Presentation on history "Syria in the 21st century". Presentation on the topic: Syria Presentation on the topic Syria on geography

Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhuriya al-Arabiya al-Suriyya) a state in the Middle East, bordering Lebanon and Israel in the southwest, with Horde in the south, with Iraq in the east and Turkey in the north. It is washed by the Mediterranean Sea in the west.

Causes of the conflict A number of sources believe that the Arab Spring only initiated protests, which then turned into a civil war. They consider its main reason to be the chronic problems of Syria: dissatisfaction of the population with the socio-political system and the authoritarian rule of the Assads, corruption, religious contradictions, the Kurdish problem. The growth of the urban population as a result of drought and the resettlement of refugees from Iraq increased tensions in the cities and contributed significantly to the armed conflict

The Arab Spring led to the fall of regimes, the overthrow of dictators, and fundamentally changed the geopolitical dynamics in the Middle East. The rulers of Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, and Libya were overthrown, and two main players came to the fore: Saudi Arabia and Iran. We are talking about the worst enemies, whose actions are dictated by a sense of historical and theological mission: maintaining the status of the Sunni movement in Islam (Saudi Arabia) and expanding the zone of influence of the Shiite movement (Iran). uznikov#ixzz2lsrIbpsw uznikov#ixzz2lsrIbpsw

Armed opposition people The Free Syrian Army is one of the largest rebel groups waging an armed struggle against the Syrian government led by the President. The creation of the FSA was announced when a group of deserting officers published an appeal in which they called on Syrian army soldiers to come over to their side. The EU recognizes the opposition as the legitimate government of Syria

Islamic Coalition - Jihad At the end of September 2013, several large Syrian rebel groups rejected the supremacy of the National Coalition of Revolutionary Forces, which the West considers the legitimate representative of all opponents of the regime. 13 brigades of the armed opposition left the FSA and formed their own military alliance of radical Sunni Islamists. Among them are al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria, Jamhad al-Nusra, and the three effective Syrian Free Army forces, Liwa a-Tawhid, Liwa al-Islam and Akhshar al-Sham. All three received military assistance from the United States. The new jihadist entity calls itself the “Islamic Coalition.”

Russia and China vetoed a draft UN Security Council resolution on Syria. The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on the situation in Syria and sharply condemned the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. This document is dominated by criticism of the country's government, and the Syrian opposition forces are recognized as the “legitimate representatives” of the Syrian people. The resolution caused much controversy, but out of 178 countries it received 107 votes in favor, 12 against, including Russia and China, and 59 abstentions.

Cleaning up Homs (Nastya Popova)

LJ Anhar Kochneva Anhar Kochneva (Palestinian on her father's side, lives in Damascus) video from the funeral of Syrian soldiers who died in battle with bandits. Below is the translation of the song that soundtracks the video... What words, what sorrow, and hope for the future... My native land. Meet your favorites. And give them a tear of fidelity. Don't mourn them! Sing and chant them. Their lamp will not go out. My mother is Syria... Preserve your ancient blood! When thirst comes... you will shed this dear blood... For the sake of the triumph of the Spirit.. Mom: your son has changed his address. Now he lives on the border of Heaven. He uttered beautiful words: Syria is God's soul... My mother is Syria... Preserve your ancient blood! When thirst comes... you will shed this dear blood... For the triumph of the Spirit. Ali: your dad won't come back. But his feelings are with you. When you miss him, call him: I swear to you that he will hear you. My mother is Syria... Preserve your ancient blood!

Syria: war destroys UNESCO monuments According to the Ishtar satellite channel, more than 10 thousand monuments and 40 museums have been destroyed since the outbreak of the military conflict. VIDEO

Battlefield Syria ya-svodka-boevoy-aktivnosti-za-7-noyabrya-2013-goda.htmlhttp://warsonline.info/siriya/siri ya-svodka-boevoy-aktivnosti-za-7-noyabrya-2013-goda. html - MILITARY COMMENTARY on SYRIA pole-boya-siriya-karta- frontov.htmlhttp://warfiles.ru/show pole-boya-siriya-karta- frontov.html - MILITARY MATERIALS

