe in its antiquity and unique flora and fauna. They were formed under conditions of long-term isolation of the continent (since the Cretaceous period). Among plants, endemics account for 75% of species. The most characteristic representatives of the flora of Australia are eucalyptus (more than 600 species), acacia (490 species) and casuarina (25 species). Among the eucalyptus trees there are giants reaching 150 m in height, as well as shrubby forms. Araucarias, proteaceae, southern beeches, tree ferns, palms and a number of other plants indicate the presence in the past of land connections with other continents (South America, Africa, Southeast Asia). Among continents, Australia ranks first in the relative area of deserts and semi-deserts and last in forest area. However, only 2% of Australia's forests are of industrial importance. The central and western regions of Australia within the tropical zone are occupied by deserts and semi-deserts with sparse vegetation of hard grasses and shrubby forms of eucalyptus and acacia (scrape). In deserts, special primitive soils are formed, often colored red. Equatorial, subequatorial and tropical rainforests occur in small areas in the far north of the continent and along the eastern windward slopes of the Great Dividing Range. In these forests, palms, ficuses, laurels, tree ferns intertwined with vines grow mainly on red ferralite soils; Eucalyptus trees predominate in the forests of the eastern part. The subequatorial climate zone corresponds mainly to savannas and woodlands (eucalyptus, acacia and casuarina). Red-brown and red-brown soils form under the canopy of light eucalyptus forests and in savannas. Within the subtropical zone in the southeast and southwest of the continent, special natural complexes are formed. In the humid subtropical forests in the southeast of the continent, eucalyptus forests grow on red soils and yellow soils, and evergreen southern beeches grow in the southern part of this zone. In the south-west of the mainland there is a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs of typical Australian species on brown soils. All natural areas of Australia convenient for farming are occupied by fields and plantations of crops imported from Europe and other parts of the world. Along with cereals, grapevines, cotton, corn, rice, many vegetables and fruit trees are well acclimatized here.
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The unusual appearance of the kangaroo amazed the first Europeans to set foot on the shores of the continent. The image of a kangaroo was then included in the country's coat of arms. Kangaroo
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Koala Koalas live in coastal areas in eastern and southern Australia, from Adelaide to the southern part of Cape York Peninsula, as well as on Kangaroo Island, where they were introduced in the early 20th century. They are also common in regions with enough moisture to support forests suitable for koalas. South Australia's koalas were largely wiped out during the first half of the 20th century, but with the help of individuals from Victoria, the koala population in South Australia has been restored. This animal is not native to Tasmania or Western Australia.
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Platypus The platypus is a secretive, nocturnal, semi-aquatic animal that inhabits the banks of small rivers and standing ponds in eastern Australia over a wide range from the cold plateaus of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to the tropical rainforests of coastal Queensland. The body length of the platypus is 30-40 cm, the tail is 10-15 cm, and it weighs up to 2 kg. Males are about a third larger than females. The body of the platypus is squat, short-legged; the tail is flattened, similar to the tail of a beaver, but covered with hair, which noticeably thins with age. In the tail of the platypus, like the Tasmanian devil, reserves of fat are deposited. Its fur is thick, soft, usually dark brown on the back and reddish or gray on the belly.
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Emu Ostrich The emu is a large flightless Australian bird of the causaridae order. Previously, emus were classified as ostrich-like, but in the 1980s the classification was revised.
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Meerkat Meerkat is a species of mammal from the mongoose family. Distributed in South Africa, mainly in the Kalahari Desert: in the territories of southwestern Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa, they were previously noticed in Madagascar.
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Flora in Australia Since the Australian continent for a long time, starting from the mid-Cretaceous period, was isolated from other parts of the globe, its flora is very unique. Of the 12 thousand species of higher plants, more than 9 thousand are endemic, that is, they grow only on the Australian continent. Endemics include many species of eucalyptus and acacia, the most typical plant families of Australia. At the same time, there are also plants here that are native to South America (for example, southern beech), South Africa (representatives of the Proteaceae family) and the islands of the Malay Archipelago (ficus, pandanus, etc.). This indicates that many millions of years ago there were land connections between the continents. In general, Australia's forest resources are small. The total area of forest, including special stands consisting mainly of softwood species (mainly radiata pine), accounted for only 5.6% of Australia in the late 1970s. The first colonists did not find plant species characteristic of Europe on the mainland. Subsequently, European and other species of trees, shrubs and grasses were introduced to Australia. Grapes, cotton, grains (wheat, barley, oats, rice, corn, etc.), vegetables, many fruit trees, etc. are well established here.