Part of Syria's chemical arsenal will be destroyed on an American ship. 1.3 tons of toxic substances need to be destroyed. Disposal should be completed by mid-2014. Russia can financially help Syria in destroying chemical weapons by allocating up to $2 million for the operation. 13/ shtml 13/ shtml

Website GLOBAL ADVENTURE (liscursion club forum) Pravdinform - Syria today 1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F daily news Syria aktivnosti-za-7-noyabrya-2013-goda.htmlhttp://warsonline. info/siriya/siriya-svodka-boevoy-aktivnosti-za-7-noyabrya-2013-goda.html - MILITARY COMMENTATOR on SYRIA karta-frontov.htmlhttp://warfiles.ru/show pole-boya-siriya-karta-frontov .html - MILITARY MATERIALS St. Petersburg Center for the Study of the Modern Middle East

Al-Arabiya (Arabic: العربية) Arabic-language news channel. Arabic. Arabic-language Al-Jazeera (Arabic: [al-jazeera]) is an international television company headquartered in Doha, the capital of Qatar. Arabic. - website in Arabic, – website in English CNN website:

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General information about the country

The territory of Syria occupies 185,200 square meters. km. The country's population is 17.5 million. The capital of Syria is Damascus. The currency is the Syrian pound. The official language is Arabic (Syrian dialect). Religion - Islam.

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1. Economic and geographical location

The Syrian Arab Republic is located in South-West Asia. Its territory is 185.2 thousand square meters. km. In the north, Syria borders with Turkey (border length 845 km), in the west with Lebanon (356 km) and Israel (74 km), in the east with Iraq (596 km), in the south with Jordan (356 km). Separated by mountain ranges from the interior of the country, the coastal plain, stretching from the Turkish border to Lebanon, is a narrow strip of land that in several places almost completely disappears when the mountains directly reach the Mediterranean Sea. The climate of Syria is subtropical, Mediterranean type. In the central part of the country, dry and hot summers give way to cold, harsh winters. There are sharp fluctuations in winter and summer temperatures, temperature fluctuations at night and during the day. High average annual air temperatures are typical for almost the entire country. Only in mountainous areas located at an altitude of more than 1000 meters above sea level, the average annual temperature does not reach +15 degrees. Precipitation is distributed extremely unevenly across the country. Their greatest number is typical for the western and northern regions of the country, and in the eastern and southern regions their number sharply decreases. The rivers of Syria mainly belong to the basins of the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. The largest river in Syria is the Euphrates. It starts in Turkey and crosses Syria from northwest to southeast for 675 km, after which it heads to Iraq.

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2. Nature and its characteristic features

The vegetation in most of the country is desert and semi-desert in nature. It is represented by cereals, prickly herbs and shrubs, wormwood, astragalus, and spring ephemerals. Evergreen oaks and cypresses grow in the mountains; the higher parts of the mountains are covered with alpine vegetation. On the western slopes of the Ansaria ridge there are broad-leaved oak forests, as well as shrubs and low trees - scrub oaks and junipers, cypresses, pines, and cedar groves. The eastern slopes of the Ansaria, Anti-Lebanon and Esh-Sheikh ranges are dominated by shrubby mountain steppes, turning into semi-deserts in the lower mountain belt. In the Euphrates Valley, the remains of floodplain forests of poplar, tamarisk, and weeping Babylonian willow have been preserved.

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The fauna of Syria is relatively poor. The existence of small animals such as porcupine, hedgehog, squirrel, and hare is maintained at a minimum level. The most common species are rodents (gerbils, jerboas), predators (striped hyena, steppe lynx, panther, jackal), ungulates (onager, antelope, gazelle), reptiles (agama lizard, steppe boa), many snakes and chameleons. Many migratory birds settle for the winter in the Euphrates Valley and in some other areas of the country where there are open bodies of water. There you can find colonies of flamingos and storks. Seagulls and herons also nest there. Ducks, geese, and pelicans live on the banks of rivers and lakes. There are many birds in cities and villages - sparrows, pigeons, larks, cuckoos. Common birds of prey include eagles, falcons, hawks, and owls.

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3. Population

As of mid-1996, the country's population was 16,098 thousand people, including 8,075 thousand men and 8,023 thousand women. Among Arab countries, Syria stands out for having one of the highest birth rates and high population growth. The average population density of Syria is 74 people per 1 sq. km. The current demographic situation in the country is directly related to the process of urbanization. Urban population growth occurs primarily in large cities. This situation is explained by the fact that recently there has been a significant outflow of rural residents to large cities and regional centers. The vast majority of Syria's population is Arab. Circassians, Assyrians, Turkmens, Turks, and Aisors also live. The official language is Arabic. The most common religion is Islam. Among Muslims in Syria, representatives of the orthodox branch of Islam – Sunnis – predominate. Muslim minorities include Shia Imamis, as well as Ismailis, Alawites, and Druze. Christians in Syria are divided into followers of a number of churches. Most Christians in Syria are supporters of the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Church.

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Age 1999 2001 2003 0 - 14 years 46% 46% 38.6% 15 - 64 years 51% 51% 58.2% over 65 years 3% 3% 3.2%

Age structure of the population in 1999-2003

1999 2001 2003 Number (persons) 17,213,871 16,305,659 17,585,540 Growth 3.15% 2.58% 2.45%

Population size and growth from 1999 to 2003

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4. Household

Agriculture, the basis of the Syrian economy, was characterized by a low level of productive forces and the dominance of semi-feudal relations. Industrial production in the country was very poorly developed: it was represented mainly by light industry. After Syria gained political independence in 1946, the country began to take measures aimed at eliminating the severe consequences of colonialism, and the development of the national economy began. Syria was the first country in the Arab East to take the path of nationalizing enterprises owned by foreign monopoly capital.

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5. Industry

The number of people employed in the mining industry in the early 90s was 6.9 thousand people. The basis of the mining industry is oil production. Its share in the total production volume of the mining industry is estimated at 97%. Over the past few years, Syria has stepped up its gas production activities. Its annual production is approximately 500 billion cubic meters. m. Iron ore reserves in Syria are estimated at 400 - 500 million tons. The traditional sector of the Syrian economy is the textile industry. This industry employs more than 50% of the workers employed in all major industry in the country. The main emphasis in the development of this industry is on the primary use of local raw materials, which determines the leading position in the cotton production industry. The chemical and petrochemical industries play an increasingly important role in the economic life of the country. Syria devotes an important place to the development of the food industry. The oil industry is represented by more than 400 small enterprises that produce cottonseed, sesame, olive, flaxseed and some other types of vegetable oils. Relatively new branches of Syrian industry include: mechanical engineering, electronics, and electrical engineering.

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6.Agriculture

Land suitable for agriculture in Syria amounts to 6.1 million hectares. At the same time, irrigated lands reach 1.09 million hectares, rainfed lands - about 3.4 million hectares, 1.5 million hectares are allocated for fallow, and more than 500 thousand hectares are not cultivated. Pastures spread over 8.3 million hectares, forest lands over 523 thousand hectares, rocky soils and sandstones over 3 million hectares, swamps and lakes over 116 thousand hectares. Since the 70s, persistent attempts have been made to cultivate rice in Syria. Syria is known as a major producer of world famous tobacco varieties. About 14 thousand hectares are occupied by tobacco crops, and its production averages 20 thousand tons. Syria is also a traditional center of horticulture, where 20 types of fruit crops are cultivated on an area exceeding 600 thousand hectares. Syria is one of the largest centers of viticulture. Among other horticultural crops, the most common are pistachios, apples, almonds, dates, and cherries. Of the citrus fruits, for which up to 20 thousand hectares are allocated, oranges stand out. Livestock farming is the second most important agricultural sector in Syria. Poultry farming as a highly profitable industry received an impetus for development in the 70s, when poultry farms of the capitalist type began to intensively take shape, most of them falling into the category of suburban farms. The total number of livestock now reaches 19 million. The base for the development of beekeeping in the form of 120 - 150 thousand hives is also preserved; individual farms also do not abandon the traditional occupation for Syria in previous times associated with the breeding of silkworms. Fishing still occupies a modest place in the structure of agricultural production, although in recent years there has been an increase in catch, now exceeding 11 thousand tons per year.

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7. Transport

Transport in Syria is poorly developed. Road transport plays a vital role in the transportation of goods and passengers within the country. In the 70s and 80s, the length of roads with improved surfaces increased significantly. Nowadays, the length of asphalt concrete highways reaches almost 40 thousand km. The development of the road network was accompanied by an increase in the vehicle fleet. In the second half of the 90s, there were up to 490 thousand transport units of all types in the country. Rail transport in the national transport system ranks second after road transport, although it appeared in Syria much earlier: the first Damascus-Beirut railway line was opened in 1885. Air transport began to develop in Syria in the second half of the 60s. By the beginning of the 80s, Damascus International Airport, equipped with the latest technology, was fully operational. Water transport was not widespread in Syria. Despite the presence of inland reservoirs and rivers, there is practically no river navigation in the country due to the irregularity of flow and the turbulent nature of the rivers. The main volume of trade export-import operations is carried out through Latakia and Tartus - large national ports, as well as Baniyas, used as an oil terminal.

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8. Foreign economic relations

Foreign trade plays a big role in the economic life of Syria. On the other hand, due to the one-sided development of agriculture, Syria depends on the export of many types of agricultural products. The main export items were and remain food, raw materials and fuel, which in the 70s - 90s accounted for an average of over 75% of the total export value. Another important import item is finished industrial products, the import of which accounts for on average 20–22% of the total import value. The main place in it is occupied by the rolling of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, metal structures, scientific instruments and instruments. In solving the problems of expanding trade turnover and increasing exports, Syria pays special attention to the development of trade and economic relations with developing countries. Syria's main trading partners among the liberated states have traditionally been Arab countries.

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The long-term domination of the imperialist powers delayed the development of the Syrian economy and gave its economy colonial features. Significant remnants of feudalism remained in the country; agriculture was of limited value. The manufacturing industry was limited, as a rule, to textile and semi-handicraft food enterprises. In the international capitalist division of labor, Syria played the role of a supplier of raw materials and food for developed capitalist countries. Now Syria is trying to rebuild its economy, develop national industry, and has achieved noticeable success in this. Syria is quickly eliminating the legacy of colonialism, breaking down feudal relations, and limiting the activities of foreign capital. It has created a public sector, which owns the vast majority of mineral resources, transport, communications, and industrial enterprises. In agriculture, agrarian reforms are being carried out in the interests of peasants. The growth rate has increased, but the overall level of its development is not yet high. Recently, international tourism has become one of the income sources for Syria.

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General information about the country

The territory of Syria occupies 185,200 square meters. km. The country's population is 17.5 million. The capital of Syria is Damascus. The currency is the Syrian pound. The official language is Arabic (Syrian dialect). Religion - Islam.

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1. Economic and geographical location

The Syrian Arab Republic is located in South-West Asia. Its territory is 185.2 thousand square meters. km. In the north, Syria borders with Turkey (border length 845 km), in the west with Lebanon (356 km) and Israel (74 km), in the east with Iraq (596 km), in the south with Jordan (356 km). Separated by mountain ranges from the interior of the country, the coastal plain, stretching from the Turkish border to Lebanon, is a narrow strip of land that in several places almost completely disappears when the mountains directly reach the Mediterranean Sea. The climate of Syria is subtropical, Mediterranean type. In the central part of the country, dry and hot summers give way to cold, harsh winters. There are sharp fluctuations in winter and summer temperatures, temperature fluctuations at night and during the day. High average annual air temperatures are typical for almost the entire country. Only in mountainous areas located at an altitude of more than 1000 meters above sea level, the average annual temperature does not reach +15 degrees. Precipitation is distributed extremely unevenly across the country. Their greatest number is typical for the western and northern regions of the country, and in the eastern and southern regions their number sharply decreases. The rivers of Syria mainly belong to the basins of the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. The largest river in Syria is the Euphrates. It starts in Turkey and crosses Syria from northwest to southeast for 675 km, after which it heads to Iraq.

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2. Nature and its characteristic features

The vegetation in most of the country is desert and semi-desert in nature. It is represented by cereals, prickly herbs and shrubs, wormwood, astragalus, and spring ephemerals. Evergreen oaks and cypresses grow in the mountains; the higher parts of the mountains are covered with alpine vegetation. On the western slopes of the Ansaria ridge there are broad-leaved oak forests, as well as shrubs and low trees - scrub oaks and junipers, cypresses, pines, and cedar groves. The eastern slopes of the Ansaria, Anti-Lebanon and Esh-Sheikh ranges are dominated by shrubby mountain steppes, turning into semi-deserts in the lower mountain belt. In the Euphrates Valley, the remains of floodplain forests of poplar, tamarisk, and weeping Babylonian willow have been preserved.

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The fauna of Syria is relatively poor. The existence of small animals such as porcupine, hedgehog, squirrel, and hare is maintained at a minimum level. The most common species are rodents (gerbils, jerboas), predators (striped hyena, steppe lynx, panther, jackal), ungulates (onager, antelope, gazelle), reptiles (agama lizard, steppe boa), many snakes and chameleons. Many migratory birds settle for the winter in the Euphrates Valley and in some other areas of the country where there are open bodies of water. There you can find colonies of flamingos and storks. Seagulls and herons also nest there. Ducks, geese, and pelicans live on the banks of rivers and lakes. There are many birds in cities and villages - sparrows, pigeons, larks, cuckoos. Common birds of prey include eagles, falcons, hawks, and owls.

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3. Population

As of mid-1996, the country's population was 16,098 thousand people, including 8,075 thousand men and 8,023 thousand women. Among Arab countries, Syria stands out for having one of the highest birth rates and high population growth. The average population density of Syria is 74 people per 1 sq. km. The current demographic situation in the country is directly related to the process of urbanization. Urban population growth occurs primarily in large cities. This situation is explained by the fact that recently there has been a significant outflow of rural residents to large cities and regional centers. The vast majority of Syria's population is Arab. Circassians, Assyrians, Turkmens, Turks, and Aisors also live. The official language is Arabic. The most common religion is Islam. Among Muslims in Syria, representatives of the orthodox branch of Islam – Sunnis – predominate. Muslim minorities include Shia Imamis, as well as Ismailis, Alawites, and Druze. Christians in Syria are divided into followers of a number of churches. Most Christians in Syria are supporters of the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Church.

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Age 1999 2001 2003 0 - 14 years 46% 46% 38.6% 15 - 64 years 51% 51%58.2% over 65 years 3% 3% 3.2% Age structure of the population in 1999-2003 1999 2001 2003 Number (persons) 17,213,871 16,305,659 17,585,540 Growth 3.15% 2.58% 2.45% Population size and growth from 1999 to 2003

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4. Household

Agriculture, the basis of the Syrian economy, was characterized by a low level of productive forces and the dominance of semi-feudal relations. Industrial production in the country was very poorly developed: it was represented mainly by light industry. After Syria gained political independence in 1946, the country began to take measures aimed at eliminating the severe consequences of colonialism, and the development of the national economy began. Syria was the first country in the Arab East to take the path of nationalizing enterprises owned by foreign monopoly capital.

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5. Industry

The number of people employed in the mining industry in the early 90s was 6.9 thousand people. The basis of the mining industry is oil production. Its share in the total production volume of the mining industry is estimated at 97%. Over the past few years, Syria has intensified its gas production activities. Its annual production is approximately 500 billion cubic meters. m. Iron ore reserves in Syria are estimated at 400 - 500 million tons. The traditional sector of the Syrian economy is the textile industry. This industry employs more than 50% of the workers employed in all major industry in the country. The main emphasis in the development of this industry is on the primary use of local raw materials, which determines the leading position in the cotton production industry. The chemical and petrochemical industries play an increasingly important role in the economic life of the country. Syria devotes an important place to the development of the food industry. The oil industry is represented by more than 400 small enterprises that produce cottonseed, sesame, olive, flaxseed and some other types of vegetable oils. Relatively new branches of Syrian industry include: mechanical engineering, electronics, and electrical engineering.

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6.Agriculture

Land suitable for agriculture in Syria amounts to 6.1 million hectares. At the same time, irrigated lands reach 1.09 million hectares, rainfed lands - about 3.4 million hectares, 1.5 million hectares are allocated for fallow, and more than 500 thousand hectares are not cultivated. Pastures spread over 8.3 million hectares, forest lands over 523 thousand hectares, rocky soils and sandstones over 3 million hectares, swamps and lakes over 116 thousand hectares. Since the 70s, persistent attempts have been made to cultivate rice in Syria. Syria is known as a major producer of world famous tobacco varieties. About 14 thousand hectares are occupied by tobacco crops, and its production averages 20 thousand tons. Syria is also a traditional center of horticulture, where 20 types of fruit crops are cultivated on an area exceeding 600 thousand hectares. Syria is one of the largest centers of viticulture. Among other horticultural crops, the most common are pistachios, apples, almonds, dates, and cherries. Of the citrus fruits, for which up to 20 thousand hectares are allocated, oranges stand out. Livestock farming is the second most important agricultural sector in Syria. Poultry farming as a highly profitable industry received an impetus for development in the 70s, when poultry farms of the capitalist type began to intensively take shape, most of them falling into the category of suburban farms. The total number of livestock now reaches 19 million. The base for the development of beekeeping in the form of 120 - 150 thousand hives is also preserved; individual farms also do not abandon the traditional occupation for Syria in previous times associated with the breeding of silkworms. Fishing still occupies a modest place in the structure of agricultural production, although in recent years there has been an increase in catch, now exceeding 11 thousand tons per year.

Slide 12

7. Transport

Transport in Syria is poorly developed. Road transport plays a vital role in the transportation of goods and passengers within the country. In the 70s and 80s, the length of roads with improved surfaces increased significantly. Nowadays, the length of asphalt concrete highways reaches almost 40 thousand km. The development of the road network was accompanied by an increase in the vehicle fleet. In the second half of the 90s, there were up to 490 thousand transport units of all types in the country. Rail transport in the national transport system ranks second after road transport, although it appeared in Syria much earlier: the first Damascus-Beirut railway line was opened in 1885. Air transport began to develop in Syria in the second half of the 60s. By the beginning of the 80s, Damascus International Airport, equipped with the latest technology, was fully operational. Water transport was not widespread in Syria. Despite the presence of inland reservoirs and rivers, there is practically no river navigation in the country due to the irregularity of flow and the turbulent nature of the rivers. The main volume of trade export-import operations is carried out through Latakia and Tartus - large national ports, as well as Baniyas, used as an oil terminal.

Slide 13

8. Foreign economic relations

Foreign trade plays a big role in the economic life of Syria. On the other hand, due to the one-sided development of agriculture, Syria depends on the export of many types of agricultural products. The main export items were and remain food, raw materials and fuel, which in the 70s - 90s accounted for an average of over 75% of the total export value. Another important import item is finished industrial products, the import of which accounts for on average 20–22% of the total import value. The main place in it is occupied by the rolling of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, metal structures, scientific instruments and instruments. In solving the problems of expanding trade turnover and increasing exports, Syria pays special attention to the development of trade and economic relations with developing countries. Syria's main trading partners among the liberated states have traditionally been Arab countries.

Slide 14

9. Conclusion

The long-term domination of the imperialist powers delayed the development of the Syrian economy and gave its economy colonial features. The country retained significant remnants of feudalism, and agriculture had little market value. The manufacturing industry was limited, as a rule, to textile and semi-handicraft food enterprises. In the international capitalist division of labor, Syria played the role of a supplier of raw materials and food for developed capitalist countries. Now Syria is trying to rebuild its economy, develop national industry, and has achieved noticeable success in this. Syria is quickly eliminating the legacy of colonialism, breaking down feudal relations, and limiting the activities of foreign capital. It has created a public sector, which owns the vast majority of mineral resources, transport, communications, and industrial enterprises. In agriculture, agrarian reforms are being carried out in the interests of peasants. The growth rate has increased, but the overall level of its development is not yet high. Recently, international tourism has become one of the income sources for Syria.

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